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1118

PEDOGENESIS-PAINE

Pædogenesis. Production of young, parthenogenetically by a larva; observed by Wagner 1860, with a species of Cecidomya, which lives under the bark of trees. During the summer eggs develop parthenogenetically within the body of the larva, and the young consume their mother. Several summergenerations of this sort are succeeded in the fall by wintergenerations, which attain sexual maturity. The cycle is begun again by the survivors the following spring.

Pæonine. See ROSOLIC ACID.

Pæonius, probably 5th cent. B.C. Sculptor of the Victory found at Olympia 1875.

Paër, FERDINANDO, 1771-1839. Italian composer of 43 operas; court conductor at Dresden 1802-6; imperial chapelmaster in Paris under Napoleon.

Paesiello, GIOVANNI, 1741-1816. 100 operas.

connection with a temple. Originally raised over relics of
Buddha, the primal object has been lost sight of in China and

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Temple of Neptune at Pæstum.

of three Doric temples, first made known 1755; that of Neptune, so-called, is one of the oldest known, dating from 6th century B.C. These are the only remains of Greek temples in Italy in any fair state of preservation.

Paez, JOSÉ ANTONIO, 1790-1873. Pres. of Venezuela 1831-35 and 1839-43; imprisoned 1849-50; dictator 1861-63; long in U.S. Autobiografia, 1867.

Paganini, NICCOLO, 1782-1840. Most famous of violinists; b. in Genoa. His life was full of adventure. His studies and concert-pieces are still the high-water mark of technical accomplishment on the violin.

Paganism. Aggregate of religions which do not, with Christianity, Judaism, and Mohammedanism, acknowledge a personal God as historically revealed in Israel.

Page. Juvenile attendant on a prince or noble; formerly in training for higher service; now infrequent and merely ornamental.

Page, DAVID, 1814-1879. Scottish writer of popular and educational books on geology.

Page, DAVID PERKINS, 1810-1848. Principal of Albany Nor-
mal School, N. Y., 1844. Theory and Practice of Teaching, 1847.
Page, THOMAS NELSON, LL.D., b. 1853. Virginia author,
eminent for negro dialect stories, especially Marse Chan and
Meh Lady. In Old Virginia, 1887; Two Little Confederates,
1889; The Old South, 1892.-His great-grandfather, JOHN, 1744-
1808, was M.C. 1789-97 and Gov. of Va. 1802-5.

He did not wholly shake off
Page, WILLIAM, 1811-1885. American painter of rare en-
dowment and literary acumen.
Academic methods, and in these he lacked color harmony; but
his work is always serious and masterly. He was an authority
on portraits of Shakespeare, and his interest in the Kesselstadt
death-mask brought it public appreciation.

Paget, SIR GEORGE EDWARD, M.D., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
Medical prof. at Cambridge 1872; knighted 1885.-
b. 1809.
His brother, SIR JAMES, LL.D., b. 1814, was made Baronet 1871,
and pres. College of Surgeons 1875. Surgical Pathology, 1853;
Clinical Lectures, 1875.

Paget, VIOLET (" VERNON LEE"), b. 1857. English author,
living in Italy. Belcaro, 1882; Ottilie, 1883; Euphorion, 1884;
Baldwin, 1886.

Pagina. Surfaces of leaves and other organs.
Pagoda. Indian form of temple, generally square below.
with a tower-shaped top, consisting of a sequence of stones of
mewhat resembling a slender pyramid.
Asia it is frequently in

Pagoda at Tanjore, India.

Japan, where it has become an adjunct to certain native super
stitions connected with geomancy. The pagoda at Tanjore i
182 ft. high.

Pahlavi, or PEHLEVI. Dialect of the Iranian or Persia
family, with many Semitic elements. A version of the Avest
is preserved in this tongue. Its literature dates from the 3
century.

French dran

Pailleron, ÉDOUARD JULES HENRI, b. 1834.
atist and poet, Academician 1882. Le monde ou l'on s'ennui
1881.

Pain, BARRY, b. 1864. English humorist. Stories and I
terludes, 1892.

