7. By building a mill and bakehouse for the supply of Rome (pistrino, Ulp. 3, 1), § 34.

8. By bearing three children, Ulp. 3, 1.

9. By imperial grant (beneficio principali, Ulp. 3, 2). This and the previous mode of acquiring citizenship were perhaps mentioned by Gaius at the beginning of § 35.

Civitas Romana and Jus Quiritium are synonymous, but the former term was always used when the franchise was conferred on a Peregrinus, the latter generally when it was conferred on Latinus Junianus e.g. Quare rogo, des ei civitatem, est enim peregrinae conditionis, manumissus a peregrina. Idem rogo, des jus Quiritium libertis Antoniae Maximillae . . . quod a te, petente patrona, peto, Pliny to Trajan, 10, 4. Ago gratias, domine, quod et jus Quiritium libertis necessariae mihi feminae et civitatem Romanam Harpocrati, iatraliptae meo, sine mora indulsisti, ibid. 10, 5. Civitas Romana, however, was sometimes used in speaking of the enfranchisement of Latinus, as we see from § 28.

QUI, QUIBUS EX CAUSIS, MANUMITTERE NON POSSINT.

§ 36. Not every owner who is so disposed is capable of manumission.

$37. An owner who would defraud his creditors or his own patron by an intended manumission, attempts in vain to manumit, because the lex Aelia Sentia defeats the manumission.

§ 38. Again, by a disposition of the same statute, before attaining twenty years of age, the only process by which an owner can manumit, is fictitious vindication preceded by proof of adequate motive before the council of assessors.

§ 39. It is an adequate motive of manumission, if the father, for instance, or mother, or governor, or foster-brother of the manumitter, is the slave to be manumitted. In addition to these, the motives recently specified respecting the slave under thirty years of age, may be alleged when the manumitting owner is under twenty; and, re

tulimus, porrigi possunt et ad ser- ciprocally, the motives valid when uum minorem XXX annorum.

§ 40. Cum ergo certus modus manumittendi minoribus xx annorum dominis per legem Aeliam Sentiam constitutus sit, euenit ut qui XIIII annos aetatis expleuerit, licet testamentum facere possit et in eo heredem sibi instituere legataque relinquere possit, tamen si adhuc minor sit annorum XX, libertatem seruo dare non possit.

§ 41. Et quamuis Latinum facere uelit minor xx annorum dominus, tamen nihilo minus debet apud consilium causam probare, et ita postea inter amicos manumittere.

the manumitting owner is under twenty, are admissible when the manumitted slave is under thirty.

§ 40. As, then, the lex Aelia Sentia prescribes a certain mode of manumission for owners under the age of twenty, it follows that, though a person who has completed his fourteenth year is competent to make a will, and therein to institute an heir and leave bequests; yet, if he has not attained the age of twenty, he cannot therein enfranchise a slave.

§ 41. And even to confer the Latin status, if he is under the age of twenty, the owner must satisfy the council of the adequacy of his motive before he manumits the slave in the presence of witnesses.

§ 41. Justinian, having first reduced the age from 20 to 17, or the beginning of the eighteenth year (Inst. 1, 6, 7), finally permitted minors to enfranchise by will as soon as they could make a valid will, i.e. at the age of 14 (Novella, 119, 2). He mentions that the lowest class of freedmen (dediticia libertas) had long been obsolete, and formally abolished the second class (latina libertas), converting most of the modes of making Latinus into modes of making Civis Romanus, and declaring the rest inoperative, Cod. 7, 6.

DE LEGE FUFIA CANINIA.

§ 42. Praeterea lege Fufia Caninia certus modus constitutus est in seruis testamento manumittendis.

§ 43. nam ei qui plures quam duos neque plures quam decem seruos habebit, usque ad partem dimidiam eius numeri manumittere permittitur. ei uero qui plures quam x neque plures quam XXX seruos habebit, usque ad tertiam partem eius numeri manumittere permittitur. at ei qui plures quam xxx, neque

§ 42. Moreover, by the lex Fufia Caninia a certain limit is fixed to the number of slaves who can receive testamentary manumission.

§ 43. An owner who has more than two slaves and not more than ten is allowed to manumit as many as half that number; he who has more than ten and not more than thirty is allowed to manumit a third of that number; he who has more than thirty and not more than a hundred is allowed to manu

rescissa sunt ea quae in fraudem eius legis excogitata sunt.

§ 47. In summa sciendum est, (cum) lege Aelia Sentia cautum sit, ut creditorum fraudandorum causa manumissi liberi non fiant, hoc etiam ad peregrinos pertinere (senatus ita censuit ex auctoritate Hadriani), cetera uero iura eius legis ad peregrinos non pertinere.

quent decrees of the senate declare null and void all dispositions contrived for the purpose of eluding the statute.

§ 47. Finally, it is to be noted that the provision in the lex Aelia Sentia making manumissions in fraud of creditors inoperative, was extended to aliens by a decree of the senate passed on the proposition of the Emperor Hadrian; whereas the remaining dispositions of that statute are inapplicable to aliens.

§ 45. The subject of what gathered from Epit. 1, 2, 2-4: manumittere voluerit, quam quot continet numerus supra scriptus, ordo servandus est, ut illis tantum libertas valeat, qui prius manumissi sunt, usque ad illum numerum, quem explanatio continet superius comprehensa; qui vero postea supra constitutum numerum manumissi leguntur, in servitute eos certum est permanere. Quodsi non nominatim servi vel ancillae in testamento manumittantur, sed confuse omnes servos suos vel ancillas is qui testamentum facit, liberos facere voluerit, nulli penitus firma esse jubetur hoc ordine data libertas, sed omnes in servili condicione, qui hoc ordine manumissi sunt, permanebunt. Nam et si ita in testamento servorum manumissio adscripta fuerit, id est in circulo, ut qui prior, qui posterior nominatus sit, non possit agnosci, nulli ex his libertatem valere manifestum est, si agnosci non potest qui prior, qui posterior fuerit manumissus. (§ 3.) Nam si aliquis in aegritudine constitutus in fraudem hujus legis facere noluerit testamentum, sed epistulis aut quibuscumque aliis rebus servis suis pluribus quam per testamentum licet conferre voluerit libertates, et sub tempore mortis hoc fecerit, hi qui prius manumissi fuerint, usque ad numerum superius constitutum liberi erunt, qui vero post statutum numerum manumissi fuerint, servi sine dubio permanebunt. (§ 4.) Nam si incolumis quoscunque diverso tempore manumisit, inter eos qui per testamentum manumissi sunt nullatenus computentur.'

is omitted in the MS. may be Nam si aliquis testamento plures

§ 47. The lex Fufia Caninia, passed under Augustus, was generally called the lex Furia Caninia before the manuscript of Gaius was reexamined by Studemund; it was abrogated by Justinian. See Inst. 1, 7.

DE HIS QUI SUI VEL ALIENI IURIS SINT.