112 MANATAHQUA.-NATTAHATTAWANTS. [BOOK II marsh, and at one time he was proprietor of Deer Island, in Boston harbor In the latter part of his life, he went to Barbadoes. It is supposed that he was carried there with the prisoners who were sold for slaves, at the end of Philip's war. He died soon after his return, in 1684, at the house of Muminquash, aged 68 years." Ahawayetsquaine, daughter of Poquanum, is also mentioned as his wife, by whom he had several children.* Manatahqua, called also Black-william, was a sachem, and proprietor of Nahant, when the adjacent country was settled by the whites. His father ved at Swampscot, and was also a sagamore, but probably was dead before the English settled in the country. A traveller in this then wilderness world, thus notices William, and his possessing Nahant. "One Black-william, an Indian Duke, out of his generosity gave this place in general to the plantation of Saugus, so that no other can appropriate it to himself." He was a great friend to the whites, but his friendship was repaid, as was that of many others of that and even much later times. There was a man by the name of Walter Bagnall, nicknamed Great Wot, "a wicked fellow," who had much wronged the Indians, killed near the mouth of Saco River, probably by some of those whom he had defrauded. This was in October, 1631. As some vessels were upon the eastern coast in search of pirates, in January, 1633, they put in at Richmond's Island, where they fell in with Black-william. This was the place where Bagnall had been killed about two years before; but whether he had any thing to do with it, does not appear, nor do I find that any one, even his murderers, pretended he was any way implicated; but, out of revenge for Bagnall's death, these pirate-hunters hanged Black-william. On the contrary, it was particularly mentioned || that Bagnall was killed by Squidrayset and his men, some Indians belonging to that part of the country. This Squidrayset, or Scitterygusset, for whose act Manatahqua suffered, was the first sachem who deeded land in Falmouth, Maine. A creek near the mouth of Presumpscot River perpetuates his name to this day. Mr. Willis supposes he was sachem of the Aucocisco tribe, who inhabited Ltween the Androscoggin and Saco rivers; and that from Aucocisco come. Casco.¶ There can be but little doubt that Bagnall deserved his fate,** if any deserve such; but the other was the act of white men, and we leave the n der to draw the parallel between the two: perhaps he will inquire, Were the my derers of MANATAHQUA brought to justice? All we can answer is, The records are silent. Perhaps it was considered an offset to the murder of Bagnall. Nattahattawants, in the year 1642, sold to Simon Willard, in behalf of “Mr. Winthrop, Mr. Dudley, Mr. Nowell, and Mr. Alden," a large tract of land upon both sides Concord River. "Mr. Winthrop, our present governor, 1260 acres, Mr. Dudley, 1500 acres, on the S. E. side of the river, Mr. Nowell, 500 acres, and Mr. Allen, 500 acres, on the N. E. side of the river, and in consideration hereof the said Simon giueth to the said Nattahattawants six fadom of waompampege, one wastcoat, and one breeches, and the said Nattahattawants doth covenant and bind himself, that hee nor any other Indians shall set traps within this ground, so as any cattle might recieve hurt thereby, and what cattle shall receive hurt by this meanes, hee shall be lyable to make it good." [In the deed, Nattahattawants is called sachem of that land.] Witnessed by three whites. The name of this chief, as appears from documents copied by Mr. Shattuck, was understood Tahattawan, Tahattawants, Attawan, Attawanee, and AhatawaHe was sachem of Musketaquid, since Concord, and a supporter and nee. * Hist. Lynn. +1633. William Wood, author of New Eng. Prospect. Winthrop's Journal, i. 62, 63. Col. Maine Hist. Soc. i. 68. + Hist. N. Eng. || Winthrop, ib. **He had, in about three years, by extortion, as we infer from Winthrop, accumulated about £400 from among the Indians. See Journal ut supra. tt Suffolk Records of Deeds, vol. i. No. 34. Hist. Concord, Mass. passim chap. i. propagator of Christianity among his people, and an honest and upright man. The celebrated Waban married his eldest daughter. John Tahattawan was his son, who lived at Nashoba, where he was chief ruler of the praying Indiansa deserving Indian. He died about 1670. His widow was daughter of John, sagamore of Patucket, upon the Merrimack, who married Oonamog, another ruler of the praying Indians, of Marlborough. Her only son by Tahattawan* was killed by some white ruffians, who came upon them while in their wig wams, and his mother was badly wounded at the same time. Of this affair