Buckthorn, SOUTHERN. Bumelia lycioides. Large, spiny shrub of natural family Sapotaceae, native of s.e. U. S. weed family, native of n. Asia, I cons с sumption, but the by-milling products are good food for animals. The straw is of almost no value for fodder. Three varieties are known, common or black, silverhulled, and Japanese. There were grown in the U. S. in 1890, 12,113,040 bushels, of which N. Y. and Pa. produced more than half. It is somewhat objectionable as a steady article of diet, as exciting various eruptive disorders. In Russia it forms a part of the army ration. It was introduced into America by the Dutch. Buckwheat (F. esculentum): a, a flower; b, a seed; c, a root. Bud. A vegetable axis in its rudimentary condition, developing either into a stem, a branch, a flower, or a flower cluster. When terminating stems or branches, they are called Terminal; when appearing in the axils of leaves, Axillary; and when borne irregularly, Adventitious Buds. Buda. Ancient city of Hungary, on right bank of the Danube; taken by Charlemagne 799; sacked by Turks after battle of Mohatz 1526, again in 1541; regained by Imperialists 1686; stormed by Hungarians May 20,1849. United with Pesth on the other side of the river, it became capital of Hungary Nov. 1873. The new city, Budapest, has made remarkable gains in 20 years. Pop. of the two towns in 1848 less than 148,000; pop., in 1890, 506,091. B. is the most important grain mart of the Austrian Empire. Many improvements in flour-milling originated here. Buddeus, JOHANN FRANZ, 1667-1729. Prof. at Halle 1693, and Jena 1705. He wrote Latin Institutions of Moral and Dogmatic Theology, 1721-28, and a History of the same, 1723. duct, effort, means of livelihood, mindfulness, and rapture. Along the way there are ten fetters to be broken, and to live according to the 8 stages and to have broken all these fetters constitute the Buddhist ideal of life. Colossal Statue of Buddha at Kamakoura, Japan. Budding. Peculiar propagative process of forming new cells, obtaining in the Saccharomycetes and certain other fungi; also called sprouting. More commonly, the appearance of buds on flowering plants. Buddle. Ore-dressing machine in which separation is afBuddha, GOTAMA, ab.500-ab.420 B.C. Of the Sakya tribe, fected by the flowing of slime in thin sheets over a smooth insettled ab.100 miles n. e. of Benares. His mother died in his clined surface. Many different styles are in use, some of which infancy, and her sister brought him up. He abandoned wife are stationary and some rotary, some circular and some rectanand son at the age of 29 to work out his religious ideas. Fail- gular. ing to find what he wanted in the systems of the famous teach- Budget. Annual statement of receipts and expenditures of ers with whom he studied, he next practiced extreme austerities governments. Orig., bag containing papers and documents refor two or three years, but finally abandoned this road to deliv-lating to the financial exhibit laid before House of Commons by erance, whereupon his disciples left him in displeasure. Then Chancellor of the Exchequer. France has adopted the term. came the mental crisis when for a day and a night he sat under While the fiscal year varies greatly in different countries, bethe Bo Tree and the vision came clothing him with the quality ginning with the calendar year in France, April 1 in Great Britof perfect wisdom and revealing the doctrine he should teach. ain, and July 1 in the U. S.. there is a uniform usage by these His disciples had gone to Benares; he followed them there, un- and other governments to present the budget to the legislative folded his system, and sent them out to proselytize. For the 45 body at the beginning of each annual session. When presentremaining years of his life he preached throughout the Ganges ing it, the finance minister often explains it; in other cases Valley with marvelous effect, and is even said to have visited these explanations are made before a committee appointed to Ceylon. receive it. In the U. S. a statement of the annual receipts and expenditures has been laid before Congress by the Sec. of the Treasury since 1790. A Committee of Ways and Means to conthe Government was constituted by the first Congress 