inferendi; vel in sacro loco ædificari, vel in flumine publico ripáve ejus aliquid fieri, quo pejus navigetur. Restitutoria sunt, quibus restitui aliquid jubet; veluti bonorum possessori possessionem eorum, quæ quis pro hærede, aut pro possessore, possidet ex eà hæreditate; aut cum jubet, ei, qui vi de possessione dejectus sit, restitui possessionem. Exhibitoria sunt, per quæ jubet exhiberi; veluti eum, cujus de libertate agitur; aut libertum, cui patronus operas indicere velit; aut parenti liberos, qui in potestate ejus sunt. Sunt tamen, qui putent, interdicta ea propriè vocari, quæ prohibitoria sunt; quia interdicere sit denuntiare et prohibere; restitutoria autem et exhibitoria propriè decreta vocari: sed tamen obtinuit, omnia interdicta appellari; quia inter duos dicuntur. son who is burying another, where he hath a right; or when he forbids an edifice to be raised in a sacred place, or hinders a work from being erected in a public river, or on the banks which may render it less navigable. The restoratory, direct scmething to be restored, as the possession of goods to the universal successor, who has been kept out of possession by one, who hath no right; or when the prætor commands possession to be restored to him, who hath been forcibly ejected. And the exhibitory interdicts are those, by which the prætor commands some exhibit to be made, as of a slave, for example, concerning whose liberty a cause is depending; or of a freed-man, from whom a patron would exact the service due to him; or of children to their parent, under whose power they are. Some nevertheless imagine, that interdicts can with pro-. priety be only prohibitory, because the word interdicere signifies to denounce and prohibit;-and that the restoratory and exhibitory interdicts might more properly be called decrees: yet by usage they are all termed interdicts, because they are pronounced between two, [inter duos dicuntur,] the demandant and the possessor. Divisio secunda. § II. Sequens divisio interdictorum hæc est; quod quædam adipiscendæ possessionis causâ comparata sunt, quædam retinendæ, quædam recuperandæ. § 2. The second division of interdicts is into those, which are given for the acquisition, the retention, or the recovery of a possession. De interdictis adipiscendæ. § III. Adipiscendæ possession. § 3. An interdict for obtaining is causa interdictum accommodatur bonorum possessori, quod appellatur, Quorum bonorum; ejusque vis et potestas hæc est, ut, quod ex iis bonis quisque, quorum possessio alicui data est, pro hærede aut pro possessore possideat, id ei, cui bonorum possessio data est, restituere debeat. Pro hærede autem possidere videtur, qui putat se hæredem esse. Pro possessore is possidet, qui nullo jure rem hæreditariam, vel etiam totam hæreditatem, sciens ad se non pertinere, possidet. Ideò autem adipiscende possessionis vocatur interdictum, quia ei tantum utile est, qui nunc primùm conatur adipisci possessionem; itaque, si quis adeptus possessionem amiserit eam, hoc interdictum ei inutile est. Interdictum quoque Salvianum adipiscende possessionis causâ comparatum est; eoque utitur dominus fundi de rebus coloni, quas is pro mercedibus fundi pignori futuras pepigis set. De interdictis IV. Retinendæ possessionis causà comparata sunt interdicta, Uti possidetis, et utrubi ; cum ab utrȧque parte de proprietate alicujus rei controversia sit, et ante quæratur, uter ex litigatoribus possideat, et uter petere debeat: namque, nisi ante exploratum fuerit, utrius corum possessio sit, non potest petitoria acto instituti; quia et civilis possession called Quorum Bonorum, is given to him, to whom the prator commits possession of the goods of deceased person; and it obliges all persons, who retain goods as heirs or possessors, to restore such goods to those, to whom the possession hath been committed by the magis trate: and note, that he is reputed to possess as heir, who conceives himself so to be; and he is deemed the possessor, who without authority retains a part or the whole, of an inheritance, knowing the possession does not belong to him. An interdict of acquisition is so called, because, it is useful to him only, who first endeavours to acquire the pos session; and therefore it would be uselsss to one, who had acquired a possession, and afterwards lost it. The Salvian interdict, is also appointed for the acquisition of possession; and is used by proprietors of farms, against goods which their tenants have pledged, for the payment of rent. retinendæ. 