we shall have occasion elsewhere to be more particular. Naanashquaw, an other daughter, married Naanishcow, called John Thomas, who died at Natick, aged 110 years. We know very little of a sachem of the name of Wahgumacut, except that he lived upon Connecticut River, and came to Boston in 1631, with a request to the governor "to have some English to plant in his country;" and as an inducement, said he would "find them corn, and give them, yearly, 80 skins of beaver." The governor, however, dismissed him without giving him any encouragement; doubting, it seems, the reality of his friendship. But it is more probable that he was sincere, as he was at this time in great fear of the Pequots, and judged that if some of the English would reside with him, he should be able to maintain his country. There accompanied Wahgumacut to Boston an Indian named Jackstraw. who was his interpreter, and Sagamore John. We have labored to find some further particulars of him, but all that we can ascertain with certainty, is, that he had lived some time in England with Sir Walter Ralegh.§ How Sir Walter * Mr. Gookin writes this name Tohatooner, that of the father Tahattawarre. Praying Indians, 105. MS. Hist. + Wahginnacut, according to Mr. Savage's reading of Winthrop. Our text is according to Prince, who also used Winthrop in MS. It is truly diverting to see how the author of Tales of the Indians has displayed his invention upon the passage in Winthrop's Journal bringing to our knowledge this chief. We will give the passage of Winthrop, that the reader may judge whether great ignorance, or misrepresentation of set purpose" be chargeable to hiin. He [Gov. Winthrop] discovered after [Wahginnacut was gone], that the said sagamore is a very treacherous man, and at war with the Pekoath (a far greater sagamore.") Now, every child that has read about the Indians, it seems to us, ought to know that the meaning of Pekoath was mistaken by the governor, and no more meant a chief than the Mossasoits meant what the Plimouth people first supposed it to mean. In the one case, the name of a tribe was mistaken for that of a chief, and in the other the chief for the tribe. Mistakes of this kind were not uncommon before our fathers became acquainted with the Country. Winthrop says, too, the Mohawks was a great sachem. Now, who ever thought there was a chief of that name? Probably so named from the Maidstone minister, who flourished in Wat Tyler's rebellion, and whose real name was John Ball, but afterwards nick-named Jack Straw. He became chaplain to Wat's army, they having let him out of prison. A text which he made great use of in preaching to his liberators was this: When Adam dalfe and Eve span, This we apprehend was construed, Down with the nobility! See Rapin's Eng. i. 457. In Kennet, i. 247, John Wraw is called Jack Straw. He was beheaded. “The imputation of the first bringing in of tobacco into England lies on this heroic knight." Winstanley's Worthies, 259. "Besides the consumption of the purse, and impairing of our inward parts, the immoderate, vain and phantastical abuse of the hellish weed, corrupteth the natural sweetness of the breath, stupifieth the brain; and indeed is so prejudicial to the general esteem of our country." Ibid. 211. Whether Jack-straw were the servant who acted a part in the often-told anecdote of Sir Walter Ralegh's smoking tobacco, on its first being taken to England, we shall not presume to assert; but, for the sake of the anecdote, we will admit the fact; it is variously related, but is said to be, in substance, as follows. At one time, it was so very unpopular to use tobacco in any way in England, that many who had got attached to it, used it only privately. Sir Walter was smoking in his study, at a certain time, and, being thirsty, called to his servant to bring him a tankard of beer. Jack hastily obeyed the summons, and Sir Walter, forgetting to cease smoking, was in the act of spouting a volume of smoke from his mouth when his servant entered. Jack, seeing his master smoking prodigiously at the mouth, thought no other but he was all on fire inside, having never seen such a phenomenon in all England before; dashed the quart of liquor at once in his face, and ran out screaming, "Massa's a fire! Massa's a fire!" Having dismissed the servant, every one might reasonably expect a few words concerning his master. Sir Walter Ralegh may truly be said to have lived in an age fruitful in great and worthy characters. Captain John Smith comes to our notice through his agency, and the 114 JAMES-PRINTER, OR JAMES-THE-PRINTER. [BOOK II came by him, does not satisfactorily appear. Captains Amidas and Barlow sailed to America in his employ, and on their return carried over two natives from Virginia, whose names were Wanchese and Manteo.