1789, sider and report on the statement for supplies in administering consisting of one member from each State. In 1795 this was made a standing or permanent committee of the House. Its membership was reduced to seven 1802, increased to eight 1863, to eleven 1873, and to thirteen 1879. Buddhism. Religion of more than half the human race. Its present strongholds are Ceylon, Burmah, Siam, Farther India, Tonquin, Java, Nepaul, Thibet, China, Mongolia, and Japan. India, the cradle of the creed, saw Buddhism degenerate into gross idolatry and finally become extirpated by the Brahmans after sanguinary struggles ab. 600 A. D. It is atheistic in that it ignores any mode of personal existence compatible with the idea of spiritual perfection, but it assumes that the same condition awaits the emancipated soul as is enjoyed by the Supreme Mind. This NIRVANA (q.v.), or Perfect Rest, is the Highest Good. The basis of Buddhism is sorrow. The Four Truths 1. The reality of misery. 2. Its cause or accumulation. 3. The possibility of its destruction. 4. The way, or requisite The way has 8 stages: Right views, aims, speech, con are: means. Buell, DON CARLOS, U. S. A., b. 1818. Commanding in Ky. and Tenn. 1862; engaged at Perryville Oct. 8. He left the service 1864. Buena Vista. In Mexico, 7 m. s. of Saltillo; scene of a battle, Feb. 22-23, 1847, between Santa Anna and Gen. Taylor. The former retreated with loss of ab. 2,000; American loss 750. BUENOS AYRES-BULL Buenos Ayres. Seaport, capital of Argentine Republic, on s. shore of the estuary of the Rio de la Plata; founded 1535. Congress Buildings, Buenos Ayres. 217 Bugleweed. Lycopus Virginicus. Plant of the Mint family, native of e. U. S. Bugloss. Lycopsis arvensis. Plant of the Borage family, native of Europe, but introduced into America. Bugloss, VIPERS. See BLUEWEED. Bugs. See HEMIPTERA. This term is often wrongly used to designate beetles and other insects. Bug-Seed. Corispermum hyssopifolium. Plant of the Goosefoot family, native of the northern hemisphere. Buhl. Cabinet work inlaid with brass in ornamental patterns, so called from its inventor, Charles André Boule, 16421732. Buhrstone, or BURRSTONE. Hard, siliceous rock from which mill-stones are made. Its peculiar vesicular texture keeps the surface from wearing smooth. The best quality comes from France. In recent years iron rollers have come largely into use in flour-mills, and the buhrstone industry has been steadily decreasing in importance. Building and Loan Associations. Coöperative organizations which collect periodical payments from their members, and loan from the accumulated fund to members on their real estate, with a view to enable persons with small capital to own their homes. Building Stone. Granite, marble, limestone, and sandIt has a very large trade and commerce, particularly in beef stone are the kinds commonly used, being durable, permanent and hides. Pop., 1892, 549,307. Buffalo. See BOVIDE and BISON. Buffalo. Capital of Erie co., N. Y., on e. end of Lake Erie, at head of Niagara R. It is intersected by 8 railroads, has an extensive lake commerce and large manufacturing interests, particularly of iron and steel, lumber and clothing. Pop.. 1890, 255,664. Buffalo-Berry. in color, strong, and cheap. The most porous stones are the least durable, as they absorb water and are liable to become their quarry beds," that is, in the same position as in the disintegrated by frost. It is best that stones should be laid on quarry. Granite is the strongest, but it is liable to crack under the action of fire. The best test of stone is its durability 66 under conditions of actual service. Shepherdia argentea. Silvery-leaved Bulbs. Buds with fleshy scales. They are generally subshrub of natural family Eleagnaceae, native of the n. w. U. S.,terranean, but occur occasionally in the axils of leaves, as in certain Lilies, and are then sometimes called Bulblets or Bulbils. bearing an edible, acid, berry-like fruit. Bulbus. Enlarged base of the stipe of certain toadstools. Bulbus Arteriosus, or BULBUS AORTE. Synangium of the frog's heart; part of the aorta next the heart. In fishes it is often contractile, like the ventricle. When a conus arteriosus is simultaneously present the two together