Pain and Pleasure. Modifications of consciousne which defy accurate definition, but which, as some degree feeling, probably accompany every state of mind and tend produce characteristic volitional impulses. E.g., pain arous a tendency to repel, get rid of, or move away from the obj or state which causes it, while pleasure causes an impulse retain the pleasurable object or state. Physiologically, p and pleasure depend distinctly upon modifications of the ne ous system. The more important conditions giving rise pain are excessive stimulation of sense organs, inflammati and interference with natural appetites and impulses, wh moderate sense stimulation and activity within certain lin are, as a rule, distinctly pleasurable. Sudden cessation of p must also be regarded as a cause of distinct pleasure. In lectual pains and pleasures depend not so much on nerv cept to the individual's previous experience. adjustment as on the relation of the painful or pleasurable

Paine, ELIJAH, LL.D., 1757-1842. Judge Vt. Supr Court 1791-95; U. S. Senator 1795-1801; U. S. District Ju from 1801.-His son, MARTYN, M.D., LL.D., 1794-1877. I Univ. New York 1841-67, pub. Institutes of Medicine, 1847, other works.-His brother, ELIJAH, 1796-1853, Judge N Superior Court from 1850, pub. U. S. Circuit Court Rep 1827-56, and Practice in Civil Actions, 1830.

Paine, JOHN KNOWLES, b. 1839. American musician, Harvard 1876; composer of an oratorio, St. Peter, several phonies, a mass, performed 1867, cantatas, overtures, phonic poems, chamber music, organ music, and incid music to Edipus Rex, performed at Cambridge 1881.

Paine, ROBERT TREAT, 1731-1814. Delegate to Con 1774-78; signer of the Declaration of Independence; Atty of Mass. 1780-90; Judge of Mass. Supreme Court 1790-180

Paine, THOMAS, 1737-1809. Radical writer on politic Common Sense, a pamphlet advocating independence. The Crisis, a periodical widely influential, 1776-83, an religion, who came from England to America 1774, and tional Convention 1792; was imprisoned by the terrorists a year; resumed his seat in Convention after his release; The Age of Reason, 1795, and returned to the U. S. 1802 Rights of Man, 1791-92. He was elected to the Frenc deistical opinions alienated the sympathies of the re public, and his last days were passed in obscurity. His ory has been rehabilitated by M. D. Conway, 1892, who h edited his works, 4 vols., 1894-95.

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in arouses

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impulse to ically, pain of the nerving rise to lanimation, ulses, while ertain limits tion of pain sure. Inteli on nervous

asurable per

Vt. Supreme District Judge 94-1877. prof. rine, 1847, and Judge N. Y. Court Reports,

musician, prof.
r, several sym-
vertures, sym-
and incidental
: 1881.

te to Congress
nce; Atty.-gen
rt 1790-1804.
on politics and
a 1774, and pub.
ependence, 1776
1776-83, and The
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PAINE-PALEOTHERIUM

Paine, WILLIAM H., 1828-1890. Captain of engineers 186165; resident engineer of construction of the Brooklyn suspension bridge.

Pains and Penalties. See ATTAINDER.

Painted-Cup. Castilleia coccinea. Scarlet-bracted herb of the natural order Scrophulariaceae, native of e. N. America. Painter, WILLIAM, ab.1525-ab.1595. English translator and compiler. His Palace of Pleasure, 1566-75, was taken from French and Italian sources, and was of use to Shakespeare.

Painter's Colic. Colic from lead poisoning; so called because frequently attacking painters. An OCCUPATION DISEASE (q.v.).

Painter's Cream. Mixture applied to oil paintings to prevent drying during the interruption of the work, and afterward washed off with water. It consists of mastic, nut oil, lead acetate and water.

Painting. The historical decorations of the ancient Egyptians are the oldest examples of painting known. Their paints were water colors with added gum and included red, blue, yellow, green, brown, black and white. The Babylonian and Assyrian ornamentation was similar to the Egyptian; it was decorative, but entirely void of perspective. The Greek painters were skillful with the pencil, but their coloring was primitive. Their paints were ground in water, with glue or yolks of eggs added and their pictures were protected by subsequent varnishing. With the ancient Romans the art did not progress. Fresco painting with tempera or water colors on wet plaster in mural decoration was well done as the remains of Pompeii indicate. Jan Van Eyck and his brother Hubert first employed oil colors with a colorless varnish in the latter part of the 14th century. Antonello da Messina carried the art to Italy in 1465. From this time the use of oil colors extended both in the north and