* It is barely possible that one of these was afterwards Jack-straw. A Nipmuck Indian, of no small note in his time, it may in the next place be proper to notice. James Printer, or James-the-printer, was the son of Naoas, brother of Tukapewillin and Anaweakin. When a child, he was instructed at the Indian charity school, at Cambridge. In 1659, he was put apprentice_to_Samuel Green, to learn the printer's business; and he is spoken of as having run away from his master in 1675. If, after an apprenticeship of 16 years, one could not leave his master without the charge of absconding, at least, both the master and apprentice should be pitied. In relation to this matter, Mr. Hub renowned first English circumnavigator was his contemporary. He, like the last named, was born in the county of Devonshire, in 1552, in the parish of Budley. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, so well known in our annals, was his half-brother, his father having married Sir Humphrey's mother, a widow, by whom he had Walter, a fourth son. The great successes and discoveries of the celebrated admiral Sir Francis Drake gave a new impetus to the English nation in maritime affairs, and consequent thereupon was the settlement of North America; as great an era, to say the least, as was ever recorded in history. No one shone more conspicuous in those undertakings than Sir Walter Ralegh. After persevering a long time, he established a colony in Virginia, in 1607. He was a man of great valor and address, and a favorite with the great Queen Elizabeth, the promoter of his undertakings, one of whose "maids of honor" he married. In this affair some charge him with having first dishonored that lady, and was for a time under the queen's displeasure in consequence, but marrying her restored him to favor. The city of Ralegh in Virginia was so named by his direction. He was conspicuous with Drake and Howard in the destruction of the Spanish armada in 1588. On the death of the queen, he was imprisoned almost 13 years in the tower of London, upon the charge of treason. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote his great and learned work, the History of the World. The alleged crime of treason has long since been viewed by all the world as without foundation, and the punishment of Ralegh reflects all its blackness upon the character of James I. The ground of the charge was, that Ralegh and others were in a conspiracy against the king, and were designing to place on the throne Arabella Stewart.t He was never pardoned, although the king set him at liberty, and permitted him to go on an expedition to South America in search of a gold mine of which he had gained some intimations in a previous visit to those countries. His attempt to find gold failed, but he took the town of St. Thomas, and established in it a garrison. This was a depredation, as Spain and England were then at peace, but Ralegh had the king's commission. The Spanish ambassador complained loudly against the transaction, and the miserable James, to extricate himself, and appease the Spanish king, ordered Ralegh to be seized on his return, who, upon the old charge of treason, was sentenced to be beheaded, which was executed upon him 29th Oct. 1618.§ "I shall only hint," says Dr. Polwhele,|| "that the execution of this great man, whom James was advised to sacrifice to the advancement of the peace with Spain, hath left an indelible stain on the memory of that misguided monarch." It appears from another account ¶ that Sir Walter, on arriving at the mouth of the Oronoko, was taken "desperately sick," and sent forward a company under one of his captains in search of the gold mine. That they were met by the Spaniards, who attacked them, and that this was the cause of their assaulting St. Thomas, and being obliged to descend the river without effecting the object they were upon. The following circumstance respecting the celebrated History of the World, not being generally known, cannot but be acceptable to the reader. The first volume (which is what we have of it) was published before he was imprisoned the last time. Just before his execu tion, he sent for the publisher of it. When he came, Sir Walter took him by the hand, and, "after some discourse, askt him how that work of his sold. Mr. Burre [the name of the publisher] returned this answer, that it had sold so slowly that it had undone him. At which words of his, Sir Walter Ralegh, stepping to his desk, reaches his other part of his history to Mr. Burre, which he had brought down to the times he lived in; clapping his hand on his breast, he took the other unprinted part of his works into his hand, with a sigh, saying, 'Ah, my friend, hath the first part undone thee, the second volume shall undo no more; this ungrateful world is unworthy of it.' When, immediately going to the fire-side, threw it in and set his foot on it till it was consumed."