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Macdowall, we have great doubts whether the Mad- | mankind, as the reverend prelate has done to abridge ras government ought not to have suffered Colonel them. Monro to be put upon his trial; and to punish the We must begin with denying the main position upofficers who solicited that trial for the purgation of on which the Bishop of Lincoln has built his reasontheir own characters, appears to us (whatever the in- ing-The Catholic Religion is not tolerated in England. tention was) to have been an act of mere tyranny. We No man can be fairly said to be permitted to enjoy think, too, that General Macdowall was very hastily his own worship who is punished for exercising that and unadvisedly removed from his situation; and upon worship. His fordship seems to have no other idea the unjust treatment of Colonel Capper and Major of punishment, than lodging a man in the Poultry Boles there can scarcely be two opinions. In the pro- compter, or flogging him at the cart's tail, or fining gress of the mutiny, instead of discovering in the him a sum of money;-just as if incapacitating a man Madras government any appearances of temper and from enjoying the dignities and emoluments to which wisdom, they appear to us to have been quite as much men of similar condition, and other faith, may fairly irritated, and heated as the army, and to have been be- aspire, was not frequently the most severe and gall trayed into excesses nearly as criminal, and infinitely ing of all punishments. This limited idea of the na more contemptible and puerile. The head of a great ture of punishment is the more extraordinary, as inca kingdom bickering with his officers about invitations pacitation is actually one of the most common punishto dinner-the commander-in-chief of the forces nego- ments in some branches of our law. The sentence of tiating that the dinner should be loyally eaten the a court-martial frequently purports, that a man is renobstinate absurdity of the test-the total want of se- dered for ever incapable of serving his majesty, &c. lection in the objects of punishment-and the wicked- &c.; and a person not in holy orders, who performs ness, or the insanity, of teaching the Sepoy to rise the functions of a clergyman, is rendered for over inagainst his European officer-the contempt of the capable of holding any preferment in the church. decision of juries in civil cases-and the punishment of There are, indeed, many species of offence for which the juries themselves; such a system of conduct as no punishment more apposite and judicious could be this would infallibly doom any individual to punish devised. It would be rather extraordinary, however, ment, if it did not, fortunately for him, display pre- if the court, in passing such a sentence, were to as cisely that contempt of men's feelings, and that pass-sure the culprit, that such incapacitation was not by ion for insulting multitudes, which is so congenial to them considered as a punishment; that it was only our present government at home, and which passes exercising a right inherent in all governments, of de now so currently for wisdom and courage. By these termining who should be eligible for office and who means, the liberties of great nations are frequently de- ineligible. His lordship thinks the toleration comstroyed-and destroyed with impunity to the perpe-plete, because he sees a permission in the statutes for trators of the crime. In distant colonies, however, the exercise of the Roman Catholic worship. He sees governors who attempt the same system of tyranny the permission-but he does not choose to see the are in no little danger from the indignation of their consequences to which they are exposed who avail subjects; for though men will often yield up their themselves of this permission. It is the liberality of happiness to kings who have been always kings, they a father who says to his son, Do as you please, my are not inclined to show the same deference to men dear boy; follow your own inclination. Judge for who have been merchants' clerks yesterday, and are yourself; you are as free as air. But remember, if kings to-day. From a danger of this kind, the gover- you marry that lady, I will cut you off with a shilling.' nor of Madras appears to us to have very narrowly We have scarcely ever read a more solemn and frivoescaped. We sincerely hope that he is grateful for his lous statement than the Bishop of Lincoln's antitheti good luck; and that he will now awake from his gor- cal distinction between persecution and the denial of geous dreams of mercantile monarchy, to good nature, political power. moderation, and common sense.

BISHOP OF LINCOLN'S CHARGE.
REVIEW, 1813.)

A Charge delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of Lincoln, at
the Triennial Vistation of that Diocese in May, June, and
July, 1812. By George Tomline, D. D., F. R. S., Lord
Bishop of Lincoln. London. Cadell & Co. 4to.

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It is sometimes said, that papists, being excluded from power, are consequently persecuted; as if exclusion from power and religious persecution weie convertible terms. But surely this is to confound things totally distinct in their (EDINBURGH nature. Persecution inflicts positive punishment upon persons who hold certain religious tenets, and endeavours to accomplish the renunciation and extinction of those tenets by forcible means: exclusion from power is entirely nega tive in its operation-it only declares, that those who hold certain opinions shall not fill certain situations; but it ac knowledges men to be perfectly free to hold those opinions, Persecution compels men to adopt a prescribed faith, or to suffer the loss of liberty, property, or even life: exclusion from power prescribes no faith; it allows men to think and believe as they please, without molestation or interference. Persecution requires men to worship God in one and in no other way; exclusion from power neither commands nor forbids any mode of divine worship-it leaves the business of religion, where it ought to be left, to every man's judg ment and conscience. Persecution proceeds from a bigoted and sanguinary spirit of intolerance; exclusion from power is founded in the natural and rational principle of self-protection and self-preservation, equally applicable to nations and to individuals. History informs us of the mischievous and fatal effects of the one, and proves the expediency and necessity of the other.'-(pp. 16, 17.)