south of Europe, the Venetian school developing great technical skill and knowledge of coloring, though the most perfect works were produced by the Dutch painters. Water-color resembles fresco though it cannot be used for mural painting From 700 to 1300 the art was religious and ornamental, with childish drawing and bright colors. In the next two centuries the drawing and coloring improved greatly and in the 16th century genre painting was more practiced. This was the era of the great Masters. In the 17th century genre painting reached perfection in the north of Europe. In the 18th century there was more portrait painting and pictures of cotemporary life, followed by the development of landscape painting, which in the present century has reached a high standard. Paris is now the great school of painting in the world, but the art has lost any national character and become cosmopolitan. See ENAMEL, ENCAUSTIC PAINTING, FRESCO, and ART, ORIGIN OF.

Paints. Mixtures of insoluble colors or pigments with some vehicle as oil or water, which permit it to be applied with a brush to the surface of the article to be painted. Paint is used to decorate, and to close the pores, thereby to protect the surface from air, water, and fire. See LUMINOUS PAINT.

Paired Bacteria. See Coccus BACTERIA. Paisiello, GIOVANNI, 1741-1816. Italian composer of numerous operas and masses.

Paisley. Town of Scotland, 7 m. w.s.w. of Glasgow. It has large manufactures of cotton, muslin, and silk, and more

The Abbey Church of Paisley.

notably of shawls. In 1163 a Clugniac priory was founded here, which was raised to an abbey 1219. The town contains many fine statues and buildings. Pop., 1891, 64,379.

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Paix des Dames. See CAMBRAY. Paixhans, HENRI JOSEPH, 1783-1854. French officer, ventor of the Paixhans gun 1824; this was a cast-iron canr for firing shell; military writer.

Pakenham, SIR EDWARD MICHAEL, 1778-1815. Irish c cer, distinguished in Spain; Major-gen. 1812; defeated and sl at New Orleans.

Pakfong. Alloy of copper and arsenic, made in Chi formerly much used in Europe for philosophical instrumen now replaced by alloys of nickel.

Palacio, RAIMUNDO, b. ab.1840. Pres. of Venezuela 189 92; defeated by Crespo.

Palacky, FRANCIS, 1798-1876. Historian of Bohemia, vols., 1836-67.

Paladilhe, ÉMILE, b. 1844. French composer of oper (Le Passant 1872, L'Amour Africain 1874, Suzanne 1878, Diar 1885, Patrie 1886), symphonies, masses, etc.; most widely know by his trifle Mandolinata.

Palearctic Province. Zoological region including Asia, Europe, and Africa n. of the Atlas Mts. Characterist and Pheasants. animals found are: Bears, Sheep, Goats, Catarrhine Monkey

Palæaspis. Pteraspidian fish found 1883 by Claypole i the Onondaga shales of Pa. It is the only representative this group of fishes yet known from America, and, excep Onchus pensylvanicus, the oldest American fossil vertebrate. Palæmon. See CARIDIDÆ.

Palaemon, QUINTUS REMMIUS, 1st cent. Latin writer o grammar.

Palæobotany. Paleontology of the vegetable kingdom study of fossil plants. Great progress has been made durin recent years in the study and elucidation of their structur and succession in time. In this field the chief laborers hav Newberry, Dawson, and Ward. been Heer, Saporta, Williamson, Sohns-Laubach, Lesquereux

Palæocarida. See GIGANTOSTRACA.
Palæocrinoids. See CRINOIDEA.

other branch held Montferrat 1305-1533; a third governed More Palæologus. Last Byzantine dynasty, 1260-1453. Ar

1380-1460. See LASCARIS.

Palæonemertea. Group of nemertean worms, charac terized by absence of both the deep lateral fissure on the sid of the head and the stylets on the proboscis. The mouth lie behind the brain.

Palæoniscus. Heterocercal lepidoganoid fish, chiefly Car boniferous and Permian, with highly ornamented rhomboi scales and a single dorsal fin.

Palæophoneus. Scorpion recently found in the Uppe Silurian rocks of Gothland, Sweden; oldest air-breather known Palæospondylus. Fossil found 1894 in the Lower Ol Red Sandstone of Scotland. It is only ab. 2 in. long, but i considered by Traquair to be an ancient representative of th lampreys.

