says, "To give them their due, they did abundance of good to the Church." "They saved many a congregation from ignorant, ungodly, drunken teachers." He goes on to add that they were too partial to Independents and Separatists, "yet so great was the benefit above the hurt which they brought to the Church, that many thousands of souls blessed God for the faithful ministers whom they let in."

Masson, Life of Milton.

Trim, THE REMONSTRANCE OF (1643), was a document drawn up by the Irish Catholics, and transmitted to the king through Ormonde. In it they complain of the penal laws and disabilities they have been suffering under since the 2nd Elizabeth, and also of the conduct of the Lord Justices in 1641, and of the threats of the English Parliament; they conclude with an offer of 10,000 men to defend the king's prerogative. The cessation soon followed.

In 1814 he

Trimbuckjee Dainglia was an unworthy favourite of the Peishwa Bajee Rao, who had been originally a spy. treacherously murdered Gungadhur Shastree. He was in consequence demanded by and surrendered after some delay to the English government (1815). In 1816 be effected his escape from the fort of Tannah. At the end of the Mahratta and Pindarrie war he was arrested, imprisoned, and died in the fortress of Chunar.

Trimmers, THE, were a party of politi cians who formed a third party in Parliament in the reign of Charles II., about 1680, between the Whigs and the Tories as they came to be called. Their leader, Halifax, was a Trimmer on principle, and looked upon the title as one of honour. True to their character, they voted in the Upper House against the Exclusion Bill, although they were known to be opposed to the Duke of York.

Halifax, Character of a Trimmer.

Trinidad, the most southerly of the West India Islands, was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and was for many years used by the Spaniards as a victualling station for their ships. In 1595 it was attacked by Sir Walter Raleigh, and in 1676 was ravaged by the French. In 1783 a free grant of land was promised by the King of Spain to every Catholic settler, and the result was a great immigration from other colonies, the bulk of the new-comers being Frenchmen. In 1797 Trinidad was taken by a British force under Sir Ralph Abercrombie and Admiral Harvey, and by the peace of 1802 England was confirmed in the possession of the island. Immediately after the occupation by the British, numbers of settlers arrived from Scotland and Ireland, and ever since that time the island has been making rapid progress in productive

ness. In 1834 negro emancipation was accepted without any of the disturbances which proved so ruinous to Jamaica, and as a consequence Trinidad, with only a fifth of the population of Jamaica, exports about as much sugar as that island. It is a crown colony, the administration being vested in a governor, an executive council, and a legislative council, nominated by the crown.

Edwards, West Indies; R. M. Martin, British Colonies; Creasy, Britannic Empire.

Trinoda Necessitas, i.e., the threefold necessity of repairing bridges (bricg-bot), keeping up fortifications (burh-bot), and performing military service (fyrd), was incumbent on every holder of land in Anglo-Saxon times, even if he were exempt from every other service. The earliest mention of the trinoda necessitas occurs in the beginning of the eighth century. [FEUDALISM.]

Tripartite Chronicle, THE, is the title of a Latin poem by John Gower, in which he describes the chief events of the reign of Richard II. As the name implies, it is divided into three parts. The first, entitled "Opus Humanum," treats of the Wonderful Parliament and the rule of Gloucester and the barons; the second part, "Opus Inferni.” relates the revenge taken by Richard on the Appellants; while the third, "Opus in Christo," deals with the deposition of Richard and the substitution of Henry. It is written throughout with a strong bias in favour of the Lancastrians, but contains much interesting information as to the state of England at the end of the fourteenth century.

Triple Alliance, THE (Jan. 23, 1668), was made, chiefly by the exertions of Sir William Temple and the Dutch statesman De Witt, between England, Holland, and Sweden. The three powers bound themselves to assist one another against France, and especially in checking the aggressions of Louis XIV. in the Spanish Netherlands. Finding himself threatened by this powerful coalition, Louis was compelled in the same year to make the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (q.v.) with Spain, by which he, while retaining many of the border fortresses of the Netherlands, gave up Franche-Comté, which he had also conquered, and agreed to retire from the Netherlands, while the Spaniards ceded to him many important frontier towns. The Triple Alliance, however, was of short duration, and was reversed two years afterwards by the Treaty of Dover, concluded between England and France (1670), and directed against Holland.

Ranke, Hist. of Eng., and Französische Geschichte; Martin, Hist. de France; Carlsson, Geschichte von Schweden.