It is a melancholy thing to see a man, clothed in soft raiment, lodged in a public palace, endowed with a rich portion of the product of other men's industry, using all the influence of his splendid situation, however conscientiously, to deepen the ignorance, and inflame the fury, of his fellow-creatures. These are the miserable results of that policy which has been so frequently pursued for these fifty years past, of placing men of mean, or middling abilities, in high ecclesiastical stations. In ordinary times, it is of less importance who fills them; but when the bitter period arrives, in which the people must give up some of their darling absurdities ;-when the senseless clamour, which has been carefully handed down from father fool to son fool, can be no longer indulged ;-when it is of incalculable importance to turn the people to a better way of thinking; the greatest impediments to all amelioration are too often found among those to whose councils, at such periods, the country ought to look for wisdom and peace. We will suppress, however, the feelings of indignation which such productions, from such men, naturally occasion. We will give the Bishop of Lincoln credit for being perfectly sincere; we will suppose, that every argument he uses has not been used and refuted ten thousand times before; and we will sit down as patiently to defend the religious liberties of

It is impossible to conceive the mischief which this mean and cunning prelate did at this period.

We will venture to say, there is no one sentence in this extract which does not contain either a contradiction, or a misstatement. For how can that law acknowledge men to be perfectly free to hold an opinion, which excludes from desirable situations all who hold that opinion? How can that law be said neither to molest, nor interfere, which meets a man in every branch of industry and occupation, to institute an inquisition into his religious opinions? And how is the business of religion left to every man's own judgment and conscience, where so powerful a bonus is given to one set of religious opinions, and such a mark of infamy and degradation fixed upon all other modes of belief? But this is comparatively a very idle part of

the question. Whether the present condition of the Catholics is or is not to be denominated a perfect state of toleration, is more a controversy of words than things. That they are subject to some restraints, the bishop will admit the important question is, whether or not these restraints are necessary? For his lordship will, of course, allow, that every restraint upon human liberty is an evil in itself: and can only be justified by the superior good which it can be shown to produce. My lord's fears upon the subject of Catholic emancipation are conveyed in the following paragraph:

It is a principle of our constitution, that the king should have advisers in the discharge of every part of his royal functions and is it to be imagined that Papists would advise measures in support of the cause of Protestantism? A similar observation may be applied to the two Houses of Parliament: would Popish peers or Popish members of the House of Commons, enact laws for the security of the Protestant government? Would they not rather repeal the whole Protestant code, and make Popery again the established religion of the country?'-(p. 14.)

and then treating of them as if they deserved the ac-
tive and present attention of serious men. But if no
measure is to be carried into execution, and if no pro-
vision is safe in which the minute inspection of an in-
genious man cannot find the possibility of danger, then
all inhuman action is impeded, and no human institu-
tion is safe or commendable. The king has the power
of pardoning, and so every species of guilt may re-
main unpunished: he has a negative upon legislative
acts, and so no law may pass. None but Presbyteri-
ans may be returned to the House of Commons,-and
so the Church of England may be voted down. The
Scottish and Irish members may join together in both
If probability is put
houses, and dissolve both unions
out of sight,-and if, in the enumeration of dangers, it
is sufficient to state any which, by remote contingen
cy, may happen, then it is time we should begin to
provide against all the host of perils which we have
just enumerated, and which are many of them as like-
ly to happen, as those which the reverend prelate has
stated in his charge. His lordship forgets that the
Catholics are not asking for election but for elegibility

excluded from it. A century may elapse before any
Catholic actually becomes a member of the cabinet;
and no event can be more utterly destitute of probabil
ity, than that they should gain an ascendency there,
and direct that ascendency against the Protestant in-
terest. If the bishop really wishes to know upon what
our security is founded;-it is upon the prodigious and
decided superiority of the Protestant interest in the Brit-

ant king would select such a cabinet, or countenance
such measures; no man would be mad enough to at-
tempt them; the English Parliament and the English
people would not endure it for a moment.
No man,
indeed, under the sanctity of the mitre, would have
ventured such an extravagant opinion.-Wo to him, if
he had been only a dean. But, in spite of his venera-
ble office, we must express our decided belief, that his
lordship (by no means adverse to a good bargain)
would not pay down five pounds, to receive fifty mil
lion for his posterity, whether the majority of the
cabinet should be (Catholic emancipation carried)
members of the Catholic religion. And yet, upon such
terrors as these, which, when put singly to him, his
better senses would laugh at, he has thought fit to ex-
cite his clergy to petition, and done all in his power to
increase the mass of hatred against the Catholics.