Palæotheridæ. Family of Perissodactyla, comprising fossil Ungulates from the Eocene and Miocene Tertiary, vary ing in size from a sheep to a horse. All the feet are three-toed

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Outline of Palæotherium magnum (restored), after Cuvier. The canines are longer than the other teeth: the animals seen to have had a proboscis like the tapirs. Palæotherium is a example found in the Eocene.

Palæotheriodont Dentition. Upper molar teeth o the amobodont-lophodont series, having outer tubercles of th crowns, crescentic and longitudinal, the inner tubercles unite to them by oblique-transverse ridges, as in Palæotherium. Palæotherium. See PALEOTHERIDE.

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PALEOZOIC-PALESTINE

Palæozoic. All fossiliferous strata below the top of the Permian. See COLUMN.

Palæozoology. Science of the distribution of animals in the strata of the earth's crust. The oldest strata (Archæan or Laurentian rocks) represent the Azoic period, when living things had not yet appeared, or if they lived, their remains have not been preserved. Next comes the Palæozoic period, characterized by fossil forms most different from species now living. This age includes the following periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian (Old Red Sandstone), Carboniferous or coal-age, and Permian. The great classes of animals up to and including Ichthyopsida had become evolved in these periods. The next age is the Mesozoic (secondary period), including the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous rocks. The Sauropsida became established during these periods. Finally, the Kainozoic (Tertiary) Age includes the Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Post-Pliocene (Post-Tertiary), including the present (Quaternary) period. During this age the Mammalia became established. The most SYNTHETIC TYPES (q.v.) are always found in the earlier formations. See PALEONTOLOGY. Palæphatus. Greek compiler of legends; probably of 2d century B.C.

Spanish officer, Palafox y Melzi, José DE, 1780-1847. famous for his defense of Saragossa, 1808-9; prisoner in France till 1813; Duke of Saragossa 1836.

Palagonite-Tuff. Fragments of palagonite intermixed with basaltic lava. It occurs in Sicily, Iceland, and Eifel, Germany.

Palaihnihan (or PALAIK) Indians. Indians living along When Pit River in Cal. They are very degraded, due to the inroads of the Modocs and their warfare with the whites. The women are purchased in marriage and polygamy is common. persons die of unknown diseases they are cremated, otherwise buried in a sitting posture.

Palais Royal. In Paris, built by Richelieu, who bequeathed it to Louis XIII. Louis XIV. gave it to the Duke of Orleans, in whose family it remained until 1848. The Théâtre Français is at the s. w. angle.

Palamedes. Greek who, when Ulysses feigned madness, detected him by placing his infant son before his plow; in later times, said to have invented lighthouses, measures, scales, and dice.

Palanquin. Asiatic vehicle for conveyance of a single passenger by four bearers.

Palaprat, JEAN, 1650-1721. French comic dramatist, collaborator of D. A. de Brueys.

Palate. In Botany, projection from the lower lip of the personate corolla of certain flowers.

Palate. Roof of the mouth, anteriorly of bone, bounded

by the gums, the hard palate;
posteriorly of a muscle mem-
brane-like structure, the soft
palate; terminating in the
uvula, which is sometimes in-
accurately called the palate.

Palatinate (PFALZ). For-
mer state of Germany, consist-
ing of two sections. Upper and
Lower. From ab.1100 till 1648
they were governed by an elec-
tor of the empire. By the
treaty of Westphalia the Up-
per fell to Bavaria. The two
were united 1777-1801, when
the Lower was parceled out
between several neighboring
states, France getting the
of the Rhine.
territory w.
This was restored to Germany
1814-15, Bavaria getting the
greater portion.

Palatine. Officer at first
attached to a sovereign's court;
later, representing him in a
district. In England, Cheshire
was a county palatine ab.1080-
The Mouth widely opened so as to 1540, Durham till 1836, and

show the Palate:

1, 1, the upper, and 2, the lower lip; 3, 3,
the hard palate; 4, 4, the soft palate;

Lancaster 1451-1873.
Palatine Hill. Central
on which

5, the uvula; 6, 6, the arches of the hill of the seven

tongue.

soft palate; 7, 7, the tonsils; 8, the Rome was built; supposed site of the original city, and, in later days, of the residences of emperors and wealthy patricians. Bar. Cartilaginous bar in the skull nd by the different bones

It

that form the upper jaw, as the maxillaries and palatines.
represents, in part at least, the first visceral arch of the primi-
tive vertebrates.

