more precious than silver or gold. "Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God." Ideas, principles, sentiments cultivating a pure and progressive Christian manhood, are of vastly more account than the filthy lucre, on which so many set their hearts. The scenery and associations of childhood and youth are educational. They stamp their impress upon the soul for weal or for woe. Inspiring historical treasures are beyond all price. Many are the lines of thought and currents of history that centre in and around the honorable and eventful career of Henry Bouquet. As good men did in days of old, so now would I commend his as a character and example worthy of study and imitation by the young and all entrusted with official positions.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Bouquet willed a large tract of land in Trough Valley, (Huntingdon or Mifflin Co., Pa.,) to Mr. Thos. Willing. This was a brother of Miss Annie Willing, his fair correspondent. His extensive Long Meadows estate in Maryland lay a few miles north or north-east of Hagerstown, Md., and is now owned by the Lehmans, Willems, Cresslers, and others.

Col. Haldimand, his legatee, and executor, was his special Swiss compatriot and military comrade. He figured somewhat in the Revolutionary War, and became governor-general of Canada, from which post he retired in 1785, to die in his native Switzerland. Many of Bouquet's most valuable papers are included among those of Haldimand, at present, in the British Museum. The time to write a complete biography of the man has not yet arrived.

Mr. G. D. Scull, of Philadelphia, residing at Oxford, England, expects to publish a very limited edition of some of these papers during the ensuing year. He claims that on one occasion Bouquet saved Philadelphia from sack and pillage, the proof of which will doubtless appear in his book. I had hoped to be able to refer to this proposed publication in the preparation of this sketch, but have been disappointed.

PONTIAC'S SUBMISSION.

Pontiac, for a season remained defiant, even after his confederates had submitted to the terms of Bouquet. When Capt. Morris went to him with proposals of peace, he met him on the outskirts of his camp, and refused to take his hand. With flashing eye, he exclaimed, “The English are liars." And yet he spared the captain's life, as he afterwards did that of Lieut. Fraser, Mr. Croghan, and other peace envoys, although his warriors were anxious to slay them. He sought the country of the Illinois, with 400 warriors, where the flag of France still floated, as it had done since the days of La Salle, Tonti, &c., in 1680.

He urged the different tribes to rise again and fight for the preservation of their race, and threatened to destroy those who shirked. French traders had all along led him to expect aid from their great King. At length, he was fully convinced, by replies of French officers, in response to his embassies sent to Fort Chartres and New Orleans, that all hope of help from that quarter was vain. He then gave up the contest, and agreed to meet with other confederates at the great council, held by Sir Wm. Johnson, to arrange definitely the terms of peace, secured by the campaigns of Bouquet.

Croghan, who met him repeatedly and experienced his magnanimity in restraining warriors who were anxious to kill the British peace-agent, speaks thus of the great Ottawa chieftain: "Pontiac is a shrewd, sensible Indian, of few words, and commands more respect among his own nation than any Indian I ever saw could do among his own tribe."

Late in the fall of 1765 Capt. Sterling descended the Ohio in boats, and passed up the Mississippi with one hundred Highlanders of the 42d regiment to Fort Chartres, of which he took formal possession in the name of Great Britain.

It was fitting that those veterans whose battle cry," as Parkman says, "had echoed over the bloodiest fields of America," should consummate on the banks of the Father of Waters the work begun at Bushy Run, and es

tablish forever Anglo-Saxon supremacy in the new world. In due time Pontiac appeared at the great council held by Sir Wm. Johnson during the latter part of July, 1766. The following are the opening sentences of his speech: Father, we thank the Great Spirit for giving us so fine a day to meet upon such great affairs. I speak in the name of all the nations to the westward, of whom I am the master. It is the will of the Great Spirit that we should meet here to-day; and before him I now take you by the hand. I call him to witness that I speak from the heart ; for since I took Col. Croghan by the hand last year, I have never let go my hold, for I see that the Great Spirit will have us friends."

PONTIAC'S ASSASSINATION AND ITS EXPIATION.

Everything was amicably adjusted at the council, and Pontiac, with many presents, returned to the Maumee, where he spent one season. He afterwards seems to have located in the region of the Illinois Indians, who were jealous of his presence, and who approved of his assassination. Accounts differ in regard to this affair, Mr. Parkman adopts the Cahokia theory i. e., that Pontiac was killed at that place by an Illinois Indian who had been bribed to do the foul deed by Williamson, an English trader, who feared that Pontiac, while on a drunken spree, was about to stir up trouble against the English, and thus interfere with his traffic. Mr. Matson contends that Pontiac was fatally stabbed by Kineboo, the chief of the Illinois Indians at a council, held near Joliet, in that

state.

One thing is certain, the Illinois Indians were held responsible for his assassination. All the tribes that in former days had felt the magic spell of his eloquence and had responded to his bugle call, now leagued together to avenge the death of Pontiac by a war of extermination against the Illinois Indians.