are termed the truncus arteriosus, of which the conus lies between the heart and the bulbus. Buffalo-Grass. Bulbilis dactyloides. Small, wiry grass of the plains of central N. America. Buffalo-Nut. Pyrularia pubera. Shrub of the natural family Santalaceae, native of the southern Alleganies; also called Oil-nut. Buffer. Plate at the end of a railway-car, which receives the shock of another car by striking a similar plate, each plate transferring the shock to springs, so that the cars themselves may be subject only to a small concussion; sometimes the draw-bar of a car. Buffon, GEORGES LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE, 1707-1788. French naturalist, academician 1753, ennobled 1776. He attempted to cover the whole range of science in Natural History, 36 vols., 1749-89, having in part of these the aid of Daubenton and others. His best work is found in vol. 34, Epochs of Nature, 1789. Bufo. See OXYDACTYLIA and BUFONIDÆ. Bufonida (TOADS). Of Bufo alone there are 77 species. A Mexican species rivals the bullfrog in size and grows to a length of 8 inches. The eggs of toads are black, and are laid in a single string of jelly. The young tadpoles that develop from them are black. They soon, while small, undergo the metamorphoses that fit them for a terrestrial life; the gills and tail are absorbed, and legs appear. They travel far away overland, hiding in the daytime. When it rains they come out in large numbers. Alytes obstetricans, the Obstetric Toad, belongs to an allied family (Discoglossidae). The male winds the eggstring about his thighs, and carries it until they hatch. the Spade-foot, see PELOBATIDE. Bufoniformia. See OXYDACTYLIA. For Buford, JOHN, U. S. A., 1825-1863. General of cavalry in the Civil War. His half-brother, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, 1807-1883, served in the West as gen. U. S. Vols., 1861-65. Bugbane. Species of Cimicifuga, tall shrubs of natural family Ranunculaceae, natives of the northern hemisphere; known also as Bugwort. Bugbane, FALSE. Trautvetteria Carolinensis. Plant of the Buttercup family, native of the s. Alleganies. Bugeaud, THOMAS ROBERT, 1784-1849. Marshal of France, 1831, gov. of Algiers 1840-48; Duc d'Isly 1844. Bugenhagen, JOHANN, called DR. POMERANUS, 1485-1558. German reformer, associate of Luther. Commentary on the Psalms, 1524. Bugge, ELSENS SOPHUS, b. 1833. Prof. Christiania 1866; Ed. Norse ballads 1858, sagas. 1864-73, and Edda, 1867. Origin of Northern Mythology, 1881-89. Buggy. Small wagon used in coal-mines for carrying coal short distances. Bulgaria. Principality of s. e. Europe, s. of Roumania, e. of Servia. Finnish invaders from the Volga set up a kingdom ab. 680, which was overthrown by Byzantines 1018, re-estabof 1876 led to practical independence 1878. Alexander of Batlished 1186, and conquered by Turks 1388-93. The insurrection tenberg, elected Prince 1879, abdicated 1886; Ferdinand of Saxannexation of E. Rumelia. Area of B. proper, 24,500 sq. m.; ony succeeded 1887. War with Servia 1885 led to the nominal pop., 1893, 2,313.072. Capital, Sofia. Area of E. Rumelia, 13,160 sq. m.; pop., 1893, 992,386. Bulkhead Construction on Rock, North River, N. Y. City. City.-Bulkheads, in naval construction, are very important and numerous, and are fitted with water-tight doors and covers. They are classified as longitudinal, middle-line, partial, transverse, and wing-passage. Bull. Decree of the Pope as sovereign, "fulminated " on solemn occasions. Orig., seal, thence edict of a secular ruler, as the "Golden Bull" of Andrew II. of Hungary, 1222, and that of Charles IV, of Germany, 1356, as to the election of Emperors. Bull, GEORGE, D.D., 1634-1710. Bp. of St. David's 1705. Latin Defense of the Nicene Faith, 1680. Collected works, 7 labor to advance the price of securities are called Bulls, and to vols., 1827. Bull, JOHN, ab. 1563-1628. Doctor of music, organist of the Chapel Royal. See GOD SAVE THE QUEEN. Bull, OLE BORNEMANN, 1810-1880. Norwegian violinist, famous from 1835; resident in the U. S. 1852-57, and largely from 1867. Bulla. See TECTIBRANCHIATA. Bullace. Prunus insititia. Spiny shrub of the Plum family, occasionally introduced from England into N. America. Bulla Ossea. See ANATINE. Bullate. Surface