Triple Alliance (INDIA) (July 4, 1790 was concluded between the Company, under Lord Cornwallis' governorship, the Nizam, and the Peishwa. Its stipulations were that the

three powers should attack Tippoo's dominions, both during and after the rains, and prosecute the war with vigour; that the Mahrattas and Nizam should join the English, if required, with 10,000 horse, for which they were to be fully reimbursed; that a British contingent should accompany their troops; that all conquests should be equally divided; and that none should make peace without the rest.

Cornwallis. Despatches; Mill, Hist. of India. Trivet, or TRIVETH, NICHOLAS (b. 1258, d. ? 1358), was the son of Sir Thomas Trivet, Chief Justice of the King's Bench. He entered the Dominican order, and on his death-bed attained the position of prior. His Annales Sex Regum Angliæ (1136-1307) have passed through several editions, of which the most accessible is that published by the English Historical Society in 1845. They are also to be found in Luc d'Achery, Spicilegium, tom. 3. The work is chiefly a compilation from different authorities, but the latter part contains some interesting original matter. Mr. Gairdner says: "In clearness of narrative and distinctness of statement it exhibits a marked advance upon the ordinary chronicles of the time. The language, too, is polished and elegant."

Trokelowe, JOHN OF (d.?1343), was a monk of Tynemouth, but in consequence of an act of disobedience was, about 1295, removed in chains to St. Albans, where he was employed to continue the Chronicle of Rishanger. His Annals extend from 1307 to 1323, and are valuable as contemporary authorities.

Trokelowe's Annals have been published in the Rolls Series.

Trollop, SIR ANDREW (d. 1461), served in the French wars, and on the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses joined the Duke of York. In 1459, after the battle of Blue Heath, the combined forces of York, Salisbury, and Warwick assembled at Ludford, close to Ludlow. Here they were confronted by the king, and a battle was imminent, when Trollop deserted with a considerable body of men to Henry. His defection caused the Yorkists to retreat in disorder. Trollop commanded the van of the Lancastrians at the battle of Towton, where he was slain.

a name

Trot of Turriff, THE, was given to a defeat of the Covenanters at Turriff by the Gordons (May, 1639).

Troyes, THE PEACE OF (1564), was concluded, after the surrender of Havre, between France and Engiand. By it the queen's mother undertook to pay 120,000 crowns to England, free trade was to be allowed, and the French hostages were to be released. The English agents were Sir Thomas Smith and Sir Nicholas Throgmorton.

Troyes, THE TREATY OF (May 21, 1420), was concluded between Henry V., Charles VI.,

King of France, and the Burgundian party. The Dauphin and the Armagnacs were still in arms, and refused to recognise the treaty. The terms agreed upon were that the English king should cease to bear the title of King of France; Henry should have the title of regent and heir of France; Henry promised to maintain the French Parliaments in their privileges, and to preserve the privileges of all individuals, and all the laws and customs of the realm of France. Henry promised to

restore to the French king all cities, castles, &c., that had revolted from him, "being on the side called that of the Dauphin and of Armagnac ; Normandy and all parts and cities conquered by King Henry were to be restored to France as soon as Henry succeeded to the throne of France; Henry of England was to succeed on the next vacancy to the throne of France; the two crowns were to be for ever united; each realm was to have its own laws and government, and neither was to be in any way subject to the other; finally, Henry was forthwith to espouse Catherine, daughter of the King of France.

Truro, THOMAS WILDE, LORD (b. 1782, d. 1855), was the son of an attorney; was educated at St. Paul's School; was called to the bar at the Inner Temple (1817); and rose steadily in his profession. In 1820 he was engaged as one of the counsel for Queen Caroline on her trial. He entered the House of Commons for Newark (1831); lost his seat in 1832; but was returned in 1835, 1837, 1839. In 1839 he became Solicitor-General, and in 1841 he was advanced to the Attorney-Generalship, but retired the same year with his party In 1846 he was again Attorney-General, and in 1850 was made Lord Chancellor by Lord John Russell, and created a peer. In 1852 he retired with his party. As Lord Chancellor, he appointed a commission to inquire into the jurisdiction, pleading, and practice of the Court of Chancery. Their report recommended the abolition of the masters' offices, a measure which Lord Truro succeeded in passing though he had quitted office at the time. Several other important reforms in the procedure of the Chancery court and offices were effected by him.

Tudor, THE FAMILY OF, was of Welsh origin, Tudor being probably a corruption of Theodore. The first of the Tudors of whom we have individual knowledge was Owen Tudor, a gentleman who fought during the Wars of the Roses on the Lancastrian side, and who married Catherine of Valois, the widow of Henry V. By her he had two sons, Edmond and Jasper, whom Henry VI. created Earls of Richmond and Pembroke. The marriage of the Earl of Richmond with Margaret, daughter of John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, who was the heiress of the illegitimate branch of the House of Lancaster, founded the for

tunes of the race.

