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32 The laws of the Territory of Michigan were adopted by the Territory of Wisconsin, and later by the Territory of Iowa. In the Territory of Michigan laws went into force on the thirtieth day next after approval by the Governor. 33 See Statutes of Iowa, 1843, p. 31.

34 The changes provided for in these acts were to be submitted to the people of the various counties concerned. In every case the propositions were voted down, hence as far as the rearrangements of boundaries were concerned these acts never went into effect.

35 If these laws are to be classed as "Private or Local Laws" they went into effect as soon as approved. If they are to be classed as "Public Laws" then they did not go into effect until the acts of the session by which they were enacted had been published and circulated over the whole State. This could not be done until about July 1st.-See Constitution of Iowa, 1846, Article III, Section 27; and Laws of Iowa, 1846-1847, p. 202, Resolution No. 21. 36 These acts took effect twenty days after publication. See Code of Iowa, 1851, Chapter 3, Section 21.

37 If these acts are "Private or Local Laws" they went into effect on the thirtieth day after approval. If they are to be classed as "Public Laws" they went into effect on the first day of July following their approval.- See Code of Iowa, 1851, Chapter 3, sections 20, 21.

38 Provision was made for the publication of this act in the Iowa Star, but a diligent search through the files of that paper has failed to reveal the published act. If published, it took effect on the twentieth day after publication. If not published it falls in the same class as the two acts immediately following it.

39 If these acts are "Private or Local" they went into effect on the thirtieth day after approval. If they are to be classed as "Public Laws" they went into effect on the fourth day of July following approval.- See Code of Iowa, 1851, Chapter 3, section 20. See Constitution of Iowa, 1857, Article III, section 25.

40 These acts took effect twenty days after publication.— See Code of Iowa, 1860, Chapter 3, section 24.

41 Passed at a special session and took effect ninety days after adjournment. - See Constitution of Iowa, 1857, Article III, section 25.

SOME PUBLICATIONS

Primary Elections: A Study of the History and Tendencies of Primary Election Legislation, by C. EDWARD MERRIAM. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1909. pp. xi, 308. A renewed interest in popular government has been awakened in the United States within the past quarter of a century through the discussion of and the agitation for primary elections. Demoeracy, deceived, misguided and misrepresented, is now to come into its birthright, according to the advocates of primary elections, through the general adoption of the State-wide compulsory primary.

Professor Merriam is not exactly a pioneer in the field of primary election legislation, yet he has contributed a valuable service in collecting in systematic form the data relative to the historical evolution of our nominating processes.

Beginning with an introductory chapter on Early Legislation Regarding Primaries, the succeeding chapters are devoted to the steps of progress toward complete legal regulation by decades since 1880. In each period some definite step in advance has been taken in some of the States which the author thus summarizes:

"Forty years of primary legislation may be summarized as follows. Starting with unregulated primaries, the advance was made to the prohibition of flagrant offenses such as bribery and illegal voting, or to optional legal regulation and control; then to compulsory regulation; then on to the abolition of the convention system, and the establishment of the direct primary; and finally we encounter the demand for the preliminary non-partisan primary as in Iowa, and for the adoption of a system of nomination by petition only, as in Wisconsin." (p. 136.)

The problems of the primary and its actual workings are well discussed and a chapter on the Judicial Interpretation of Primary Elections shows that, in general, the courts have sustained the constitutionality of the primary legislation thus far enacted.

An appendix of 126 pages gives some of the more typical primary election laws in full, some only in part. The Summary of Present Primary Election Lawe (p. 273) makes a valuable up-to-date source of reference, as most other summaries of this kind have been out of date for some years.

Professor Merriam believes in the primary, but is fair in his treatment of those who do not endorse it.

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
IOWA CITY

FRANK EDWARD HORACK

The Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin at its Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting. Madison: Published by the Society. 1909. pp. 272. Portraits.

To one who is not well acquainted with the extensive and varied activities of this great Society the present volume of nearly three hundred pages affords a storehouse of information.

