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rather of the civil war which arose while that parliament was sitting, than of the proceedings of the parliament itself. The work was imposed upon him in his capacity of secretary for the parliament, and was reluctantly undertaken. It gave great offence to the royalists, by whom both the author and his performance were loudly abused. Its composition is inelegant, but the candour displayed in it has been pronounced much greater than the royalists were willing to allow.

ever, considered to surpass its deserts. As a specimen, we extract the account given of

The Taking of Constantinople by the Turks.

A little before day, the Turks approached the walls and begun the assault, where shot and stones were delivered upon them from the walls as thick as hail, whereof little fell in vain, by reason of the multitude of the Turks, who, pressing fast unto the walls, could not see in the dark how to defend themselves, but were without number wounded or slain; but these were of the common and worst soldiers, of whom the the first force of the defendants. Upon the first apTurkish king made no more reckoning than to abate pearance of the day, Mahomet gave the sign appointed for the general assault, whereupon the city was in a moment, and at one instant, on every side most furiously assaulted by the Turks; for Mahomet, the more to distress the defendants, and the better to see the forwardness of the soldiers, had before appointed which part of the city every colonel with his regiment should assail: which they valiantly performed, delivering their arrows and shot upon the defendants so thick, that the light of the day was therewith darkened; others in the meantime courageously mounting the scaling-ladders, and coming even to handy-strokes with the defendants upon the wall, where the foremost were for the most part violently borne forward by them which followed after. On the other side, the Christians with no less courage withstood the Turkish fury, beating them down again with great stones and weighty pieces of timber, and so overwhelmed them with shot, darts, and arrows, and other hurtful devices from above, that the Turks, dismayed with the terror thereof, were ready to retire.

Mahomet, seeing the great slaughter and discom. fiture of his men, sent in fresh supplies of his janizaries and best men of war, whom he had for that purpose reserved as his last hope and refuge; by whose coming on his fainting soldiers were again encouraged, and the terrible assault begun afresh. At which time the barbarous king ceased not to use all possible means to maintain the assault; by name calling upon this and that captain, promising unto some whom he saw forward golden mountains, and unto others in whom he saw any sign of cowardice, threatening most terrible death; by which means the assault became most dreadful, death there raging in the midst of many thousands. And albeit that the Turks lay dead by heaps upon the ground, yet other fresh men pressed on still in their places over their dead bodies, and with divers event either slew or were slain by their enemies.

In this so terrible a conflict, it chanced Justinianus the general to be wounded in the arm, who, losing much blood, cowardly withdrew himself from the place of his charge, not leaving any to supply his room, and so got into the city by the gate called Romana, which he had caused to be opened in the inner wall; pretending the cause of his departure to be for the binding up of his wound, but being, indeed, a man now altogether discouraged.

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Among the minor historians of the time of Elizabeth appears SIR JOHN HAYWARD, who, in 1599, published The First Part of the Life and Reign of Henry IV., which he dedicated to the Earl of Essex. Some passages in it gave such offence to the queen, that she caused the author to be imprisoned. He was patronised by James I., however, and at the desire of Prince Henry composed Lives of the Three Norman Kings of England (1613). After his death, which happened in 1627, was published his Life and Reign of King Edward VI, with the Beginning of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (1630). He writes with considerable smoothness, but too dramatically, imitating Livy and other ancient his- The soldiers there present, dismayed with the detorians in the practice of putting speeches into the parture of their general, and sore charged by the mouths of the characters. RICHARD KNOLLES, janizaries, forsook their stations, and in haste fled to master of a free school at Sandwich, in Kent, where the same gate whereby Justinianus was entered; with he died in 1610, wrote a History of the Turks, which the sight whereof the other soldiers, dismayed, ran is praised by Dr Johnson in the 122d number of the thither by heaps also. But whilst they violently 'Rambler' as exhibiting all the excellences that nar- strive all together to get in at once, they so wedged ration can admit. His style,' says Johnson, though one another in the entrance of the gate, that few of somewhat obscured by time, and sometimes vitiated so great a multitude got in; in which so great a by false wit, is pure, nervous, elevated, and clear. press and confusion of minds, eight hundred persons Nothing could have sunk this author into obscurity were there by them that followed trodden under but the remoteness and barbarity of the people whose foot, or thrust to death. The emperor himself, for story he relates.' This account of the work is, how-safeguard of his life, flying with the rest in that

PROSE WRITERS.