of leaves or other organs which are puckered up by the expansion of the parenchyma between the veins. Bull-Baiting. Sport once common in England, in which dogs were set upon a bull, which was sometimes made more furious by having his nose blown full of pepper before being turned loose. Or the bull was fastened to a stake by a short rope, and bull-dogs, trained to seize him by the nose, were set on him one by one. Bulldozers. Orig., "Regulators" in La. 1876, who intimidated negro voters with the bull-whip; similar to "Ku-klux" and "White-caps." Bullet-Proof Cloth. For shields has been popularly experimented with during the past two years. Wire or thin steel is supposed to provide the resistance to penetration. Paperpulp and aluminium are also used. The coat employed weighs from 9 to 12 pounds, the cloth being about 2 inches thick. Experimental bullet-proof coats or shields have been presented by Boyton, Dowe, Lennard, Lucas, Loris, Manard, Maxim, Smith, Weber and Zeitung. Bull-Fighting. Popular amusement in Spain; also practiced in Portugal, s. France, and Spanish-American countries. It appears to have been an inheritance from the Moors, Spanish Bull-fight at San Roque. and to have been originally an exhibition of horsemanship in which the nobles took part. It exists in Spain as a game, the score of which is the record of horses killed by the bulls and the points made by the matador, or bull-fighter, and his troop. The latter travel from city to city, in most of which are special amphitheaters, Plaza de Toros. Bullinger, HEINRICH, 1504-1575. Swiss reformer; pastor at Zurich 1531, succeeding Zwingli. He wrote the Second Helvetic Confession, 1566, and exerted much influence on England through the exiles of Mary's reign, and by his sermons, tr. 1577. Bullion. Uncoined gold or silver, known also as barsilver and gold bar. Bullion Report. Made to the English Parliament 1810, by a committee appointed to investigate the currency. The principles then laid down have been the basis of almost all subsequent British monetary legislation. Bull Pump. Direct single-acting pump, used in vertical mine shafts or steep inclines, in which the pump rods are attached directly to the steam piston. The weight of the rods makes the down stroke. Bull Roarer. Long, thin, narrow piece of wood, swung by a string attached to one end, so that a loud and peculiar noise is produced. It is a common plaything among children, and is used in religious rites by many savage tribes. Bull Run, VA., BATTLES OF. July 21, 1861, and August 30, 1862. Union defeats. Bulls and Bears. In the Stock Exchange, dealers who depress, Bears. Bully Tree. Bumelia nigra. Large West Indian tree of the Custard-apple family, bearing edible fruits. Prussian Bülow, FRIEDRICH WILHELM VON, 1755-1816. general, prominent at Leipzig, Waterloo and earlier battles with the French; made Count of Dennewitz 1814. Bulow, HANS VON, 1830-1894. German pianist, critic and conductor; Prof. Berlin 1855, Chapelmaster at Munich 1867: one of the earliest and stanchest advocates of Wagner's dramas. He visited the U. S. in 1875, 1889 and 1890. His mind was analytical rather than creative, and his compositions have not won popularity. Buloz, FRANÇOIS, 1803-1877. Swiss-French author and translator, founder of the Revue des deux Mondes, 1831. Bulrush. Large, coarse sedges of genus Scirpus, of wide geographical distribution; also called Club-rush. The Bulrush of the Nile is Cyperus Papyrus, a large plant of the Sedge family. Bulwer, EDWARD GEORGE. See LYTTON. Bulwer, SIR WILLIAM HENRY LYTTON EARLE, 1801-1872. Brother of Lord Lytton; M. P. 1830-37, envoy to Spain 1843, U. S. 1849, Tuscany 1852, and Turkey 1858. He negotiated the Clayton-Bulwer treaty 1850, and was made Baron Dalling and Bulwer 1871. Historical pub. France, 1854; ston, 1870. Character, 1868; Life of Palmer Bumboat. He Boat used principally by women to supply ships lying off a port with produce and cheap merchandise. Structure Bulrush: A, Common Cat's-tail (Typha latifolia); B, Common Bulrush (Scirpus Lacustris). Bumping Post. placed at the end of a railroad turnout to prevent cars from leaving the track. Bunce, OLIVER BELL, 1828-1890. American author; ed. Appleton's Journal. Bachelor Bluff, 