Pale. See ENGLISH PALE.

Pale, IRISH. See ENGLISH PALE.

Pale, JEWISH. In Russia, along the frontier from Baltic to
Black Sea; established 1786. It lately contained over 3,500,000
Jews, who were forbidden to enter Great Russia.
Paleæ. Flat setæ of Annelids.

Paleaceous. Organs resembling palets, or bearing palets or chaff.

Paleario, AONIO, 1500-1570. Italian humanist, twice accused of heresy; burned by the Inquisition. Immortality, 1526; Passion of Christ, 1542; Actio in Pontificco Romanos, 1606.

Palembang. Old city of s.e. Sumatra, on the Moesi, 50 m. from Java Sea; long commercially important; now capital of a Dutch residency. Pop. ab. 50,000.

Palenque. In the state of Chiapas, Mexico. It contains the ruins of five remarkable buildings, remains of a city supposed to have been abandoned before the coming of Cortez. Paleography. See DIPLOMATICS.

Paleolithic Man. The presence of rough stone implements in the early drift in caves and along river courses, associated with the remains of the Cave Bear, Hyena, Elephant, Mammoth, and Rhinoceros, in Europe, and similar remains in America, shows that man was widely distributed over the ing ice northward, and perhaps living and hunting like the Eskimo, though there is doubt if the modern Eskimos are related directly to that race. globe at the close of the glacial epoch, following the retreat

zon.

Paleontology. Science that treats of fossil remains, both animal and vegetable; now often restricted to the former. It has risen to so high a position for accuracy that it is the main dependence of the geologist in determining the age of strata. The fossil faunas of the different systems are so well known that the geologist in a new country need only collect its fossils and compare them, in order to ascertain their horiMuch time and labor are thus saved. From Paleontology we learn that a regular gradation of organic life has existed among fossils, and that this gradation corresponds closely with that of the existing world of life, indicating a steady yet found any of the earliest forms. In the lowest Cambrian, from which the oldest intelligible fossils have been obtained, progress in development from the beginning. But it has not all the great subdivisions are present except the vertebrates. The first chapter in the evolution of the organic world is consequently yet unknown. See PALEOZOOLOGY.

Palermo. Seaport and largest city of Sicily, on the n. coast; anciently Panormus; held by Carthage till 254 B.C.; capital of the Saracens 830-1071, and of the Normans and their

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successors till 1269. It has some fine old buildings, a goo
harbor, a large trade in fruit and wine, and a university
founded 1447, with ab. 65 instructors and 1,300 students. Pop
1892, 273,000.

Palestine. Holy Land, the Promised Land of the Israe
ites; in w. Asia, between the Mediterranean and the deserts
It measures ab. 150 m. from n. to s., with an area w
Arabia.
of the Jordan of ab. 6.000 sq. m., and in all perhaps 11,00
The Jordan valley is greatly depressed below sea level: Lal
Gennesaret is 682 ft., and the Dead Sea 1,292 ft., below th
Mediterranean. The region was occupied by Canaanitish
Phenician tribes till conquered by the Hebrews ab.1400 B.

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PALESTRINA-PALLADIUM OXIDES

from ab. 587 B.C. was held successively by Babylonians, Per-
sians, and Greeks, and from 65 B.C. by Romans. Saracens
conquered it 634. Crusaders held it 1098-1187, and portions of
it till 1291. Since 1517 it has been a part of the Turkish empire.
Present pop. perhaps 500,000, of whom 43,000 are Jews. A
railway from Joppa to Jerusalem was opened Sept. 1892.

Palestrina. Italian town, 22 m. e. of Rome; anciently
Præneste; prominent in the Latin war 340 B.C.; sacked by
Sulla 82 B.C.; long held by the Colonnas; notable for its re-
mains of antiquity. Pop. ab. 6,000.

Palestrina, GIOVANNI PIER LUIGI DA, 1524-1594. Most
illustrious of church music composers in the 16th century.
His most famous work is the Missa Papa Marcelli.