** *See Cayley's Life Sir W. Ralegh, i. 70. ed. Lond. 1816, 2 vols. 8vo.. Some author of Indian tales might delight himself for a long time in ringing changes on this Indian preacher's name, without inventing any new ones; for it is not, as I remember, spelt twice alike in our authorities. Thomas, Hist. Printing. *"Of Otho Gilbert, of Compton, Esq." Polchele's Hist. Devon, ii. 219. + Stith, Hist. Virginia, 7. Second son, says Mr. Polwhele, Devon, ii. 219. Rapin's Eng. ii. 161. Hist. Devonshire, i. 259. Tindal's notes in Rapin, ii. 195. berd says, *“He had attained some skill in printing, and might have attained re, had he not, like a false villain, ran away from his master before his time was out." And the same author observes that the name printer was uperadded to distinguish him from others named James. Dr. I. Mather has this record of James-printer. "July 8, [1676.] Whereas the council at Boston had lately emitted a declaration, signifying, that such Indians as d., within 14 days, come in to the English, might hope for mercy, divers of them did this day return from among the Nipmucks. Among others, James, an Indian, who could not only read and write, but had learned the art of printing, notwithstanding his apostasy, did venture himself upon the mercy and truth of the English declaration, which he had seen and read, promising for the future to venture his life against the common enemy. He and the other now come in, affirm that very many of the Indians are dead since this war began and fat more have died by the hand of God, in respect of diseases, fluxes and fevers, which have been amongst them, than have been killed with the sword." Mr. Thomas says, it was owing to the amor patriæ of James-printer that he left his master and joined in Philip's war. But how much amor patriæ he must have had to have kept him an apprentice 16 years is not mentioned. It was in 1685 that the second edition of the famous Indian Bible was completed. From the following testimony of Mr. Eliot will be seen how much the success of that undertaking was considered to depend on Jamesthe-printer. In 1683, in writing to the Hon. Robert Boyle at London, Mr. Eliot says, "I desire to see it done before I die, and I am so deep in years, that I cannot expect to live long; besides, we have but one man, viz. the Indian Printer, that is able to compose the sheets, and correct the press with understanding." In another, from the same to the same, dated a year after, he says, "Our slow progress needeth an apology. We have been much hindered by the sickness the last year. Our workmen have been all sick, and we have but few hands, (at printing,) one Englishman, and a boy, and one Indian," &c. This Indian was undoubtedly James-the-printer. And Mr. Thomas adds, "Some of James's descendants were not long since living in Grafton; they bore the surname of Printer."§ There was an Indian named Job Nesutan, who was also concerned in the first edition of the Indian Bible. He was a valiant soldier, and went with the English of Massachusetts, in the first expedition to Mount Hope, where he was slain in battle. "He was a very good linguist in the English tongue, and was Mr. Eliot's assistant and interpreter in his translation of the Bible and other books in the Indian language."|| In a letter of the commissioners of the U. C. of New England, to the corporation in England, we find this postscript.-"Two of the Indian youths formerly brought up to read and write, are put apprentice; the one to a carpenter, the other to Mr. Green the printer, who take their trades and follow their business very well." James-the-printer was probably one of these. Nesutan, we presume, was only an interpreter. The above-mentioned letter was dated 10th Sept. 1660. In 1698, James was teacher to five Indian families at Hassinammisco.¶ In 1709, he seems to have got through with his apprenticeship, and to have had some interest in carrying on the printing business. For, in the title pages of the Indian and English Psalter, printed in that year, is this imprint: "BOSTON, N. E. Upprinthomunne au B. GREEN, & J. PRINTER, wutche guhtiantamwe Chapanukke ut New England, &c. 1709." We shall now pass to notice a Massachusetts sachem, who, like too many others, does not appear to the best advantage; nevertheless, we doubt not but as much so as he deserves, as by the sequel will be seen. We mean Kutchmakin, known also by several other names, or variations of the same name; as, Kutshamaquin, Cutshamoquen, Cutchamokin, and many more, as, in * Narrative, 96. Hist. Printing, i. 292, 293. + Brief Hist. 89. Hist. Printing, i. 290. Gookin, Hist. Praying Indians. Information from Mr. E. Tuckerman, Jr.