1.

II.

helpless infants to a little suck from the earth. Why CHAP. did they not as easily find out all other conveniencies for them ? But there is so much absurdity in the whole supposition, that Berigardus concludes, that mankind must come full grown out of the earth, and able to shift for themselves ; or else that some other animals must come out before them, to afford milk for them, as the wolf did to Romulus and Remus. Such miserable shifts must those run into, who will not allow a wise Providence to have brought mankind into the world.

But how came mankind, if they came into the world so by chance, to be so admirably provided in all parts of their bodies of such instruments of sense and motion, that look as like a design as any thing can possibly do? The bodies of men are not like mere lumps of dirt and water put together; for there is not the least part about them but is made up of such a wonderful mechanism, that there cannot be a discomposure in it, without a disorder in the whole. But, suppose the fleshly and bony parts could be made by the mixing and tempering several particles of matter together, yet what can be imagined as to the muscles, and nerves, and fibres, which are so conveniently dispersed over the body? The heart itself is found to be a very strong muscle, consisting of abundance of nerves, and all kind of fibres complicated within each other, and a strong tendon at the basis of it; by virtue whereof it is able to contract itself, and so makes the blood to pass into the arteries, which convey it to all parts of the body. Now let any one think with himself how it is possible for a mere lump of earth, made in such a form as the heart is, to have such a force and power to contract itself to such a degree as to send out so much blood continually, and to receive it in again by the relaxation of itself. How comes this motion to begin in such a piece

STILLINGFLEET, VOL. II.

1.

BOOK of clay, made with a basis and a cone? How came the

- inward cavities to be formed, and kept so distinct from
each other? For if there were any stop of the passage,
life is at an end. How comes such a motion to continue
so long and so uniform ? Those who have most nar-

rowly searched into it, have found that no other acLower de count can be given of it, but that the wise Creator that Corde,p.85. formed the heart doth both give and continue its mo

tion. And as to all the other muscles of the body, if
we consider their number, their position, the contexture
of their parts, and their continual usefulness, we can
never imagine that all these things could be the result
of heat and mud, or a casual conflux of the dull parti-
cles of matter. Every muscle hath its proper fibres
laid upon one another, and its opposite tendons, with an
inward cavity, and the artery, veins, and nerves belong-
ing to it, and a membrane to cover all; and all parts
capable of motion have several muscles peculiar to them-
selves, for distinct uses and different sort of motions ;
as may be seen at large in all that treat of these mat-
ters: who tell us generally, that the eyes have six,
the nose four pair, the cheeks two pair, the lips four
muscles, the nether mandible five, the ears six, the
tongue seven, &c. I need go no further; and although
there be some difference in the way of numbering them,
yet they all agree there are so many as are impossible
to be made out by heat and mud, or any force of the
sun or earth. And what is it which makes all these
muscles so serviceable to mankind, that, upon the least
command, they move the parts they serve in what man-
ner we direct them? The reason of muscular motion
is a thing as much out of our reach as that of the heart.
Some talk of elastic spirits; others of the weight of the
blood; others of a nervous liquor distending the car-
nous fibres; others of a succus nutritius from the

I.

nerves meeting with the animal spirits, and fermenting CHAP. together, which being thrust into the carnous fibres swells and dilates them, so as to make them contract themselves; from whence, they say, local motion proceeds. But all these are but mere conjectures, and hardly answer to the most common appearances of muscular motion. And the mechanism of our own bodies, both as to sense and motion, baffles all the attempts of the most ingenious and subtle philosophers; who may easier teach us the way to talk about it, than to understand it. But there is one thing yet farther fit to be observed in this place concerning the muscles ; which is the different figure of them, according to the use they serve for; as the muscle called deltoides on the shoulder, the circular muscles, where their use is to open and shut: if such things do not argue contrivance and design, it is not easy to imagine what doth. What can those who follow Diodorus Siculus make of the whole system of nerves which are in the body of man? Did these come out of slime with the heat of the sun? How came the different rise of the nerves, some within and others without the brain? What reason is there in the bulk, and figure, and texture of that same substance, that it comes to be so divided, so as part of it to continue within the brain, and the other to be continued down to the lowest part of the back, by several distinct vertebræ? How came matter of itself to form such a passage down from the brain, and to secure it in such a manner; and to compact the several parts together so firmly as if they were but one bone, and yet so flexibly as to serve best for motion? What made the perforation for the spinal marrow to pass in the middle and on the sides, for the several nerves to go from thence to the several parts of the body? Whence came that ligament, which joins the vertebræ