1882; Don't, 1884. Bunch-Berry. Cornus Canadensis. Low plant of the Dogwood family, native of n. N. America; known also as Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-Flower. Plants of genus Melanthium, natural family Liliaceae, natives of e. N. America. Bundle-Sheath. In plant anatomy, layer of thin-walled cells surrounding one or more fibro vascular bundles. Bunion. Enlargement of the bursa at the base of the little or great toes, due to pressure or improperly fitting shoes, causing the toe to bend inward, and, when neglected, inflammation of the joint. It may be cured by apparatus to correct the deformity, but in some cases operation is necessary. Bunker Hill. Eminence in Charlestown (Boston), Mass., scene of a battle June 17, 1775, won by the British after a desPerate conflict, and commemorated by a monument dedicated Bunner, HENRY CUYLER, b. 1855. American novelist and poet; ed. Puck from its start, 1877. The Midge, 1886. 1843. Bunodontia (OMNIVORA). Section of artiodactyl (eventoed) Ungulates, having the grinding teeth furnished with tuberculated crowns. It includes the families Hippopotamidæ, Suida, Anoplotheride, and Oreodontida. Bunodont Teeth. Molars whose crowns support tubercles, as in swine. The tubercles may be few and opposite, as in the Hippopotamus, or alternate, as in Hyopsodus, or irregular and numerous as in the Mastodon. the sub-orders Taniodonta, Mesodonta, Insectivora, Creodonta, Bunotheria. Order of the placental Mammals, including and Tillodonta. They have low cerebral development, the feet are ambulatory and unguiculate, usually with five toes. The articulation of the mandible is transverse; the molar teeth are tuberculated with continuous crests. These forms are sometimes all classed as Insectivora, but there is great diversity, and they shade off on the one hand into the Marsupials, and on the other connect with different divergent orders, as the Carnivora, Rodentia, Edentata, and Lemurida. Bunsen, CHRISTIAN KARL JOSIAS, BARON VON, Ph.D., D.C.L., 1791-1860. German scholar, of intimate English connections; Prussian minister to Rome 1827-38; to England 1841-54; baron 1858. Egypt's Place in History, 5 vols., 1845-57; Ignatius, 1847; Hippolytus, 1852-53; God in History, 1857-58, tr. 1868-70. analysis. Much of his work has had to do with gases and methods for their analysis. Bunsen Burner. Devised by Bunsen of Heidelberg, in which air is mixed with the gas before it is burned. The combustion in this case is complete, and there is no deposition of soot and but little light. The gas enters through a small opening in the axis of a tube, while the air enters through two adjustable lateral openings a little below the gas opening. The mixture burns at the end of the larger tube. Buntlines. Fastened to the foot-rope of a square sail to draw it up to the middle of the yard for furling. Bunyon, JOHN, 1628-1688. English nonconformist, most renowned of prose allegorists. Pilgrim's Progress, Part 1, 1678, Part 2, 1684; Holy War, 1682; Grace Abounding, 1666; and many minor works. A tinker and Baptist preacher, he was in prison 1660-72 and 1675. Buonarotti. See MICHELANGELO. Buononcini, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, b. ab. 1672. Italian musician, once by some regarded as a rival of Handel. Buoy. Conical or spherical floating body placed in spots dangerous to navigation. Used to mark channels, reefs, shoals, and the position of wrecks; also slipped anchors or cables. They are of various sizes and colors of special signification. Lighted buoys and bell-buoys are also used. Buoyancy. Force with which a body immersed in a fluid (either liquid or gas), is pushed upward; proportional to the volume of the body and the density of the fluid. Burdock (Lappa minor). dwellings. It is best subdued by spudding out the young plants early in the spring so deeply that they will not start again. Bürger, GOTTFRIED AUGUST, 1747-1794. German lyric poet. Lenore, 1772, and others of his ballads, are of singular force. Burglary. Breaking and entering another's dwellinghouse at night with intent to commit a felony; now generally defined and governed by statute, and often divided into degrees with varying grades of punishment. 