And these are the apprehensions which the clergy-not to be admitted into the cabinet, but not to be of the diocese have prayed my lord to make public. Kind Providence never sends an evil without a remedy:-and arithmetic is the natural cure for the passion of fear. If a coward can be made to count his enemies, his terrors may be reasoned with, and he may think of ways and means of counteraction. Now, might it not have been expedient that the reverend prelate, before he had alarmed his country clergy with the idea of so large a measure as the repeal of Protes-ish nation, and in the United Parliament. No Protesttantism, should have counted up the probable number of Catholics who would be seated in both houses of Parliament? Does he believe that there would be ten Catholic peers, and thirty Catholic commoners? But, admit double that number, (and more, Dr. Duigenan himself would not ask,)-will the Bishop of Lincoln seriously assert, that he thinks the whole Protestant code in danger of repeal from such an admixture of Catholic legislators as this? Does he forget, amid the innumerable answers which may be made to such sort of apprehensions, what a picture he is drawing of the weakness and versatility of Protestant principles?— that an handful of Catholics, in the bosom of a Protestant legislature, is to overpower the ancient jealousies, the fixed opinions, the inveterate habits of twelve millions of people?-that the king is to apostatize, the clergy to be silent, and the Parliament to be taken by surprise?-that the nation is to go to bed over night, and to see the Pope walking arm in arm with Lord Castlereagh the next morning ?-One would really suppose, from the bishop's fears, that the civil defences of mankind were, like their military bulwarks, transferred, by superior skill and courage, in a few hours, from the vanquished to the victor-that the distruction of a church was like the blowing up of a mine, deans, prebendaries, churchwardens and overseers, all up in the air in an instant. Does his lordship really imagine, when the mere dread of the Catholics becoming legislators has induced him to charge his clergy, and his agonized clergy, to extort from their prelate the publication of the charge, that the full and mature danger will produce less alarm than the distant suspicion of it has done in the present instance?-that the Protestant writers, whose pens are now up to the feather in ink, will at any future period, yield up their church without passion, pamphlet, or pugnacity? We do not blame the Bishop of Lincon for being afraid; but we blame him for not rendering his fears intelligible and tangible for not circumscribing and particu. larizing them by some individual case--for not showing us how it is possible that the Catholics (granting their intentions to be as bad as possible) should ever be able to ruin the Church of England. His lordship appears to be in a fog? and as daylight breaks in upon him, he will be rather disposed to disown his panic. The noise he hears is not roaring,-but braying; the teeth and the mane are all imaginary; there is nothing but ears. It is not a lion that stops the way, but

an ass.

One method his lordship takes. in handling this question, is by pointing out dangers that are barely possible,

It is true enough, as his lordship remarks, that events do not depend upon laws alone, but upon the wishes and intentions of those who administer these laws. But then his lordship totally puts out of sight two considerations-the improbability of Catholics ever reaching the highest offices of the state-and those fixed Protestant opinions of the country, which would render any attack upon the established church so hopeless and, therefore, so improbable. Admit a supposition (to us perfectly ludicrous, but still neces sary to the bishop's argument), that the cabinet council consisted entirely of Catholics, we should even then have no more fear of their making the English people Catholics, than we should have of a cabinet of butchers making the Hindoos eat beef. The bishop has not stated the true and great security for any course of human actions. It is not the word of the law, nor the spirit of the government, but the general way of thinking among the people, especially when that way of thinking is ancient, exercised upon high interests, and connected with striking passages in history. The Protestant church does not rest upon the little narrow foundations where the Bishop of Lincoln supposes it to be placed: if it did, it would not be worth saving. It rests upon the general opinion entertained by a free and reflecting people, that the doctrines of the church are true, her pretensions moderate, and her exhortations useful. It is accepted by a peo ple who have, from good taste, an abhorrence of sacerdotal mummery; and from good sense, a dread of sacerdotal ambition. Those feelings, so generally diffused, and so clearly pronounced on all occasions, are our real bulwarks against the Catholic religion, and the real cause which makes it so safe for the best

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friends of the church to diminish (by abolishing the | enjoyed 'internal peace and entire freedom from all test laws), so very fertile a source of hatred to the

state.

In the 15th page of his lordship's charge, there is an argument of a very curious nature.