I.

Willis de
Cerebro,

c. 29.

Arist. de
Partib.
Anim. 1. i.
C. I.

BOOK of the back together, and covers the other membranes

of the spina dorsi? There is a wonderful curiosity observed by our greatest anatomists, in the order and placing of the nerves, the arteries, the veins, and the hollow places belonging to it; which they found by opening the vertebræ in embryos, and taking out the spinal marrow, and injecting liquors into the several vessels. And still the farther any have gone in these searches, the more reason they have seen to admire the wisdom of Providence : and so it hath been in other parts. Aristotle mentions a strange saying of Empedocles, That the reason why the backbone appears as if it were made up of several pieces, was that it was at first broken, and then put together; and ever since it hath so continued. But how came the vertebræ then to be so well fastened together, and to be so much more convenient for motion than an entire bone would have been ? Besides in an embryo, that which is properly the spina doth not then appear, as being inconvenient for its posture in the womb; which shews both the intention of Nature, and the design of Providence. How came the vertebræ to be in other animals as well as mankind ? And even Aristotle himself was therein mistaken; for he affirms, that a lion hath no

vertebræ in his neck-bone, but that it is all one contiSapient. nued bone. But Borrichius, in his anatomy of one, de

clares, that he found the several vertebræ in the neck plain and distinct. And the same learned person observes, that in a crocodile, which he dissected, he found in four feet length of the back, sixty vertebra, which were of a spongy nature, fit to receive nourishment; and from the different formation of some parts of them, he concludes it most probable that they grow so much longer than other animals. But Aristotle's mistakes, about the lion's having no vertebre in his neck, had

Arist. de
Partib.
Anim. l. iv.
C. IO.
Hermet.

Vindic.
C. IO.
p. 245,
272.

1.“

Exercit. 208.

been discovered by Scaliger, and confirmed by several chap.
dissections since; so that the vertebræ are of the ori-
ginal design of nature. But to proceed. What made
the several passages out of the skull, for the nerves
which serve for the several senses of smelling, seeing,
hearing, and tasting? How come the several branches
of the par vagum to be so dispersed, and to make such
knots with the intercostal nerves? These, and many
more such questions might be asked relating to the
wonderful system of nerves; but these are sufficient to
my purpose, to shew that these wonderful contrivances
for sense and motion could not come from mere fortui-
tous and unthinking causes. But let us look now upon
the most obvious parts of the body, which lie to the view
of all men; the eye, the ear, the mouth, and the hand :
one would think it hardly possible for any men pretend-
ing to reason, to think these to be the result of chance.
Let us well consider the structure of the eye, and we may
well think Lucretius had no lucid interval when he wrote,
Illud in his rebus vitium vehementer et istum

Lucret. iv.
Effugere errorem, vitareque præmeditator,
Lumina ne facias oculorum clara creata,

Prospicere ut possimus.
That we must have a great care to avoid the mistake
of those that say, that eyes were made for seeing. For
could any man in his right senses think the eye could
be formed for any other use but to see with? But the
use is after the thing is formed. What then ? May it
not be designed for such a use by him that formed it?
But that which is formed for a particular use, must
be later than that for whose use it is formed; as a
bed for a man to sleep on, a cup to drink out of, armour
to defend himself; but a man might sleep, and drink,
and defend himself, before those things were found out.
What is the meaning of all this? No one is so sense-

821.