1876. Burgon, JOHN WILLIAM, 1813-1888. Dean of Chichester Commentary on Gospels, 1855, and on Psalms, 1857; Lives of 12 Good Men, 1888. Burgos. City of n. Spain, founded 844, once capital of Castile. Pop. ab. 32,000. Here were issued in 1512 certain wellmeant but ineffective laws for the protection of Indians in the W. Indies. Burgoyne, JOHN, 1723-1792. British general, who led the invasion of the colonies from Canada 1777, captured Ticonderoga and Ft. Edward, but, becoming detached from his communications, surrendered at Saratoga Oct. 17. He wrote several plays, 1780-86.-His son, SIR JOHN FOX, D.C.L., 1782-1871, won distinction as an engineer in the Peninsular War and in the Crimea, was made lieut.-gen. 1851, baronet 1856, and field-mar shal 1868. Bur-Grass. Cenchrus tribuloides. Found especially along the Atlantic coast of U. S. and in sandy places inland. Burgundy. The Burgundians were Goths who entered Buran. In Siberia and Russia, storm of snow driven by the Gaul 407. In 451 their king, Gondicar, was defeated and slain wind; corresponding nearly to a blizzard in N. America. Burbage, RICHARD, ab. 1567-1619. English actor, connected with Shakespeare at Blackfriar's theater. Burckhardt, JOHANN LUDWIG, 1784-1817. Swiss explorer, sent to Africa 1809 by a British society. Travels in Nubia, 1819, Syria, 1822, and Arabia, 1829; Bedouins and Wahabys, 1830; Arabic Proverbs, 1830. Burden of Proof. (1) Obligation of a litigant to prove his case, (2) at a given stage of the trial to introduce evidence. In the first sense, it remains throughout the trial on him who has the affirmative of the issue; in the second, it changes from one litigant to the other as the trial progresses, resting at a given moment on him against whom judgment would be rendered if no further evidence were adduced. Burdette, ROBERT JONES, b. 1844. American humorist, long connected with the Burlington (Ia.) Hawkeye. Burdick, FRANCIS M., LL.B.; b. 1845. Prof. Law, Hamilton Coll. 1882-7; Cornell Univ. 1887-91: Columbia Coll. 1891. Study of Law as a Part of a General Education, 1887; Direct Taxes, 1889; Cases on Torts, 1891. Burdock. Arctium Lappa and other species of Arctium. by Attila. In 534 they submitted to the Frankish rule. In the 9th century were founded the two kingdoms of Lower and Upper Burgundy, united 10th century in the kingdom of ARLES (q.v.). Rudolf III. left B. to Conrad II. of Germany 1032; Henry III. made it a duchy. Under Philip the Bold, 1363, began its period of greatest power and splendor. After the death of Charles the Bold, B. proper was incorporated with France 1479. It now forms the departments of Cote-d'Or, Saone-et-Loire, Ain, and part of Yonne. Burgundy Wines. These wines are made in the departments of Cote-d'Or, Sâone-et-Loire, and Yonne, in France, a portion of the old province of Burgundy. There are both red and white wines, and they are noted for their delicacy, fine bouquet, and delicious flavor. Among those grown in Cote-d'Or may be mentioned Chambertin, Clos de Vougeot, Romanée Conti, Nuits, Beaune, Volnay, and Pommard, all red wines. Of the white wines, there are Genevrières, Goutte d'Or, Perrières. Montrachet, the best of white Burgundies, and Gravieres. Macon comes from Sâone-et-Loire and Chablis from Yonne, the former a red, the latter a white wine. The best wines are made from selected grapes, from the best localities and exposures, and with the greatest care in pressing, fermenting, and cellaring. In alcoholic strength they range from 10 per cent in Macon to 13 per cent in Chambertin. Analysis showed no sugar and an acidity in the former equal to 6.8 grs. per oz., and in the latter equal to 4.3 grains of tartaric acid. The acid is probably racemic or malic acid; it is not acetic or tartaric acid. Burial OF THE DEAD. See DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD. Burke, EDMUND, LL.D., 1728-1797. Irish philosopher and statesman, famed for eloquence; M. P. 1765. Inquiry into the Sublime and Beautiful, 1756; Revolution in France, 1790. Burke, SIR JOHN BERNARD, LL.D., 1815-1892. Genealogist; Ulster king-at-arms from 1853. He edited the Peerage and Baronetage, first issued in 1826 by his father, JOHN, 1786-1848. The Landed Gentry, 1853. Burlamaqui, JEAN JACQUES, 1694-1748. Prof. of Ethics and Law in Geneva 