Let us suppose,' (says the Bishop of Lincoln), that there had been no test laws, no disabling statutes, in the year 1745, when an attempt was made to overthrow the Protestant government, and to place a popish sovereign upon the throne of these kingdoms; and let us suppose, that the leading men in the houses of Parliament, that the ministers of state, and the commanders of our armies, had then been Papists. Will any one contend, that that formidable rebellion, supported as it was by a foreign enemy, would have been resisted with the same zeal, and suppressed with the same facility, as when all the measures were planned and executed by sincere Protestants !'-(p. 15.)

religious animosities and feuds, since the Revolution' The fact, however, is not more certain than conclu sive against his view of the question. For, since that period, the worship of the Church of England has been abolished in Scotland-the corporation and test acts repealed in Ireland-and the whole of this king's reign has been one series of concessions to the Catho lics. Relaxation, then, (and we wish this had been remembered at the charge) of penal laws, on subjects of religious opinion, is perfectly compatible with inter. nal peace, and exemption from religious animosity.But the bishop is always fond of lurking in generals, and cautiously avoids coming to any specific instance of the dangers which he fears.

It is declared in one of the 39 Articles, that the king is And so his lordship means to infer, that it would be head of our church, without being subject to any foreign foolish to abolish the laws against the Catholics now, power; and it is expressly said, that the Bishop of Rome because it would have been foolish to have abolished Papists assert, that the Pope is supreme head of the whole has no jurisdiction within these realms. On the contrary, them at some other period;-that a measure must be Christian church, and that allegiance is due to him from bad, because there was formerly a combination of cir- every individual member, in all spiritual matters. This di cumstances, when it would have been bad. His lord-rect opposition to one of the fundamental principles of the ship might, with almost equal propriety, debate what ecclesiastical part of our constitution, is alone sufficient to ought to be done if Julius Cæsar were about to make justify the exclusion of Papists from all situations of aua descent upon our coasts; or lament the impropriety vil matters is due to the king. But cases must arise, in thority. They acknowledge, indeed, that obedience in ciof emancipating the Catholics, because the Spanish which civil and religious duties will clash; and he knows Armada was putting to sca. The fact is, that Julius but little of the influence of the Popish religion over the Cæsar is dead-the Spanish Armada was defeated in mind of its votaries, who doubts which of these duties the reign of Queen Elizabeth-for half a century would be sacrificed to the other. Moreover, the most subtle there has been no disputed succession-the situation casuistry cannot always discriminate between temporal and of the world is changed-and, because it is changed, spiritual things; and in truth, the concerns of this life not we can do now what we could not do then. And no- unfrequently partake of both characters.'-(pp. 21, 22.) thing can be more lamentable than to see this respectable prelate wasting his resources in putting imaginary and inapplicable cases, and reasoning upon their solution, as if they had anything to do with present affairs.

These remarks entirely put an end to the common mode of arguing à Gulielmo. What did King William do?-what would King William say? &c. King William was in a very different situation from that in which we are placed. The whole world was in a very different situation. The great and glorious authors of the Revolution (as they are commonly denominated) acquired their greatness and glory, not by a superstitious reverence for inapplicable precedents, but by taking hold of present circumstances to lay a deep foundation for liberty; and then using old names for new things, they left the Bishop of Lincoln, and other men, to suppose that they had been thinking all the

time about ancestors.

We deny entirely that any case can occur, where the exposition of a doctrine purely speculative, or the arrangement of a mere point of church discipline, can interfere with civil duties. The Roman Catholics are Irish and English citizens at this moment; but no such case has occurred. There is no instance in which obedience to the civil magistrate has been prevented, by an acknowledgment of the spiritual supremacy of the pope. The Catholics have given (in an oath which we suspect the bishop never to have read) the most solemn pledge, that their submission to their spiritual ruler should never interfere with their civil obedience. The hypothesis of the Bishop of Lincoln is, that it must very often do so. The fact is that it has never done so.

would his lordship say to the interference of any Catholic power with the appointment of the English sees?

His lordship is extremely angry with the Catholics for refusing to the crown a reto upon the appointment of their bishops. He forgets, that in those countries of Eu rope where the crown interferes with the appointment Another species of false reasoning, which pervades of bishops, the reigning monarch is a Catholic,-which the Bishop of Lincoln's charge is this: He states makes all the difference. We sincerely wish that the what the interests of men are, and then takes it for Catholics would concede this point; but we cannot be granted that they will eagerly and actively pursue astonished at their reluctance to admit the interfethem; laying totally out of the question the probabil-rence of a Protestant prince with their bishops. What ity or improbability of their effecting their object, and the influence which this balance of chances must produce upon their actions. For instance, it is the interest of the Catholics that our church should be subservient to theirs. Therefore, says his lordship, the Catholics will enter into a conspiracy against the English church. But, is it not also the decided interest of his lordship's butler that he should be bishop, and the bishop his butler? That the crozier and the corkscrew should change hands, and the washer of the bottles which they had emptied become the diocesan of learned divines? What has prevented this change, so beneficial to the upper domestic, but the extreme improbability of success, if the attempt were made; an improbability so great, that we will venture to say, the very notion of it has scarcely once entered into the understanding of the good man. Why, then, is the reverend prelate, who lives on so safely and contentedly with John, so dreadfully alarmed at the Catholics? And why does he so completely forget, in their instance alone, that men do not merely strive to obtain a thing because it is good, but always mingle with the excellence of the object a consideration of the chance of gaining it.