As soon as the house of York became unpopular, Henry, Earl of Richmond, the son of Edmond, was adopted by the party of the Red Rose as the only possible candidate for the throne. When his second attempt to gain the throne was successful, Henry became Henry VII., and was careful to confirm his dubious claims by marrying Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV., and to rule by a quasi-Parliamentary title.

The character of Henry VII. is, to a considerable extent, an enigma. He seems to have been regarded by his contemporaries with a mixture of hatred and admiration, the former called forth chiefly by the exactions of the last part of his reign. The central fact of home policy is the systematic repression of the old nobility, already almost exterminated by the Wars of the Roses, and his continuance of the régime of personal government inaugurated by Edward IV. Abroad he trusted rather to diplomacy than to arms, and the cold mysterious course of action which was adopted also by his contemporaries Louis XI. of France and Ferdinand the Catholic, of Spain, gained for them the title of "the three Magi." The marriage of his daughter Margaret with James IV. of Scotland was an instance of singular foresight. His other daughter, Mary, after marrying the decrepit Louis XII. of France, was united with her old love Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. One of her daughters was the mother of Lady Jane Grey; the heiresses of the others married into the great houses of Seymour and Stanley.

Few kings have been more popular at the time of their accession than the handsome and accomplished Henry VIII. His title was undisputed, and the able part which he soon began to play in foreign affairs still further aroused the national enthusiasm. He showed considerable ability in maintaining the balance of power in Europe, and by the aid of Wolsey was able to a great extent to play off Germany against France, to the great advantage of England. The divorce question, with its momentous consequences, was the turning point of the reign. Henry, always swayed by passion and impulse, was hurried, the nation apparently silently approving, into a rupture with the papacy, and sweeping measures of ecclesiastical reform, including the Act of Supremacy, and the destruction of the old system of monasticism. The Church aristocracy fell before him, as the landed aristocracy had fallen before his father, and on their ruins rose a new and subservient nobility. All this time Henry was sincerely Catholic; his hatred of Lutheranism, and his vigorous persecution of it when it appeared in England, were quite consistent with the publication of the ten articles of religion. During the latter part of his reign Henry was disliked by his subjects, and was conscious of that dislike. The courage with

which he still confronted the formidable coalition of the emperor and the pope was not properly appreciated. Cromwell proved a more violently autocratic instrument than Wolsey had been; the king was vexed by agrarian revolts, and troubled by the failure of his marriage projects. During the last years of his life he was occupied chiefly in arranging the succession, and in alternately persecuting and protecting the parties of reaction and of reform.

The personality of young Edward, a sickly and precocious hothouse plant, is of compara tively little moment in the history of the house of Tudor. The brief reign divides itself into two periods; the first, during which the kingdom was under the uncertain guidance of the Protector Somerset, being marked by the violent advance of the Reformation and terminating in another agrarian revolt; the second being occupied by unprincipled intrigues for the management of the succession. The courage of Mary and the loyalty of the nation thwarted the schemes of Northum berland, and the Catholics of England, certainly a majority of the gentry, hailed with delight the accession of a sovereign who had suffered persecution and sorrow for the cause. It should not be forgotten that Mary did not begin by shedding blood. She spared Lady Jane Grey as long as she could, but her Tudor pride could brook no opposition, and the popular opposition to her marriage with Philip of Spain only made her the more bent on carrying out the project. By that miserable arrangement she wrecked her life. Her domestic life was utterly blighted. She was embroiled in a disastrous war with France, and finally she was induced by her advisers to enter upon a course of religious persecution, which has since unjustly come to be regarded as the chief, and, perhaps, only, feature of her reign.

It is impossible here to give more than the merest general outline of the character and policy of Elizabeth. From the first her attitude to Catholicism was perfectly consistent. With little real religious conviction, she was opposed to the papacy from purely political motives, and the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity were passed solely as a reply to the denial by Paul IV. of her right to succeed. From the same spirit she acted severely towards the Nonconformists; the pale of the English Church was to be as wide as possible, but no independence could be allowed outside of it. In spite of her persecutions, Elizabeth was really tolerant. The whole history of her reign turns upon the religious question, and the religious question in turn upon the succession question. Mary of Scotland was put forward by Catholic Europe as the legiti mist candidate for the throne, and Philip of Spain, with the Guises at his back, posed as her champion. Elizabeth was, therefore, forced, like her father, even though it was