1729. Natural Law, 1747; Political Law, 1751. urer 1572. Burleigh, WILLIAM CECIL, LORD, 1520-1598. English statesman; Sec. of State 1548, Prime Minister from 1558, Lord TreasBurlingame, ANSON, LL.D., 1822-1870. M. C. from Mass. 1854-60; Commissioner to China 1861; Chinese Ambassador to U. S. and Europe 1867. Burlington. City of Des Moines co., Iowa, on w. bank of the Mississippi. Pop., 1890, 22,565. Burlington. City of Chittenden co., Vermont, on e. shore of Lake Champlain. It has two railroads and the State Univ. Pop., 1890, 14,590. Bur-Marigold. Plants of the genus Bidens, natural family Compositæ. Prof. Burmeister, KARL HERMANN KONRAD, 1807-1891. Halle 1837; author of an important work on the organization of Trilobites; keeper from 1861 of the geological museum at Buenos Ayres, where he collected numerous remains of the extinct Pleistocene Mammalia of Argentina. Burmeister, RICHARD, b. 1860. German composer and pianist, studied with Liszt. Teacher at the Peabody Conservatory, Baltimore 1885. Pianoforte Concerto, D minor, 1890; The Chase After Fortune, symphonic poem, 1893; Pianoforte Concerto, G minor; Der Blummrache, cantata. Burmese, OR BURMANS. Chief inhabitants of Burmah. They are short, but powerful, broad-faced, flat-nosed, with Mongolian eyes and complexion. They tattoo, especially the calves, and wear a single cloth wound about the body. The beard is poorly developed. While polygamy is forbidden by law, concubinage is unlimited. Legally the wife is equal to her husband, and goes about freely, buying and selling. The people They are Buddhists, indifferent to death and to infanticide or are lazy, pleasure-loving, hospitable, but very untruthful. murder. All male children receive religious instruction and can read and write. They welcome European ideas. Burnaby, FREDERICK GUSTAVUS, 1842-1885. English traveler; lieut.-col. 1880; killed in battle in Africa. Ride to Khiva, 1876; Through Asia Minor, 1877; Our Radicals, 1886. Burnand, FRANCIS COWLEY, b. 1836. English humorist; ed. Punch from 1880. Happy Thoughts, 1868. Burne-Jones, EDWARD, b. 1833. English painter of the æsthetic and romantic schools; in composition and decorative feeling influenced by the early Italians. Burnet. Plants of genus Poterium, natural family Rosacece, natives of the northern hemisphere. Burnet, GILBERT, F.R.S., 16431715. Historian; prof. Univ. Glasgow 1669; king's chaplain 1674; declined a bishopric, and promoted the Revolution; Bp. of Salisbury 1689. Reformation Ch. of England, 3 vols., 1679-81 and 1715; Exposition of the 39 Articles, 1699; History of his own Times, 1723-34.-His brother THOMAS, M.D., wrote a Latin Thesaurus of Medical Practice, 1673. Burnet, THOMAS, 1635-1715. English scholar. His Sacred Theory of the Earth, 1680-89. is a monument of ingenious error. Other works of his anticipate some tenets of modern biblical criticism and liberal theology. Burnett, MRS. FRANCES ELIZA (HODGSON), b. 1849. Anglo-American novelist. That Lass o' Lowrie's, 1877; Haworth's, 1879; Louisiana, 1880; A Fair Barbarian, 1881; Through One Administration, 1883; Little Lord Fauntleroy, 1886; Sarah Crewe, 1888; The One I Know Best, 1893. Poterium sanguisorba. Burnettizing. Process of impregnating timber with a solution of chloride of zinc, to prevent its decay. It is most frequently used for railroad cross-ties, which can be burnettized at a cost of ab. 25 cents each, their life being thus increased from ab. 8 years to 16. 1 lbs. chloride of zinc to 12 gals, water are forced into the wood, which absorbs from 5 to 20 lbs. chloride of zinc per 1,000 ft. board measure. Patented by Burnett 1838. Burney, CHARLES, F.R.S., Mus. D., 1726-1814. English composer; author of a History of Music, 4 v., 1776-89, and Present State of Music, 3 v., 1772-73. Burney, FRANCES (MME. D'ARBLAY), 1752-1840. English novelist, married 1793. Evelissa, 1778; Cecilia, 1782; Camilla, 1796; Diary and Letters, 7 vols., 1842-46. novelist. No Gentleman, 1881; A Sane Lunatic, 1890; Dr. LatiBurnham, MRS. CLARA LOUISE (ROOT), b. 1854. American mer, 1893; Sweet Clover, 1894. Burning-Bush. Enonymus atropurpureus. Shrub of the natural family Celastraceae, native of e. N. America; also known as Waahoo. Burning-Glass. Lens in which parallel heat rays from |