The Bishop of Lincoln (p. 19,) states it as an argument against concession to the Catholics, that we have

Next comes the stale and thousand times refuted charge against the Catholics, that they think the pope has the power of dethroning heretical kings; and that it is the duty of every Catholic to use every possible means to root out and destroy heretics, &c. To all of which may be returned this one conclusive answer, that the Catholics are ready to deny these doctrines upon oath. Aud as the whole controversy is, whether the Catholics shall, by means of oaths, be excluded from certain offices in the state-those who contend that the continuance of these excluding oaths is essen. tial to the public safety, must admit, that oaths are binding upon Catholics, and a security to the state that what they swear to is true.

It is right to keep these things in view-and to omit no opportunity of exposing and counteracting that spirit of intolerant zeal or intolerable time-serving, which has so long disgraced and endangered this country. But the truth is, that we look upon this cause as already gained—and while we warinly con gratulate the nation on the mighty step it has recently made towards increased power and entire security, it is impossible to avoid saying a word upon the humifi

the most household and parturient woman in England could not exceed ;-but the thing wanted was the wrong man, the gentleman without the ring-the master unsworn to at the altar-the person unconsecrated by priests

'Oh! let me taste thee unexcis'd by kings.'

The following strikes us as a very lively picture of the ruin and extravagance of a fashionable house in a great metropolis.

ating and disgusting, but at the same time most edify ing spectacle, which has lately been exhibited by the anti-Catholic addressers. That so great a number of persons should have been found with such a proclivity to servitude (for honest bigotry had but little to do with the matter), as to rush forward with clamours in favour of intolerance, upon a mere surmise that this would be accounted as acceptable service by the present possessors of patronage and power, affords a more humiliating and discouraging picture of the present spirit of the country, than any thing else that has occurred in our remembrance. The edifying part of the M. d'Epinay a complété son domestique. Il a trois spectacle is the contempt with which their officious un valet de chambre; et il vouloit aussi que je prisse une laquais, et moi deux; je n'en ai pas voulu davantage. Il a devotions have been received by those whose favour seconde femme, mais comme je n'en ai que faire, j'ai tenu they were intended to purchase,-and the universal bon. Enfin les officiers, les femmes, les valets se montent scorn and derision with which they were regarded by au nombre de seize. Quoique la vie que je mène soit assez independent men of all parties and persuasions. The uniforme, j'espère n'être pas obligée d'en changer. Celle catastrophe, we think, teaches two lessons ;-one to de M. d'Epinay est differente. Lorsqu'il est levé, son valet the time-servers themselves, not to obtrude their ser- de chambre se met en devoir de l'accommoder. Deux lavility on the government, till they have reasonable vient avec l'intention de lui rendre compte des lettres qu'il quais sont debout à attendre ordres. Le premier secrétaire ground to think it is wanted;-and the other to the a recues de son départment, et qu'il est charge d'ouvrir; il nation at large, not to imagine that a base and inter- doit lire les réponses et les faire signer; mais il est interested clamour in favour of what is supposed to be rompu deux cents fois dans cette occupation par toutes agreeable to government, however loudly and exten-sortes d'espèces imaginables. C'est un maquignon qui a sively sounded, affords any indication at all, either of des chevaux uniques à vendre, mais qui sont retenus par un the general sense of the country, or even of what is seigneur: ainsi il est venu pour ne pas manquer à sa parole; actually contemplated by those in the administration Il en fait une description séduisante, on demande le prix. car on lui en donneroit le double, qu'on ne pourroit faire. of its affairs. The real sense of the country has been Le seigneur un tel en offre soixante louis-Je vous en proved, on this occasion, to be directly against those donne cent.-Cela est inutile, à moins qu'il ne se dédise. who presumptuously held themselves out as its or- Cependant l'on conclut à cent louis sans les avoir vus, car gans; and even the ministers have made a respecta- le lendemain le seigneur ne manque pas de se dédire: voilà able figure, compared with those who assumed the ce que j'ai vu et entendu la semaine dernière. character of their champions.

MADAME D'EPINAY, (EDINBURGH REVIEW, 1818.) Mémoires et Correspondence de Madame D'Epinay. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1818.

secrétaire qui lui parle de la nécessité de fixer chaque article de dépense, de donner des délégations pour tel ou tel objet. La seule réponse est: Nous verrons cela. Ensuite il court le monde et les spectacles; et il soupe en ville quand il n'a personne à souper chez lui. Je vois que mon temps de repos est fini.'-I. pp. 308-310.