-Hassinammisco, Hassanamesit, &c. signified a place of stones. Thomas, ut supra. 116 KUTCHMAKIN.-WAR WITH THE PEQUOTS. [BOOK II. different parts of our work, extracts will necessarily show. He was one of those sachems who, in 1643-4, signed a submission to the English, as has been mentioned in a preceding chapter. In 1636, Kutshamakin sold to the people of Dorchester, Uncataquisset, being the part of that town since called Milton. This, it appears, was at some period his residence. Though he was a sachem under Woosamequin, yet, like Caunbitant, he was opposed to the settlement of the English in his country. He soon, however, became reconciled to it, and became a Christian. When Mr. Eliot desired to know why he was opposed to his people's becoming Christians, he said, then they would pay him no tribute. When the English of Massachusetts sent to Canonicus, to inquire into the cause of the murder of John Oldham, Kutshamakin accompanied them as interpreter, fighter, or whatever was required of him. As no satisfaction could be had of the Pequots, for the murder of Mr. Oldham, it was resolved, in 1636, to send an army into their country "to fight with them," if what, in the opinion of the English, as a recompense, were not to be obtained without. The armament consisted of about 90 men. These first went to Block Island, where they saw a few Indians before they landed, who, after shooting a few arrows, which wounded two of the English, fled. The Indians had here "two plantations, three miles in sunder, and about 60 wigwams, some very large and fair, and above 200 acres of corn." This the English destroyed, "staved seven canoes," and after two days spent in this business, and hunting for Indians without success, sailed to the main land, where Kutshamakin performed his part in hastening on the Pequot calamity. Having waylaid one of that nation, he shot and scalped him. The scalp he sent to Canonicus, who sent it about among all his sachem friends; thus expressing his approbation of the murder, and willingness to engage his friends to fight for the English. As a further proof of his approval of the act, he not only thanked the English, but gave Kutshamakin four fathom of wampum. Capt. Lion Gardener gives us some particulars of this affair, which are very valuable for the light they throw on this part of our early transactions with the Pequots. The affair we have just mentioned happened immediately after Endicott, Turner, and Underhill arrived at Saybrook, from Block Island. Capt. Gardener then commanded the fort, who spoke to them as follows of their undertaking: "You come hither to raise these wasps about my ears, and then you will take wing and flee away." It so came to pass; and although he was much opposed to their going, yet they went, agreeably to their instructions. Gardener instructed them how to proceed, to avoid being surprised; but the Indians played them a Yankee trick, as in the sequel will appear. On coming to the Pequot town, they inquired for the sachem, wishing to parley with him: his people said "he was from home, but within three hours he would come; and so from three to six, and thence to nine, there came none." But the Indians came fearlessly, in great numbers, and spoke to them, through the interpreter, Kutshamakin, for some time. This delay was a stratagem which succeeded well; for they rightly guessed that the English had come to injure them in their persons, or property, or both. Therefore, while some were entertaining the English with words, others carried off their effects and hid them. When they had done this, a signal was given, and all the Indians ran away. The English then fell to burning and destroying every thing they could meet with. Gardener had sent some of his men with the others, who were unaccountably left on shore when the others reëmbarked, and were pursued, and two of them wounded by the Indians. "The Bay-men killed not a man, save that one, Kichomiquim, an Indian sachem of the Bay, killed a Pequit; and thus began the war between the Indians and us, in these parts.”† The Pequots henceforth used every means to kill the English, and many were taken by them, and some tortured in their aanner. "Thus far," adds Gardener, “I had written in a book, that all men *Sassacus, says Winthrop (i. 194.); but being told he was gone to Long Island, the gene ral demanded to see "the other sachem, &c." which was doubtless Mononotto. t3 Coll. Hist. Soc. iii. 141, &c. |