...regarded as "civilian objects" and excluded from being the direct target of attacks. Article 25 prohibits the "attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...villages, dwellings, or buildings which are undefended". This provision illustrates an important feature of this law: the two-sided nature of the protection....

...Hague Regulations on land warfare to which we have previously adverted. The article stipulates that "the attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...or buildings which are undefended is prohibited." Save for the phrase "by whatever means," the same rule cast in exactly the same language had been set...

...potential aerial technologies, article 25 of the 1899 Land Warfare Convention was amended to read: 'The attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...or buildings which are undefended is prohibited." Minor changes of language in the 26th and 27th articles did not alter their substance, and none of...

...bombardment of undefended localities. Article 25 of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land War stated that "the attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...villages, dwellings, or buildings which are undefended is prohibited."50 While Article 25 may seem quite unequivocal, it is, in reality, far from precise. The...

...What they did approve, however, was article 25 of the 1907 Hague Convention concerning land warfare: "The attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...or buildings which are undefended is prohibited." The qualification "by whatever means" is noteworthy because the discussions of the conference indicate...

...verbatim from the Regulations adopted earlier at the Hague Conference No. 1 on 29 July 1899. It reads: "The attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...or buildings which are undefended, is prohibited". That article was further supplemented by Article 1 of Convention No. IX of 1907 concerning bombardment...

...prisoners must be treated fairly and not tortured or mistreated. In addition, according to article z], "the attack or bombardment by whatever means, of towns,...or buildings which are undefended is prohibited." A second precedent was the Versailles Treaty of 1918, by which Kaiser Wilhelm was to be tried as a...

...nevertheless clearly immune from liability. (1) Article 25 of the Hague Regulations of 1907 provides: "The attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...villages, dwellings, or buildings which are undefended, is prohibited."9 The United States is a party to the Hague Convention of 1907, and in any event the rules...

...imperfect echo in the treaty provisions on the laws of war, Art. 25 Hague Regulations merely prohibited the 'attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...villages, dwellings, or buildings which are undefended'. The most important achievement of the Hague Conferences was probably the so-called 'Martens clause'...

...the principle of distinction to air warfare was never disputed. On the contrary, the prohibition of [t]he attack or bombardment, by whatever means, of...villages, dwellings, or buildings which are undefended, (emphasis added) was confirmed as early as in the 1907 Hague Regulations (Article 25). What makes air...