Ensuite c'est un polisson qui vient brailler un air, et à qui on accorde sa protection pour le faire entrer à l'Opéra, après lui avoir donné quelques leçons de bon goût, et lui avoir appris ce que c'est que la propreté du chant françois; c'est une demoiselle qu'on fait attendre pour savoir si je suis encore la. Je me lève et je m'en vais; les deux laquais ouvrent les deux battans pour me laisser sortir, moi qui passerois alors par le trou d'une aiguille; et les deux estafiers crient dans l'anti-chambre: Madame, messieurs, voilà THERE used to be in Paris, under the ancient regime, madame. Tout le monde se range en haie, et ces messieurs a few women of brilliant talents, who violated all the des bijoutiers, des colporteurs, des laquais, des décroteurs, sont des marchands d'étoffes, des marchands d'instrumens, common duties of life, and gave very pleasant little des créanciers; enfin tout ce que vous pouvez imaginer de suppers. Among these supped and sinned Madame plus ridicule et de plus affligeant. Midi ou une heure sonne d'Epinay-the friend and companion of Rousseau, Di- avant que cette toilette soit achevée, et le secrétaire, quí, derot, Grimm, Holbach, and many other literary per- sans doute, sait par expérience l'impossibilité de rendre un sons of distinction of that period. Her principal lover compte détaillé des affaires, a un petit bordereau qu'il remet was Grimm; with whom was deposited, written in doit dire à l'assemblée. Une autre fois il sort à pied ou en entre les mains de son maitre pour l'instruire de ce qu'il feigned names, the history of her life. Grimm died-fiacre, rentre à deux heures, fait comme un brûleur de maihis secretary sold the history-the feigned names son, dine tête à tête avec moi, ou admet en tiers son premier have been exchanged for the real ones-and her works now appear abridged in three volumes octavo. Madame d'Epinay, though far from an immaculate character, has something to say in palliation of her irregularities. Her husband behaved abominably; and alienated, by a series of the most brutal injuries, an attachmeht which seems to have been very ardent and sincere, and which, with better treatment would probably have been lasting. For, in all her aberrations, Mad. d'Epinay seems to have had a tendency to be constant. Though extremely young when separarated from her husband, she indulged herself with but two lovers for the rest of her life-to the first of whom she seems to have been perfectly faithful, till he left her at the end of ten or twelve years; and to Grimm, by whom he was succeeded, she seems to have given no rival till the day of her death. The account of the life she led, both with her husband and her lovers, brings upon the scene a great variety of French characters, and lays open very completely the interior of French life and manners. But there are some letters and passages which cught not to have been published; which a sense of common decency and morality ought to have suppressed; and which, we feel assured, would never have seen the light in this country.

A very prominent person among the early friends of Madame d'Epinay, is Mademoiselle d'Ette, a woman of great French respectability, and circulating in the best society; and, as we are painting French manners, we shall make no apology to the serious part of our English readers, for inserting this sketch of her history and character by her own hand.

discrétion: dites-moi naturellement quelle opinion on a de 'Je connois, me dit-elle ensuite, votre franchise et votre mois dans le monde. La meilleure, lui dis-je, et telle que vous ne pourriez la conserver si vous pratiquiez la morale que vous venez de me précher. Voilà où je vous attendois, me det-elle. Depuis dix ans que j'ai perdu ma mère, je fus séduite par le chevalier de Valory qui m'avoit vu, pour ainsi dire, elever; mon extréme jeunesse et la confiance que j'avois en lui ne me permirent pas d'abord de me défier je m'en aperçus, j'avois pris tant de goût pour lui, que je de ses vues. Je fus longtemps à m'en apercevoir, et lorsque n'eus pas la force de lui résister. Il me vint des scrupules; il les leva, en me promettant de m'épouser. Il y travailla en effet; mais voyant l'opposition que sa famille y A French woman seems almost always to have apportoit à cause de la disproportion d'âge et de mon peu wanted the flavour of prohibition as a necessary con- de fortune; et me trouvant, d'ailleurs, heureuse comme diment to human life. The provided husband was re- j'étois, je fus la première à étouffer mes scrupules, d'autant jected, and the forbidden husband introduced in ambi- réflexions, je lui proposai de continuer à vivre comme nous plus qu'il est assez pauvre. Il commençoit à faire des guous light, through posterns and secret partitions. It étions; il l'accepta. Je quittai ma province, et je le suivis was not the union to one man that was objected to-à Paris; vous voyez comme j'y vis. Quatre fois la semaine for they dedicated themselves with a constancy which il passe sa journée chez moi; le reste du temps nous nous

contentons réciproquement d'apprendre de nos nouvelles, a moies que le hasard ne nous fasse rencontrer. Nous vivons heureux, contens; peut-être ne le serions nous pas tant si nous étions mariés.'-I. pp. 111, 112.