ENGLISH LITERATURE.

press as a man not regarded, miserably ended his days, together with the Greek empire. His dead body was shortly after found by the Turks among the slain, and known by his rich apparel, whose head being cut off, was forthwith presented to the Turkish tyrant, by whose commandment it was afterward thrust upon the point of a lance, and in great derision carried about as a trophy of his victory, first in the camp, and afterwards up and down the city.

with so great care and diligence, that if all other of
the author complacently declares to be 'collected
our chronicles were lost, this only would be sufficient
to inform posterity of all passages memorable or
worthy to be known.' Notwithstanding such high
pretensions, the Chronicle' was afterwards proved
by Thomas Blount, in Animadversions' published
in 1672, to contain many gross errors; and although
an edition printed in 1730 is said to be purged of
these to a considerable extent, yet the work must
continue to be regarded as an injudicious perform-
ance, unworthy of much reliance. The style of
Baker, which is superior to his matter, is described,
in a letter written to him by his former college
friend Sir Henry Wotton, as full of sweet raptures
and of researching conceits; nothing borrowed, no-
thing vulgar, and yet all flowing from you, I know
not how, with a certain equal facility.'

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SIR HENRY WOTTON.

The Turks, encouraged with the flight of the Christians, presently advanced their ensigns upon the top of the uttermost wall, crying Victory; and by the breach entered as if it had been a great flood, which, having once found a breach in the bank, overfloweth, and beareth down all before it; so the Turks, when they had won the utter wall, entered the city by the same gate that was opened for Justinianus, and by a breach which they had before made with their great artillery, and without mercy cutting in pieces all that came in their way, without further resistance became SIR HENRY WOTTON, of whom some account has lords of that most famous and imperial city. . . . In this fury of the barbarians perished many thousands of men, women, and children, without respect of age, already been given, was himself one of the conspisex, or condition. Many, for safeguard of their lives, cuous characters of this period, both as a writer and a politician. While resident abroad, he embodied fled into the temple of Sophia, where they were all without pity slain, except some few reserved by the the result of his inquiries into political affairs in a barbarous victors to purposes more grievous than death work called The State of Christendom; or a most Exact itself. The rich and beautiful ornaments and jewels and Curious Discovery of many Secret Passages and of that most sumptuous and magnificent church (the Hidden Mysteries of the Times. This, however, was stately building of Justinianus the emperor) were, in not printed till after his death. In 1624, while the turning of a hand, plucked down and carried away provost of Eton college, he published Elements of by the Turks; and the church itself, built for God to Architecture, then the best work on that subject, and be honoured in, for the present converted into a stable the materials of which were no doubt collected chiefly for their horses, or a place for the execution of their in Italy. His latter years were spent in planning abominable and unspeakable filthiness; the image of several works, which, from the pecuniary difficulties in which he found himself involved, were never the crucifix was also by them taken down, and a Turk's cap put upon the head thereof, and so set up executed. The Reliquia Wottoniana, a posthumous and shot at with their arrows, and afterwards, in great publication, is a collection of his miscellaneous pieces, derision, carried about in their camp, as it had been including lives, letters, poems, and characters. These in procession, with drums playing before it, railing display considerable liveliness of fancy and intellecand spitting at it, and calling it the God of the Chris-tual acuteness, though tainted with the pedantry of tians, which I note not so much done in contempt of the times. Several of them are here extracted :— the image, as in despite of Christ and the Christian religion.

ARTHUR WILSON-SIR RICHARD BAKER.

[What Education Embraces.]

First, there must proceed a way how to discern ARTHUR WILSON, another historian, flourished the natural inclinations and capacities of children. Thirdly, the moulding of behasomewhat later, having been born in 1596. He was Secondly, next must ensue the culture and furnishsecretary to Robert, Earl of Essex, the parliamentary ment of the mind. general in the civil wars; and afterwards became viour and decent forms. Fourthly, the tempering of He died in 1652, affections. Fifthly, the quickening and exciting of steward to the Earl of Warwick. leaving in manuscript a work on The Life and observations and practical judgment. Sixthly, and Reign of James I., which was published in the follow-the last in order, but the principal in value, being the timely instilling of conscientious principles and ing year. A comedy of his, entitled The Inconstant that which must knit and consolidate all the rest, Lady, was printed at Oxford in 1814. seeds of religion.

