8, де n of he des the heir But this hem d off essed comer of with ope of of the given itney, o took nation cention in the of the one on a larger scale; but the extreme difficulty of procu workmen and the proper materials in Georgia, preve my completing the larger one until some time in A last. This, though much larger than my first atter is not above one-third as large as machines may be m with convenience. The cylinder is only two feet inches in length, and six inches in diameter. It is tur by hand, and requires the strength of one man to kee in constant motion. "It is the stated task of one negro to clean fifty we (I mean fifty pounds after it is separated from the se of the green seed cotton per day." The biographer of Mr. Whitney thus alludes to unfortunate and mistaken scheme of Mr. Whitney his partner at the outset of their business, which wa erect the machinery in different sections of the cot region, and to engross the whole business of ginn themselves, the profits of which were very tempt being no less than every third pound taken for toll. "This did not at once supply the demands of the cot growers, and it multiplied the inducements to make machines in violation of the patent. Had the prop tors confined their views to the manufacture of machines, and to the sale of patent rights, it is proba that they would have avoided some of the difficul with which they had afterwards to contend." In 1796, Miller and Whitney had thirty gins operation at different places in Georgia, either by ho or water-power. The consequence was that their patent was infring and they became involved from the outset in a series expensive lawsuits to protect their rights; and it nearly thirteen years, when their patent had nea red, before they succeeded in obtaining a verdict in favor. the mean time, they were subjected to a series of has been stated that Whitney did not at first use is related in Georgia that this form of tooth was accidentally suggested by sawing through a board ition with a common handsaw into a room partially I with seed cotton, into which the saw penetrated, was observed to draw a portion of the fibre through ched to the teeth. gang of saws working vertically through grates was , but no means could be devised for detaching the or fibre. The saws were therefore worthless for the pose except in connection with the cylinders of tney's machine; they were essentially a part of his ntion. the celebrated decision made by Judge Johnson, in ember, 1807, the Judge thus disposes of Mr. Holmes's ensions. A Mr. Holmes has cut teeth in plates of iron and ed them over the cylinder. This is certainly a itorious improvement in the mechanical process of -tructing this machine. But at last, what does it unt to, except a more convenient mode of making same thing? Every characteristic of Mr. Whitney's hine is preserved. The cylinder, the iron tooth, the ry motion of the tooth, the breastwork and brush, and all the merit which this discovery can assum that of a more expeditious mode of attaching the t to the cylinder." Of the merit of the invention, Judge Johnson, at early day, in the same opinion, uses the following phatic language: "We cannot express the weight of the obliga which the country owes to this invention. The ex of it cannot now be seen. Some faint presentiment be formed from the reflection that cotton is rapidly planting wool, flax, silk, and even furs in manufact and may one day profitably supply the use of spec our East India trade. Our sister States also partici in the benefits of this invention; for, besides affor the raw material for their manufacturers, the bulki and quantity of the article afford a valuable emp ment for their shipping." By the introduction of this gin the value of the co crop of the United States was increased, in the s period of ten years, from about one hundred and thousand dollars to at least eight millions. And v estimate shall we place upon the value of the inven when we view the present production of cotton? Constituting considerably more than half the valu the whole domestic exports of the United States, it become so identified with the wants of mankind; i essential to the industry and capital of the world, to withhold the produce of a single crop from our pr pal customer, Great Britain, would involve her man tories in ruin, reduce her operatives to pauperism, seriously derange all her commercial interests and tions.* * The lives of nearly two millions of our countrymen are depe upon the cotton crops of America; their destiny may be said, wi ith what ingratitude has this great benefactor of his try and the world been treated? Millions would adequately have rewarded him for his great boon; yet the very name of WHITNEY has almost ceased to sed in connection with the machine of his invention, h is now known familiarly by those of the present ufacturers, and who at most can only claim some t modification or improvement upon the original. s, we have Carver's gins; Bates and Hyde's, Atl's, Parkhurst's, Taylor's, and numerous others, vn only in the neighborhood in which they are made. is true that Mr. Whitney was not wholly uncomated. The State of South Carolina made Miller and tney a grant of fifty thousand dollars, payable in instalments. The State of North Carolina, in 1802, ed a tax on each saw employed, for the term of five rs, for their benefit, and the following year Tennessee the same for the period of four years. oth South Carolina and Tennessee suspended the nent of the stipulated sums for some years. North olina, however, was true to her engagement. Georgia, although the patent was generally ined, there were some who respected the invention, purchased the right of using it. ne of the instruments by which this privilege was veyed having, by rare chance, been preserved in the ily of the writer, is given in the Appendix (see H.). document of curious interest, and as serving to show sort of hyperbole, to hang upon a thread! Should any dire calabefall the land of cotton, a thousand of our merchant ships would lly in dock, ten thousand mills must stop their busy looms, and million mouths would starve for lack of food to feed them. DICKENS. his ald n; to on, =ent ɔme nal. At hers, ade. com and le in 1802, f five nessee ed the North ly in ention, re was in the ee H.). Co show dire cala ps would oms, and CKENS the exact date both of the invention and the patent the terms on which its use was accorded. Whitney's gin was introduced into Georgia in 179 In the following year, it came in use in Mississ so speedily was its value made known through whole cotton region. In 1795, Daniel Clarke, living then near Fort Ad in Wilkinson County, had one constructed almost ent by a Negro mechanic owned by him, chiefly from a drawing and an imperfect description obtained fr traveller who had seen Whitney's gin in Georgia. It is known that several gins were in operatio Adams county previous to the evacuation of the co by the Spaniards.* In 1798, cotton was shipped from a gin of Th Wilkins, on Pine Ridge, near Natchez; it was ther up in round bags. This, next to Clark's gin, o plantation near Fort Adams, was probably the ea construction, and must, at the time referred to, have in operation about two years. In the then condition of the country, and in th sence of mechanical skill, the first machinery emp was, of course, rude and imperfect; and it is said the first rags or saws manufactured were hammered of hoe-blades, and had only two or three teeth t inch. Well-made and tempered saws were worth dollars each, separate from the other machinery. price of gin stands is now about three dollars and a per saw. The improvement in machinery havin viated the old, tedious, and expensive process, the * Mr. Dunbar mentions being from home for the purpose specting a cotton gin in September, 1795; and states that, in cotton had become the "universal crop" of the District of Nat |