This seems a very spirited, unincumbered way of passing through life; and it is some comfort, therefore, to a matrimonial English reader, to find Mademoiselle d'Ette kicking the chevalier out of doors towards the end of the second volume. As it is a scene very edifying to rakes, and those who decry the happiness of the married state, we shall give it in the words of Madame d'Epinay.

or a grave, is much the same thing-In London, as in law, de non apparentibus, et non existentibus eadem est ratio.

This is the account Madame d'Epinay gives of Rousseau soon after he had retired into the hermitage.

J'ai été il y a deux jours à la Chevrette, pour terminer quelques affaires avant de m'y établir avec mes enfans. me voir. Je crois qu'il a besoin de ma presence, et que la J'avois fait prévenir Rousseau de mon voyage: il est venu solitude a deja agité sa bile. Il se plaint de tout le monde. Diderot doit toujours aller, et ne va jamais le voir; M. Grimm le néglige; le Baron d'Holbach l'ouble; Gauffecourt et moi seulement avons encore des égards pour lui, dit-il; j'ai voulu les justifier; cela n'a pas réussi. J'espère qu'il sera beaucoup plus a la Chevrette qu'à l'Hermitage. Je suis persuadée qu'il n'y a que façon de prendre cet homme pour le rendre heureux; c'est de feindre de ne pas prendre garde à lui, et s'en occuper sans cesse; c'est pour cela que je n'insistai point pour le retenir, lorsqu'il m'eut dit qu'il vouloit s'en retourner à l'Hermitage, quoiqu'il fût tard et malgré le mauvais temps.'-II. pp. 253, 254.

Une nuit, dont elle avoit passé las plus grande partie dans l'inquiétude, elle entre chez le chevalier: il dormoit; elle le réveille, s'assied sur son lit, et entame une explication avec toute la violence et la fureur qui l'animoient. Le chevalier, après avoir employé vainement, pour le calmer, tous les moyens que sa bonté naturelle lui suggéra, lui signifia enfin très-précisément qu'il alloit se séparer d'elle pour toujours, et fuir un enfer auquel il ne pouvoit plus tenir. Cette confidence, qui n'étoit pas faite pour l'appaiser, redoubla sa rage. Puisqu'il est ainsi, dit-elle, sortez tout a Jean Jacques Rousseau seems, as the reward of l'heure de chez moi; vous deviez partir dans quatre jours, genius and fine writing, to have claimed an exemption c'est vous rendre service de vous faire partir dans l'instant. from all meral duties. He borrowed and begged, and Tout ce qui est ici m'appartient; le bail est en mon nom: never paid;-put his children in a poor house-betray. il ne me convient plus de vous souffrir chez moi: levez-ed his friends-insulted his benefactors-and was guil vous, monsieur, et songez à ne rien emporter sans ma per-ty of every species of meanness and mischief. His

mission.'-II. pp. 193, 194.

Our English method of asking leave to separate from Sir William Scott and Sir John Nicol is surely better than this.

Any one who provides good dinners for clever people, and remembers what they say, cannot fail to write entertaining Memoires. Ainong the early friends of Madame d'Epinay was Jean Jacques Rousseau-she lived with him in considerable intimacy; and no small part of her book is taken up with accounts of his eccentricity, insanity, and vice.

vanity was so great, that it was almost impossible to keep pace with it by any activity of attention; and his suspicion of all mankind amounted nearly, if not altogether, to insanity. The following anecdote, however, is totally clear of any symptom of derangement, and carries only the most rooted and disgusting selfishness.

Rousseau vous a donc dit qu'il n'avoit pas porté son ouvrage à Paris? Il en a menti, car il n'a fait son voyage