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We shall conclude our survey of the historical
writers of this period by devoting a few words to SIR
RICHARD BAKER, who lived from 1568 to 1645, and
whose Chronicle' was long popular in England, par-
ticularly among country gentlemen. Addison makes
it the favourite book of Sir Roger de Coverley. Baker
was knighted by James I. in 1603, and in 1620 be-
came high-sheriff for Oxfordshire, in which he pos-
sessed considerable property. Afterwards having
imprudently engaged for the payment of debts con-
tracted by his wife's family, he became insolvent, and
spent several years in the Fleet prison, where he died
in 1645. While in durance, he wrote Meditations and
Disquisitions on portions of Scripture, translated
Balzac's Letters and Malvezzi's Discourses on Tacitus,
and composed two pieces in defence of the theatre.
His principal work, however, was that already re-
ferred to, entitled A Chronicle of the Kings of England,
from the time of the Romans' Government unto the Death
of King James. This work, which appeared in 1641,

Every Nature is not a Fit Stock to Graft a Scholar on.

The Spaniard that wrote The Trial of Wits,' undertakes to show what complexion is fit for every profession. I will not disable any for proving a scholar, nor yet dissemble that I have seen many happily forced upon that course, to which by nature they seemed much indisposed. Sometimes the possibility of preferment prevailing with the credulous, expectation of less expense with the covetous, opinion of ease with the fond, and assurance of remoteness with the unkind parents, have moved them, without discretion, to engage their children in adventures of learning, by whose return they have received but small contentment: but they who are deceived in their first designs deserve less to be condemned, as such who (after sufficient trial) persist in their wilfulness are no way to be pitied. I have known some who have been acquainted (by the complaints of

265

governors, clamours of creditors, and confessions of their sons) what might be expected from them, yet have held them in with strong hand, till they have desperately quit, or disgracefully forfeited, the places where they lived. Deprived of which, they might hope to avoid some misery, if their friends, who were so careful to bestow them in a college when they were young, would be so good as to provide a room for them in some hospital when they are old.

[Commendation before Trial Injudicious.] The fashion of commending our friends' abilities before they come to trial, sometimes takes good effect with the common sort, who, building their belief on authority, strive to follow the conceit of their betters; but usually, amongst men of independent judgments, this bespeaking of opinion breeds a purpose of stricter examination, and if the report be answered, procures only a bare acknowledgment; whereas, if nothing be proclaimed or promised, they are perhaps content to signify their own skill in testifying another's desert: otherwise great wits, jealous of their credit, are ready to suppress worth in others, to the advancing of their own, and (if more ingenuous) no farther just than to forbear detraction; at the best, rather disposed to give praise upon their own accord, than to make ment upon demand or challenge.

THOMAS HOBBES.

No literary man excited more attention in the middle of the seventeenth century, and none of that age has exercised a more wide and permanent influence on the philosophical opinions of succeeding generations, than THOMAS HOBBES, born at Malmesbury in 1588. His mother's alarm at the approach of the Spanish Armada is said to have hastened his birth,

Thomas Hobbes.

the young Earl of Devonshire, with whom he set off, three years later, on a tour through France, Italy, and Savoy. At Pisa he became intimate with Galileo the astronomer, and elsewhere held communication with other celebrated characters. After his return to England in 1637, he resided in the earl's family, at Chatsworth, in Derbyshire. He now devoted himself to study, in which, however, he was interrupted by the political contentions of the times, Being a zealous royalist, he found it necessary, in 1640, to retire to Paris, where he lived on terms of