Palets, PALEA, or PALE. In Botany, bracts which occur in a capitate inflorescence on the axis or receptacle, as in Teasel; also inner scales or glumes of the flowers of grasses; chaff.

Paley, WILLIAM, D.D., 1743-1805. Archdeacon of Carlisle 1782, prebendary of St. Paul's 1793, sub-dean of Lincoln 1795. Moral and Political Philosophy, 1785; Horce Paulence, 1790. His Evidences of Christianity, 1794, and Natural Theology, 1802, were long in general use as text-books, though their viewpoint was utilitarian. The latter applied the argument from design in Nature, and its adaptations, to prove the existence of God. -His grandson, FREDERICK APTHORP, LL.D., 1816-1888, entered the R. C. Ch. 1846, and edited sundry Greek classics.

Palfrey, JOHN GORHAM, D.D., LL.D., 1796-1881. Prof. Harvard 1831-39; ed. N. American Review, 1835-43; M.C. 184749. Evidences, 1843; Jewish Scriptures and Antiquities, 4 vols., 1833-52; Hist. New England, 4 vols., 1858-64.-His daughter, SARA HAMMOND ("E. FOXTON"), b. 1823, pub. Herman, 1866, and several volumes of verse, especially Sir Pavon and St. Pavon, 1867.

Palgrave, SIR FRANCIS, 1788-1861. English historian, of Jewish parentage (orig. COHEN), knighted 1832; keeper of records from 1838. English Commonwealth, 1832; Corporations, 1832; King's Council, 1834; History of Normandy and of Eng land, 4 vols., 1851-64.-His son, FRANCIS TURNER, b. 1824, Prof. of Poetry at Oxford 1886, editor of the Golden Treasury of English Lyrics, 1861, has written Essays on Art, 1866, and several vols. of poetry.-His brother, WILLIAM GIFFORD, 1826-1888, was an officer in India 1847-53, a Jesuit priest till 1864, a consul in Asia and elsewhere, and Minister to Uruguay from 1884. His dangerous journey through Arabia was described in a Narrative, 1865. Hermann Agha, 1872; Dutch Guiana, 1876; Ulysses, 1887.

Pali. Calcareous and vertical rods encircling the columella
in some corals. They are not united to the septa.

Palikao. In China, below Peking; scene of an Anglo-
French victory 1860. For it the commander, Gen. Cousin-
Montauban, 1796-1878, was made Count P. and Senator. He
became Premier of France and Minister of War shortly before
Napoleon III.'s fall.

Pali Language. Dialect derived from the older Sanskrit,
becoming in time the sacred language of the Buddhists, and
still used by Buddhist writers in Burmah, Siam and Ceylon.

Pali Literature. That of the Buddhist sacred texts, and all other works by Buddhist authors. It is still used in Ceylon, Burmah, and Siam. See PALI LANGUAGE.

Palimpsest. Vellum or other material from which the writing had been erased, that it might be written on anew. Sometimes the erasure has been so imperfect that the original writing can be deciphered or restored, as in an old painting: this has led to the recovery of many medieval texts, especially

MSS. of 600-900.

Palindrome. Sentence spelled the same, forward or
back, as "Madam, I'm Adam"; common in Latin, unfamiliar
in Greek and in modern languages.

Palingenesis. PARALLEL VARIATION (q.v.) without CENO-
GENY (q.v.).

Palinode. Song or poem repeated; thence, denying or
retracting a previous one.

Palinurus. Eneas' helmsman, who fell into the Tyrrhenian Sea; thence a promontory of Lucania, s. Italy.

Palisa, JOHANN, b. 1848. Astronomer at Vienna, discoverer of 66 asteroids, Aug. 1889.

Palisade-Cells. Layer or layers of cells, placed, with their longer diameters vertical, immediately under the upper epidermis of leaves. They contain much chlorophyll, and so cause the upper surface of most leaves to be greener than the lower.

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Rustic Plate, by Palissy.

are those decorated with snakes and lizards in relief, colored to closely resemble nature, and were probably molded from the animals themselves.

decomposing into palladous chloride, PdCl2, and chlorine. Palladic Chloride. PdCl,. Made by dissolving the metal in aqua regia, similar to platinic chloride; unstable,

Palladio, ANDREA, 1518-1580. Italian architect, chiefly at Vicenza and Venice. His book, Dell' Architettura, 1570, had wide circulation and great influence.