The first pages are devoted to lists of Society officers and members of the library staff, and to the minutes, in a condensed form, of the annual meeting. An appendix contains the executive committee's report treating of many details of library and administrative affairs. The present State appropriation to the Society consists of two separate sums: $20,000 for administrative and miscellaneous expenses and $5,000 for books, maps, manuscripts, etc. In addition to this amount must be reckoned the income from four different funds which aggregate $57,000.

A complete report deals with the various phases of library activity. The library now possesses 307,674 titles. As regards publications, the Society reports eight bulletins, volume VI of reprints and volume XVIII of the Collections, and volume II of the Draper Manuscript series. Other volumes are in the printer's hands. Under "Administrative Details" is a summarized allusion to the Secretary-Superintendent's participation in meetings of an historical nature. Of much importance to historical societies of the Middle West is the preliminary report of Mr. W. S. Leland, now

the representative at Paris of the Bureau of Historical Research of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The situation relative to documentary material concerning the Mississippi Valley in the archives at the French capital is clearly stated and outlined.

The work of the Wisconsin Library Commission and Wisconsin Archaeological Society, the Museum, and Doctor Draper's grave also receive attention. Then follow in detail the treasurer's and secretary's fiscal reports, and lists of the donors of books and pamphlets, of miscellaneous map, manuscript and museum accessions, and of periodicals and newspapers currently received at the library. Full reports are also given of local auxiliary societies.

The volume concludes with a series of excellent historical papers presented at the annual meeting. Colonel William F. Vilas and Chief Justice John B. Cassaday, two of the Society's vice-presidents who passed away during the year, are the subjects of papers by Mr. Burr W. Jones and Judge Stevens respectively. Other interesting sketches are those of Julius T. Clark and Nils Otto Tonk, two men closely connected with the early history of Wisconsin, and lastly Mr. Thwaites's study of the world-renowned inventor, Cyrus Hall McCormick. Subjects of a more general nature are The British Ministry and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, and Professor Frederick J. Turner's monograph on The Old West, "a programme for study rather than an exposition".

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA

J. VAN DER ZEE

IOWA CITY

AMERICANA

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

The March Bulletin of the New York Public Library contains an extensive List of Works Relating to the Mormons.

Curaçao, A Losing Colonial Venture, by Herdman F. Cleland, and The Relation of Geology to Topography, by Lawrence Martin, are interesting articles in the March Bulletin of the American Geographical Society.

Bulletin number fourteen of the Copyright Office contains The Copyright Law of the United States of America in Force July 1, 1909.

Will the Supreme Court Become the Supreme Legislature of the United States? is the title of an article by Clifford Thorne, which has been reprinted from the American Law Review.

Imprisonment Without Trial is the title of a pamphlet issued by the Indian Rights Association which deals with the status of the Indian as regards the law and legal processes.

The Delusion of Militarism is the subject of an article by Charles E. Jefferson, reprinted in pamphlet form from the Atlantic Monthly by the American Association for International Conciliation.

The Development of the English Law of Conspiracy is the title of a monograph by James Wallace Bryan, recently published as a number of the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science.

A recently printed booklet gives a description of the McKinley Memorial in Philadelphia, together with a history of the movement and an account of the dedication exercises, including the oration by James M. Beck.

In a pamphlet describing the Exhibits of the Smithsonian Institution and United States National Museum at the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition will be found many interesting facts concerning the early history of America.

The military career of General Stephen Moylan, Muster-Master General, Secretary and Aide-de-Camp to Washington, together with sketches of the lives of other members of the Moylan family, is the subject to which is devoted the April number of The American Catholic Historical Researches.

The most recently published number of the West Virginia University Studies in American History consists of a monograph by James Morton Callahan, entitled, Evolution of Seward's Mexican Policy. The Maximilian episode is treated in detail, after a discussion of the Mexican affairs which preceded it.

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