intimacy with Descartes and other learned men, whom the patronage of Cardinal de Richelieu had at that time drawn together. While at Paris, he-engaged in a controversy about the quadrature of the circle, and in 1647, he was appointed mathematical instructor to Charles, Prince of Wales, who then rehe had commenced the publication of those works sided in the French capital. Previously to this time, which he sent forth in succession, with the view of curbing the spirit of freedom in England, by showing the philosophical foundation of despotic monarchy. The first of them was originally printed in Latin at Paris, in 1642, under the title of Elementa Philosophica de Cive; when afterwards translated into Engpay-lish, it was entitled Philosophical Rudiments Concerning Government and Society. This treatise is regarded as the most exact account of the author's political system: it contains many profound views, but is disfigured by fundamental and dangerous errors. The principles maintained in it were more fully discussed in his larger work, published in 1651, under the title of Leviathan: or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil. Man is here represented as a selfish and ferocious animal, requiring the strong hand of despotism to keep him in check; and all notions of right and wrong are made to depend upon views of self-interest alone. Of this latter doctrine, commonly known as the Selfish System of moral philosophy, Hobbes was indeed the great champion, both in the 'Leviathan,' and more particularly in his small Treatise on Human Nature, published in 1650. There appeared in the same year another work from his pen, entitled De Corpore Politico; or, Of the Body Politic.' freedom with which theological subjects were handled in the Leviathan,' as well as the offensive political views there maintained, occasioned a great outcry against the author, particularly among the clergy. This led Charles to dissolve his connexion with the philosopher, who, according to Lord Clarendon, was compelled secretly to fly out of Paris, the justice having endeavoured to apprehend him, and soon after escaped into England, where he never received any disturbance.' He again took up his abode with the Devonshire family, and became intimate with Selden, Cowley, and Dr Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood. In 1654 he published a short but admirably clear and comprehensive Letter upon Liberty and Necessity; where the doctrine of the self-determining power of the will is opposed with a subtlety and profundity unsurpassed in any subsequent writer on that much-agitated question. Indeed, he appears to have been the first who understood and expounded clearly the doctrine of philoso

The

and was probably the cause of a constitutional timidity which possessed him through life. After study-phical necessity. On this subject, a long controversy ing for five years at Oxford, he travelled, in 1610, through France, Italy, and Germany, in the capacity of tutor to Lord Cavendish, afterwards Earl of Devonshire, with whom, on returning to England, he continued to reside as his secretary. At this time he became intimate with Lord Bacon, Lord Herbert of Cherbury, and Ben Jonson. His pupil dying in 1628, Hobbes again visited Paris; but in 1631 he undertook to superintend the education of

between him and Bishop Bramhall of Londonderry took place. Here he fought with the skill of a master; but in a mathematical dispute with Dr Wallis, professor of geometry at Oxford, which lasted twenty years, he fairly went beyond his depth, and obtained no increase of reputation. The fact is, that Hobbes had not begun to study mathematics till the age of forty, and, like other late learners, greatly overestimated his knowledge. He supposed himself to

have discovered the quadrature of the circle, and dogmatically upheld his claim in the face of the clearest refutation. In this controversy, personal feeling, according to the custom of the time, appeared without disguise. Hobbes having published a sarcastic piece, entitled Six Lessons to the Professors of Mathematics in Oxford, Wallis retorted by administering, in 1656, Due Correction for Mr Hobbes, or School-Discipline for not Saying his Lessons Right. Here his language to the philosopher is in the following unceremonious strain:-It seems, Mr Hobbes, that you have a mind to say your lesson, and that the mathematic professors of Oxford should hear you. You are too old to learn, though you have as much need as those that be younger, and yet will think much to be whipt. What moved you to say your lessons in English, when the books against which you do chiefly intend them were written in Latin? Was it chiefly for the perfecting your natural rhetoric, whenever you thought it convenient to repair to Billingsgate? You found that the oysterwomen could not teach you to rail in Latin. Now you can, upon all occasion, or without occasion, give the titles of fool, beast, ass, dog, &c., which I take to be but barking; and they are no better than a man might have at Billingsgate for a box o' the ear. You tell us," though the beasts that think our railing to be roaring, have for a time admired us, yet, now you have showed them our ears, they will be less affrighted." Sir, those persons needed not a sight of your ears, but could tell by the voice what kind of creature brayed in your books: you dared not have said this to their faces.' When Charles II. came to the throne, he conferred on Hobbes an annual pension of one hundred pounds; but notwithstanding this and other marks of the royal favour, much odium continued to prevail against him and his doctrines. The Leviathan' and ' De Cive' were censured in parliament in 1666, and also drew forth many printed replies. Among the authors of these, the most distinguished was Lord Clarendon, who, in 1676, published A Brief View and Survey of the Dangerous and Pernicious Errors to Church and State, in Mr Hobbes's Book, entitled Leviathan. Two years previously, Hobbes had entered a new field of literature, by publishing a metrical version of four books of Homer's Odyssey, which was so well received, that, in 1675, he sent forth a translation of the remainder of that poem, and also of the whole Iliad. Here, according to Pope, Hobbes has given us a correct explanation of the sense in general; but for particulars and circumstances, he continually lops them, and often * He sometimes

omits the most beautiful.

tory of the Civil Wars from 1640 to 1660, was finished in 1679, but did not appear till after his death, an event which took place in December of that year, when he had attained the age of ninety-two.