Palladium. Pd. At. wt. 106.6, sp. gr. 11.8, sp. ht. .058, mpt. 1,500° C., valence III.. IV., VI. Rare metal, discovered by Wollaston 1803. Its chief source is a Brazilian gold-ore, from which it is obtained by melting it together with silver, then treating with nitric acid, which dissolves the silver and palladium; the latter is precipitated as the cyanide, which upon ignition yields palladium. It resembles iridium and platinum in appearance. The most characteristic property is its power to absorb hydrogen (see PALLADIUM HYDROGEN). It is soluble in nitric and hot concentrated sulphuric acids, is not affected by air and is used for graduated scales and, alloyed with silver, for tooth-fillings.

Palladium. Image of Pallas Athene, supposed to have fallen from heaven, on which the safety of Troy depended; stolen by Ulysses and Diomed; said to have been preserved in the Acropolis at Athens. The Romans claimed that it was taken to Italy by Eneas and kept in the temple of Vesta.

in

Palladium Bromides. PdBr,. Brown substance, soluble aqueous hydrobromic acid; made by dissolving palladium in a mixture of bromine hydrate and nitric acid. A tetrabromide occurs in double salts, but has not been isolated.

Yellowish-white, slimy substance, soluble in ammonium hydroxide; made by precipitating a palladous salt with potasPalladium Cyanides. Pd(CN)2. Palladous cyanide. sium cyanide.-Pd(CN), Palladic cyanide. Present in the blood-red solution obtained by shaking finely divided potassium palladium chloride with a solution of mercuric cyanide.

Palladium Hydrogen. If metallic palladium be placed in an atmosphere of hydrogen, it absorbs 960 times its volume of the gas. This substance acts as an alloy, and is an excellent reducing agent.

tate, obtained by adding sodium carbonate to a palladium salt,
Palladium Hydroxide. Pd(OH),. Dark-brown precipi-
and heating.

cipitating a palladous salt with potassium iodide.
Palladium Iodide. PdI,. Horn-like substance, soluble
in ammonium hydroxide and potassium iodide; made by pre-

Palladium Nitrate. Pd(NO3)2. Long brownish-yellow rhombic prisms, obtained from a solution of the oxide in nitric acid.

Palladium Oxides. Pd,O. Suboxide, Black extend

Palisades. Cliffs on w. bank of Hudson, in N. J., ing 20 m.; ht. ab. 300 ft. They are outcrops of trap rool

obtained by igniting

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PALLADIUM SULPHIDES-PALMER

ing palladium sulphosalts with potassium nitrate and hydroxide.-PdO. Dioxide. Black powder, obtained by precipitating the chloride with hot caustic potash.

Palladium Sulphides. Pd,S. Subsulphide. Whitishgray substance, not attacked by acids; obtained by heating the higher sulphides.-PdS. Palladous sulphide. Bluish-black powder, obtained by heating the metal with sulphur, or by precipitating a palladic salt with hydrogen sulphide.-PdS,. Disulphide. Crystalline powder, made by decomposing sodium sulphopalladate with hydrochloric acid.

Palladius, ab.368-431. Bp. in Bithynia and Galatia. His Hist. Lausiaca (Lives of Monks) was pub. 1616.

Palladius, 7th cent. Greek medical writer.

Palladius, ST. Traditional Irish or Scottish bishop ab. 430. Palladius, RUTILIUS TAURUS EMILIANUS, 4th cent. Latin writer, whose De Re Rustica was tr. 1803. Book 14 is in verse. Pallas. See ATHENA and MINERVA.

Pallas. Second asteroid, discovered 1802 by Olbers.

Pallas, PETER SIMON, 1741-1811. German naturalist, who traveled in Asia 1768-74 under Russian auspices. Reise, 177176; Flora Rossica, 1784-88; Southern Provinces, tr. 1812. He lived in the Crimea from 1796.

Pallasite. Meteorite consisting largely of iron, but also containing interspersed grains of chrysolite or some similar mineral.

Pallavicino, FERRANTE, 1618-1644. Italian satiric poet, executed at Avignon.