que pour cela. J'ai reçu hier une lettre de Diderot, qui peint votre hermite comme si je le voyois. Il a fait ces deux lieues à pied, est venu s'établir chez Diderot sans Nous avons débuteé par l'Engagement téméraire, comédie l'avoir prévenu, le tout pour faire avec lui la revision de nouvelle, de M. Rousseau, ami de Francueil qui nous l'a son ouvrage. Au point où ils en étoient ensemble, vous présenté. L'auteur a joué un rôle dans sa pièce. Quoique conviendrez que cela est assez étrange. Je vois, par cerce ne soit qu'une comédie de société, elle a eu un grand tains mots échappés à mon ami dans sa lettre, qu'il a quelsuccès. Je doute cependant qu'elle pût réussir au théatre; que sujet de discussion entre eux; mais comme il ne s'exmais c'est l'ouvrage d'un homme de beaucoup d'esprit, et plique point, je n'y comprends rien. Rousseau l'a tenu peut-être d'un homme singulier. Je ne sais pas trop ce- impitoyablement a l'ouvrage depuis le Samedi dix heures pendant si c'est ce que j'ai vu de l'auteur ou de la pièce qui du matin jusqu'au Lundi onze heures du soir, sans lui donme fait juger ainsi. Il est complimenteur sans étre poli, ou ner à piene le temps de boire ni manger. La revision finie, au moins sans en avoir l'air. Il paroit ignorer les usages Diderot cause avec lui d'un plan qu'il a dans la tête, prie du monde; mais il est aisé de voir qu'il a infiniment d'es-Rousseau de l'aider à arranger un incident qui n'est pas prit. Il a le teint brun: et des yeux pleins de feu animent encour trouvé à sa fantaisie. Cela est trop difficile, répond sa physionomie. Lorsqu'il a parle et qu'on le regarde, il froidement l'hermite, il est tard, je ne suis point accoutume paroit joli; mais lorsqu'on se le rappelle, c'est toujours en laid. On dit qu'il est d'une mauvaise santé, et qu'il a des souffrances qu'il cache avec soin, par je ne sais quel principe de vanité; c'est apparemment ce qui lui donne, de temps en temps, l'air farouche. M.de Bellegarde, avec qui il a cause long-temps, ce matin, en est enchante, et lå engagé à nous venir voir souvent. J'en suis bien aise; je me promets de profiter beaucoup de sa conversation.'-I. pp. 175, 176.

à veiller. Bon soir, je pars demain à six heures du matin,
il est temps de dormir. Il se lève, va se coucher, et laisse
Diderot pétrifié de son procédé. Voilà cet homme que vous
croyez si pénétré de vos leçons. Adjoutez à cette reflexion
un propos singulier de la femme de Diderot, dont je vous
prie de faire votre profit. Cette femme n'est qu'une bonne
femme, mais elle a la tact juste. Voyant son mari descle
le jour du départ de Rousseau, elle lui en demande la rai-
son; il la lui dit: C'est le manque de délicatesse de cet
un manoeuvre, je ne m'en serois, je crois pas apercu, se il
homme, ajoute-t-il, qui m'afflige; il me fait travailler comme
ne m'avoit refuse aussi sechement de s'occuper pourmoi un
quart d'heure... Vous êtes etonné de cela, lui repond sɛ
femme, vous ne le connoissez donc pas? Il est devors
d'envie; il enrage quand il paroit quelque chose de beau
qui n'est pas de lui. On lui verra faire un jour quelques
grands forfaits plutôt que de se laisser ignorer. Tenez, je
qu'il n'enterprit leur apologie.'-III. pp. 60, 61.
ne jurerois pas qu'il ne se rangeât du parti des Jesuites, et

Their friendship so formed, proceeded to a great degree of intimacy. Madame d'Epinay admired his genius, and provided him with hats and coats; and, at last, was so far deluded by his declamations about the country, as to fit him up a little hermit cottage, where there were a great many birds, and a great many plants and flowers-and where Rousseau was, as might have been expected, supremely miserable. His friends from Paris did not come to see him. The postman, the butcher, and the baker, hate romantic sceneryduchesses and marchionesses were no longer found to The horror which Diderot ultimately conceived for scramble for him. Among the real inhabitants of the him, is strongly expressed in the following letter to country, the reputation of reading and thinking is fatal Grimm-written after an interview which compelled to character; and Jean Jacques cursed his own successful eloquence which had sent him from the suppers and flattery of Paris to smell to daffodils, watch sparrows, or project idle saliva into the passing stream. Very few men who have gratified, and are gratifying their vanity in a great metropolis, are qualified to quit it. Few have the plain sense to perceive, that they must soon inevitably be forgotten,-or the fortitude to bear it when they are. They represent to them. selves imaginary scenes of deploring friends and dis. pirited companions--but the ocean might as well re. gret the drops exhaled by the sun-beams. Life goes on; and whether the absent have retired into a cottage

him, with many pangs, to renounce all intercourse with a man who had, for years, been the object of his tenderest and most partial feelings.

Cet homme est un forcené. Je l'ai vu, je lui ai reproché avec toute la force que donne l'honnêteté et une sorte d'intérêt qui reste au fond du cœur d'un ami qui lui est dévoué depuis long-temps, l'énormite de sa conduite; les pleurs versés aux pieds de madame d'Epinay, dans le moment même où il la chargeoit prés de moi des accusations les plus graves; cette odieuse apologie qu'il vous a enVoyée, et où il n'y pas une seule, des raisons qu'il avort a dire; cette lettre projectée pour Saint-Lambert, qui devor le tranquilliser sur des sentimens qu'il se reprochoit, et ou loin d'avouer une passion née dans son cœur malgré lui, il

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