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Hobbes is described by Lord Clarendon as one for whom he had always had a great esteem, as a man who, besides his eminent parts of learning and knowledge, hath been always looked upon as a man of probity and a life free from scandal.' It was a saying of Charles II., in reference to the opposition which the doctrines of Hobbes met from the clergy, that he was a bear, against whom the church played their young dogs, in order to exercise them.' his latter years he became morose and impatient of contradiction, both by reason of his growing infirmities, and from indulging too much in solitude, by which his natural arrogance and contempt for the opinions of other men were greatly increased. He at no time read extensively: Homer, Virgil, Thucydides, and Euclid, were his favourite authors; and he used to say, that, if he had read as much as other men, he should have been as ignorant as they.' Owing to the timidity of his disposition, hẹ was continually apprehensive about his personal safety, insomuch that he could not endure to be left in an empty house. From the same motive, probably, it was, that, notwithstanding his notorious heterodoxy, he maintained an external adherence to the established church, and in his works sometimes assented to theological views which undoubtedly he did not hold. Though he has been stigmatised as an atheist, the charge is groundless, as may be inferred from what he says, in his Treatise on Human Nature,' concerning

[God.]

it followeth that we can have no conception or image Forasmuch as God Almighty is incomprehensible. of the Deity; and, consequently, all his attributes signify our inability and defect of power to conceive tion of the same, except only this, That there is a anything concerning his nature, and not any concepGod. For the effects, we acknowledge naturally, do` include a power of their producing, before they were existent that hath such power: and the thing so produced; and that power presupposeth something existing with power to produce, if it were not eternal, it, and that, again, by something else before that, till must needs have been produced by somewhat before we come to an eternal (that is to say, the first) Power of all Powers, and first Cause of all Causes: and this is it which all men conceive by the name of GOD, implying eternity, incomprehensibility, and omnipotency. And thus all that will consider may know that God is, though not what he is even a man that is born blind, though it be not possible for him to have any imagination what kind of thing fire is, yet he cannot but know that something there is that men call fire, because it warmeth him.

[Pity and Indignation.]

omits whole similes and sentences, and is now and then guilty of mistakes, into which no writer of his learning could have fallen but through carelessness. His poetry, as well as Ogilby's, is too mean for criticism. Nevertheless, the work became so popular, that three large editions were required within less than ten years. Hobbes was more successful as a translator in prose than in poetry; his version of the Greek historian Thucydides (which had appeared in 1629, and was the first work that he pubPity is imagination or fiction of future calamity fished) being still regarded as the best English to ourselves, proceeding from the sense of another translation of that author. Its faithfulness to the man's calamity. But when it lighteth on such as we original is so great, that it frequently degenerates think have not deserved the same, the compassion is into servility. This work, he says, was undertaken greater, because then there appeareth more probabi by him from an honest desire of preventing, if pos- lity that the same may happen to us; for the evil sible, those disturbances in which he was apprehen- that happeneth to an innocent man may happen to sive that his country would be involved, by showing, every man. But when we see a man suffer for great in the history of the Peloponnesian war, the fatal crimes, which we cannot easily think will fall upon consequences of intestine troubles.' At Chatsworth, ourselves, the pity is the less. And therefore men are to which he retired in 1674 to spend the remainder apt to pity those whom they love; for whom they of his days, he continued to compose various works, love they think worthy of good, and therefore not the principal of which, entitled Behemoth, or a His-worthy of calamity. Thence it is also, that men pity

the vices of some persons at the first sight only, out of love to their aspect. The contrary of pity is hardness of heart, proceeding either from slowness of imagination, or some extreme great opinion of their own exemption from the like calamity, or from hatred of all or most men.

Indignation is that grief which consisteth in the conception of good success happening to them whom they think unworthy thereof. Seeing, therefore, men think all those unworthy whom they hate, they think them not only unworthy of the good fortune they have, but also of their own virtues. And of all the passions of the mind, these two, indignation and pity, are most raised and increased by eloquence; for the aggravation of the calamity, an extenuation of the fault, augmenteth pity; and the extenuation of the worth of the person, together with the magnifying of his success, which are the parts of an orator, are able to turn these two passions into fury.

[Emulation and Enry.]

[Love of Knowledge.]

