...was delivered has bean amended in a very material degree. Formerly Section 121 A ran as follows : " whoever by words, either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs, or by visible representation or otherwise, excites or attempts to excite feelings of disaffection, etc., etc. " The...

...For commentary on this chapter, see Part II., §§ 662 — 693, and special references below. 499. WHOEVER, by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs, or by visible representaDefamation. ,• i i_v i_ • xtions, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person,...

...Under the Penal Code a person is only liable for making or publishing an imputation when he does so ' intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe ' that such imputation will do harm. These words cannot mean less than the wilful intention to do a wrongful act, or the connivance...

...that there should b<! an intent that the person who makes or publishes any imputation .should do no intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to...imputation will harm, the reputation of such person. The Sessions Judge, after considering the irregularity in the trial from the absence of any charire,...

...following words occur : — " Whoever by words, either spoken of intended to be read, or by sifjns, or by visible representations, makes or publishes...imputation concerning any person, intending to harm knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm the reputation of such person, is...

...to describe what people might or might not say. The section (124A) was passed as follows : " 124 A. Whoever by words, either spoken, or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise, excites or attempts to excite, feelings of disaffection to the Government established...

...Penal Code. The provision relating to sedition is contained in section 5, and is as follows : — i " Whoever by words, either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs, or by visible representation or otherwise, excites or attempts to excite feelings of disaffection to the Government...

...other person than the defamer and the defamed. The words of section 499, Indian Penal Code, are : " Makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person...that such imputation will harm the reputation of such por on, etc. " To my mind, a person who makes an imputation intending to harm is not guilty of an offence,...

...as to intention, the Section, which was eventually embodied in the Code as 124 A, ran as follows: " Whoever by words either spoken or intended to be read or by signs or by visible representation or otherwise, excites or attempts to excite feelings of disaffection towards the Government...

...which, though framed by the Indian Law Commissioners, was not added to that body of law till 1870 :— " Whoever by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, excites, or attempts to excite, feelings of disaffection for the government...