4. The interdicts Uti possidetis and Utrubi have been introduced for the purpose of retaining possession; for in a controversy, concerning property, it is necessary to inquire, which of the parties is in possession, and who ought to be plaintiff; for, until the possession be ascertained, an action of demand can not be instituted; and both civil and et naturalis ratio facit, ut alius possideat, et alius à possidente petat. Et, quia longè commodius est et potius possidere, quam petere, ideò plerùmque, et ferè semper, ingens existit contentio de ipsa possessione. Commodum autem possidenti in eo est, quod, etiam si ejus res non sit, qui possidet, si modo actor non potuerit suam esse probare, remanet in suo loco possessio; propter quam causam, cum obscura sunt utriusque jura, contra petitorem judicari solet. Sed interdicto quidem Uti possidetis de fundi vel ædium possessione contenditur: Utrubi verò interdicto de rerum mobilium possessione, quorum vis ác potestas plurimam inter se differentiam apud veteres habebat: nam Uti possidetis interdicto is vincebat, qui interdicti tempore possidebat; si modo nec vi, nec clàm, nec precariò, nactus fuerat ab adversario possessionem: etiamsi alium vi expulerat, aut clàm arripuerat alienam possessionem, aut precariò rogaverat aliquem, ut sibi possidere liceret. Utrubi verò interdicto is vincebat, qui majore parte anni nec vi, nec clàm, nec precariò, ab adversario possidebat. Hodie tamen aliter observatur; nam utriusque interdicti potestas (quantum ad possessionem pertinet) exæquata est, ut ille vincat et in re soli, et in re mobili, qui possessionem nec vi, nec natural law teach us, that, when one party is in possession, the other must be claimant: but as it is more advantageous to be possessor, than demandant, there is generally great contention for the possession; for although the possessor is not in reality the true proprietor, yet the possession will still remain in him, if the plaintiff does not prove the thing in litigation to be his own: and therefore, when the rights of parties are not clear, the sentence is always against the demandant. By the interdict Uti possidetis, the possession of a farm or house is contended for; and, by the interdict Utrubi, the possession of things moveable is disputed. These interdicts anciently differed much in their force and effects; for, by Uti possidetis, the party in possession at the bringing of the interdict, prevailed, if he' had not obtained the possession from his adversary, by force, clandestinely, or precariously: but it was not material in what manner the possessor had obtained the possession from any other person: and, by the interdict Utrubi, that party prevailed who had been in possession for the greatest part of the year preceding the contest, if he had not ac quired that possession clandestinely, precariously, or by force. But the present practice is otherwise; for the force of either interdict, as to pos clàm nec precariò, ab adversario, litis contestatæ tempore, detinet. session is now made equal; so that in any cause, either concerning things moveable or immoveable, that party prevails, who was in possession at the commencement of the suit, if it be not shewn that he gained such possession by force, by clandestine means, or precariously: (that is under the adversary himself.) De retinendâ et acquirendâ possessione. 5. A man is considered in possession, not only when he is himself so, but when any other person, although not under his power, holds pos V. Possidere autem videtur quisque, non solùm si ipse possideat, sed et si ejus nomine aliquis in possessione sit, licèt is ejus juri subjectus non sit; qualis est colo-possession in his name; as a farmer, nus e inquilinus. Per eos quoque, or a tenant. A man may also apud quos deposuerit quis, aut qui- sess, by means of those, to whom he bus commodaverit, ipse possidere hath committed the thing in litigavidetur; et hoc est, quod dicitur, tion, either as a deposit or a loan; retinere possessionem posse ali- and this is meant when it is said that quem per quemlibet, quis ejus no- à man may retain possession by mine sit in possessione. Quineti- means of another, who possesses in am animo quoque solo retiner: pos- his name. It is moreover held, that sessionem placet; id est, ut, quam- a possession may be retained, by the vis neque ipse sit in possessione mere intention only; for, although neque ejus nomine alius, tamen si a man is neither in possession himnon relinquendæ possessionis ani- self, nor any other for him, but has mo, sed postea reversurus indè de- quitted the possession of certain cesserit, retinere possessionem vi- lands with an intent to return to deatur. Adipisci vero possession- them again, he shall nevertheless be em per quos aliquis potest, secundo deemed to continue in possession. libro exposuimus; nec ulla dubita- We have already explained, in the tio est, quin animo solo adipisci second book, by what persons a man possessionem nemo possit. may acquire possession; and, although it may be retained by intention only, yet this is not sufficient for the acquisition of possession. |