Pallavicino, SFORZA, 1607-1667. Italian Jesuit, prof. at Rome 1639, Cardinal 1659. Of his many works the most noted is a Hist. Council of Trent, 1656-57, offered as a substitute for the too liberal one of Sarpi.

Pallial Line. Line on interior of clam's shell, along which the mantle is attached by means of muscle fibers. Palliata. See TECTIBRANCHIA.

Pallice. French harbor outside Rochelle, opened 1889.
Palliobranchiata. See BRACHIOPODA.

Palliser, SIR WILLIAM, 1830-1882. Irish officer, inventor of projectiles and of methods of improving guns; M.P. 1872; knighted 1873.-His brother, JOHN, b. 1817, explored wild parts of n. w. Canada 1857-60. Solitary Hunter, 1853; Report, 1861. Pallium. Mantle of Mollusks.

Pallium. Woolen stole, adorned with black crosses, worn by the pope, and sent to a new archbishop, as necessary to his complete investiture and institution.

Pall Mall. Street in London, near St. James's Park; named from a game formerly much played there, which con

The Game of Pall Mall.

sists in driving a ball through an elevated hoop with a mallet
of peculiar shape.

Palm, JOHANN PHILIPP, 1768-1806. Bookseller of Nurem-
berg, shot by Napoleon's order for circulating a pamphlet re-
on the French invasion. His execution was both a
uch to stir up a national spirit

jorca. It has fine old buildings, some manufactures, and a
Palma. One of the Canary Islands. Area 330 sq. m., pop.
fair trade. Pop. ab. 61,000.
ab. 40,000.

Palma, GIACOMO (VECCHIO "), ab.1480-1528. One of the
greatest Venetian painters. The Daughters of Falma in Dres-

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St. Barbara, by Giacomo Palma.

den and the Saint Barbara in Venice are his best known works. His great-nephew, GIOVANE, 1544-1628, was an inferior painter.

Palma, RICARDO, b. 1833. Peruvian author.

Palmaceæ. Natural family of flowering plants, of the class Angiosperma and sub-class Monocotyledons, comprising ab.129 genera and 1,100 species, mostly trees and shrubs, widely distributed throughout tropical and warm regions; called the Palm family.

Palma Christi. See CASTOR-OIL BEAN.

Palmate, or DIGITATE. Arrangement of principal veins of a simple leaf or leaflets of a compound leaf in a radiating manner from a point, as in the Geranium and Horse Chestnut.

Palmati. Swimming legs of birds, having a posterior toe and three anterior ones, the latter united to their tips by a web.

Palmatiped. Palmately cleft leaves or other organs. Palmblad, WILHELM FREDRIK, 1788-1852. Swedish novelist, geographer, historian, and compiler; prof. Upsala 1835. Dict. of Biography, 23 vols., 1835-59.

Palmellin. Red pigment contained in certain minute organisms of Palmellaceae.

Palmer. Pilgrim in crusading times, returned with palms from the Holy Land; later, any pilgrim.

Palmer, BENJAMIN MORGAN, D.D., LL.D., b. 1818. Pastor at New Orleans from 1856; ed. Southern Presb. Review from 1847. The Family, 1876.

Palmer, EDWARD HENRY, 1840-1882. Explorer in Pales tine 1868-70; prof. Cambridge 1871-81; killed by Arabs in the Sinaitic peninsula. Desert of the Exodus, 1871; Arabic Gram mar, 1874; Persian Dictionary, 1876-83; tr. Koran, 1880.

Palmer, ERASTUS Dow, b. 1817. American sculptor, dis tinguished for reliefs of ideal and allegorical subjects. Hi bronze statue of Robert R. Livingston is in the old Hall o Representatives in Washington.

Palmer, JAMES SHEDDEN, U.S.N., 1810-1867. Captain 186 Commodore 1863, Rear-admiral 1866; distinguished at Vick burg, New Orleans, and Mobile.

Palmer, JOHN MCCAULEY, b. 1817. Brig.-gen. U. S. Vol 1861; Major-gen. 1862-66, serving chiefly in Tenn. and Ga Gov. of Ill. 1869-73; U. S. Senator 1891-97; National Dem cratic candidate for Pres. 1896.

Palmer, JOHN WILLIAMSON, b. 1825. American author,
IFE) b. 1834.

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