Forasmuch as all knowledge beginneth from expe rience, therefore also new experience is the beginning of new knowledge, and the increase of experience the beginning of the increase of knowledge. Whatsoever, therefore, happeneth new to a man, giveth him matter of hope of knowing somewhat that he knew not before. And this hope and expectation of future knowledge from anything that happeneth new and strange, is that passion which we commonly call admiration; and the same considered as appetite, is called curiosity, which is appetite of knowledge. As in the discerning of faculties, man leaveth all community with beasts at the faculty of imposing names, so also doth he surmount their nature at this passion of curiosity. For when a beast seeth anything new and strange to him, he considereth it so far only as to discern whether it be likely to serve his turn or hurt him, and accordingly approacheth nearer to it, or fleeth from it: whereas man, who in most events remembereth in what manner they were caused and begun, looketh for the cause and beginning of everything that ariseth new unto him. And from this passion of admiration and curiosity, have arisen not only the invention of

Emulation is grief arising from seeing one's self exceeded or excelled by his concurrent, together with hope to equal or exceed him in time to come, by his own ability. But envy is the same grief joined with pleasure conceived in the imagination of some ill-for-names, but also supposition of such causes of all tune that may befall him.

[Laughter.]

There is a passion that hath no name; but the sign of it is that distortion of the countenance which we call laughter, which is always joy: but what joy, what we think, and wherein we triumph when we laugh, is not hitherto declared by any. That it consisteth in wit, or, as they call it, in the jest, experience confuteth; for men laugh at mischances and indecencies, wherein there lieth no wit nor jest at all. And forasmuch as the same thing is no more ridiculous when it groweth stale or usual, whatsoever it be that moveth laughter, it must be new and unexpected. Men laugh often (especially such as are greedy of applause from everything they do well) at their own actions performed never so little beyond their own expectations; as also at their own jests: and in this case it is manifest that the passion of laughter proceedeth from a sudden conception of some ability in himself that laugheth. Also, men laugh at the infirmities of others, by comparison wherewith their own abilities are set off and illustrated. Also

men laugh at jests, the wit whereof always consisteth in the elegant discovering and conveying to our minds some absurdity of another; and in this case also the passion of laughter proceeded from the sudden imagination of our own odds and eminency; for what is else the recommending of ourselves to our own good opinion, by comparison with another's man's infirmity or absurdity? For when a jest is broken upon ourselves, or friends, of whose dishonour we participate, we never laugh thereat. I may therefore conclude, that the passion of laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from a sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves, by comparison with the infirmity of others, or with our own formerly; for men laugh at the follies of themselves past, when they come suddenly to remembrance, except they bring with them any present dishonour. It is no wonder, therefore, that men take heinously to be laughed at or derided; that is, triumphed over. Laughing without offence, must be at absurdities and infirmities abstracted from persons, and when all the company may laugh together; for laughing to one's self putteth all the rest into jealousy, and examination of themselves. Besides, it is vain glory, and an argument of little worth, to think the infirmity of another sufficient matter for his triumph.

things as they thought might produce them. And from this beginning is derived all philosophy, as astronomy from the admiration of the course of heaven; natural philosophy from the strange effects of the elements and other bodies. And from the degrees of curiosity proceed also the degrees of knowledge amongst men; for, to a man in the chase of riches or authority (which in respect of knowledge are but sensuality), it is a diversity of little pleasure, whether it be the motion of the sun or the earth that maketh the day; or to enter into other contemplations of any strange accident, otherwise than whether it conduce or not to the end he pursueth. Because curiosity is delight, therefore also novelty is so; but especially that novelty from which a man conceiveth an opinion, true or false, of bettering his own estate; for, in such case, they stand affected with the hope that all gamesters have while the cards are shuffling.

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[In answer to Bishop Bramhall's assertion, that the doctrine of free will is the belief of all mankind, which we have not learned from our tutors, but is imprinted in our hearts by nature']-It is true, very few have learned from tutors, that a man is not free to will; nor do they find it much in books. That they find in books, that which the poets chaunt in the theatres, and the shepherds on the mountains, that which the pastors teach in the churches, and the doctors in the universities, and that which the common people in the markets and all mankind in the whole world do assent unto, is the same that I assent unto; namely, that a man hath freedom to do if he will; but whether he hath freedom to will, is a question which it seems neither the bishop nor they ever thought on. A wooden top that is lashed by the boys, and runs about, sometimes to one wall, sometimes to another, sometimes spinning, sometimes

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