The following extract I take from an article which I prepared for the Guardian for August, 1882, on the basis of Matson's theory :

"Runners were sent to the Winnebagos, of the North, and the Kickapoos, of the South-west, who agreed to help avenge the death of the great Pontiac. Over the remains a council was held by the allies, who swore by the great Manito of war not to lay down the tomahawk until the fallen chieftain's death should be avenged by the destruction of the Illinois Indians, who abetted the cowardly deed of Kineboo. The Miamis united with the tribes already mentioned, and Bernet, the white outlaw, also with a band of warriors, joined in the bloody strife. The combined forces made the most formidable Indian army ever collected in the West. Death and annihilation to the Illinois was the sav

ter.

age oath of the ferocious avengers. The smaller towns along the Illinois river were first destroyed, and finally La Vantum, their great capital, which was defended by their bravest warriors, was suddenly assaulted. The skull and cross bones of Pontiac were borne on a red pole by the avengers. Their first attack met with a bloody repulse. A council of war was called by the invaders, at which the leading war chiefs, with fiery eloquence, advocated that nothing short of extermination of the Illinoisans would meet the demands of the case or be acceptable to the great Manito of war. The Illinois warriors had spent much of the night in dancing and premature rejoicing over the repulse of the assailants, and were taken by surprise in the morning. After terrific carnage, the allies were again repulsed with great slaughBut again and again they returned with reinforcements to the conflict. Thus for twelve long hours the carnival of death went on in and around La Vantum, the great Indian city of the West. Night came on, and still the battle raged, until a heavy rain storm put an end to hostilities. During the darkness and storm the Illinois Indians crossed the Illinois river in their canoes and ascended Starved Rock, the old site of Fort St. Louis, where Tonti had so signally repulsed the Iroquois. Here the remnant of 1200 Illinois Indians, including 300 warriors, rallied and thought themselves secure. But the allied forces, not content with the destruction of the town and other property of the Illinois, quickly surrounded the Rock, determined to avenge the death of Pontiac by the complete annihilation of all who in any way approved of his assassination. With ferocious yells they rushed up the rugged pathway on the only accessible side of the rocky summit. But brave and desperate Illinois warriors, with war clubs and tomahawks, sent them bleeding and mangled down the steep declivity. Again and again did the fierce avengers attempt to storm the almost impregnable heights. Many were slain as soon as they reached the summit, and hurled over the precipice into the river below. After losing many of their brav

est warriors, the allies gave up the assault and began the slow and tedious work of starving out the besieged Illinoisans. At the time of the attack upon the town a French and Indian halfbreed warrior, named Belix, who had greatly distinguished himself in previous battles, was being married to the beautiful daughter of Chief Kineboo. When the assault was made upon the Rock, Belix stood foremost and most valliant among the defenders, and with his war-club dealt death-blows upon many of the assailants. His bride stood near by to encourage her gallant lord, but when she saw him fall with skull cloven by a tomahawk, she uttered a wild scream and sprang over the Rock, falling from crag to crag until her lifeless body dropped into the river below. Fifty-one years had elapsed since the rock had been abandoned by the French, and the palisades and earth-works afforded but little protection against sharp-shooters who took possession of neighboring cliffs and joined in a galling fire upon the Illinois. Kineboo, whose rash and dastardly act had precipitated the war, was killed in this way. But soon a rampart, sufficient to ward off bullets was erected by the besieged along the exposed edges of the precipices. But the worst enemy now began to assail them. Hunger began to gnaw at their vitals with remorseless tooth. The small supply of provisions, brought along in their flight from La Vantum, were soon exhausted. The Rock of refuge became an altar of sacrifice, of whole burnt offering, to the Illinois in the end; for their relentless foes never relaxed in the siege until the last Illinois but one had perished. A warrior, the solitary exception, let himself down by a buckskin cord into the river on a dark and stormy night and escaped, but all the rest,-warriors, squaws and pappooses perished. Some of the squaws, in the delirium of hunger and thirst, would spring with their infants into the river. Warriors would make a sortie only to be slain or driven back by the merciless avengers. Some feasted on the dead. The death-song was chanted, and at last, when a final assault was made, only a few feeble survivors remained to be tomahawked. Thus perished the once powerful and arrogant Illinois, and thus terribly was the assassination of the great Pontiac avenged. Great must have been the magnetism of the man in life and death who marshalled the conspiracy which nearly drove the English east of the Alleghenies, and which combined the savage hosts of the lakes and the prairies to expiate the deep damnation of his taking off" by a holocaust that is unparalleled even in the history of savage warfare and retaliation. Well may the old site of Fort St. Louis, on the Illinois river, near Ottawa, Illinois, the scene of the first white settlement in the Mississippi valley, two hundred years ago, be called Starved

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