International Law: Or, Rules Regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and War

Front Cover
D. Van Nostrand, 1861 - International law - 907 pages
 

Contents

Full power to negotiate
27
Termination of public missions
33
Questions agitated in Europe
35
CHAPTER II
42
The Roman civil law
55
Decision of courts of prize
56
Adjudications of mixed tribunals
57
Decisions of local courts
58
Reason of the authority of textwriters
59
Treaties and international compacts
60
State papers and diplomatic correspondence
61
CHAPTER III
63
Nor feudal vassalage and paying tribute
66
They may impair or destroy sovereignty
67
Effect of a union of several states
68
A real union
69
When a mere confederation
70
When a composite state
71
Semisovereign states
72
A state involved in civil war
73
Independence of a revolted colony or province
74
Recognition of such independence
75
State sovereignty how lost
76
CHAPTER IV
81
CHAPTER V
97
Royal honors
101
Emperors and kings
102
Rank of republics
103
Usage of the alternat
104
Language of diplomatic intercourse and treaties
105
How regulated
106
In foreign ports and on the high seas
107
Treaties respecting salutes etc
108
General rules established by textwriters
109
Salutes between ships and forts
110
Ships in foreign ports
112
Regulations as to salutes in the British navy
113
French naval regulations
114
Spanish regulations
115
United States army and navy regulations
116
Difficulties in the application of these rules
117
May be avoided by making all salutes international
118
CHAPTER VI
119
Conclusivenes of foreign judgments in rem
176
CHAPTER VIII
182
81
189
82
195
CHAPTER IX
200
Foreign divorces
211
84
234
Origin of the institution of consuls
239
Origin of difference of powers
256
Same system extended to China
257
Act of parliament
258
Treaty between France and China
259
French laws and regulations
260
Treaty between the United States and China
261
Remarks of United States commissioner on this treaty
262
Act of congress for carrying it into effect
263
Decree of United States commissioner in China
265
Controversies between subjects of foreign states in China
266
Mr Cushings opinion on this subject
267
CHAPTER XI
270
Acts of private citizens
274
If such acts be ratified
275
Pretended emigration and expatriation
277
Duties of mutual respect
278
Failure in respect not always an insult
279
Right to trade
280
Declining commercial intercourse
281
Imperfect duties
282
CHAPTER XII
289
CHAPTER XIII
311
86
328
By historians
330
Wars of insurrection and revolution 331
331
Wars of opinion
332
National wars
333
Wars of intervention
334
For the preservation of the balance of power
335
Historical examples
336
Treaty of Paris and congress of Vienna in 1814 and 1815
337
British views of armed intervention
338
By invitation of the contending parties
339
To stay the effusion of blood
340
Public wars
343
Mixed wars
344
Perfect and imperfect wars
345
Effect of subsequent ratification
346
Lawful and unlawful wars
347
Individual liability for acts of hostility
348
CHAPTER XV
350
3 Modern practice of unilateral declaration
352
When this may be dispensed with
354
Conditional declaration
355
United States Constitution on suspension of writ of habeas corpus
375
CHAPTER XVI
381
Insurgent inhabitants and levies en masse
387
Conflicting alliances
411
A warlike association
422
Vattels opinion
423
Policy of treating enemys allies as friends
424
CHAPTER XVIII
425
Rule of reciprocity
444
Limits to this rule
445
CHAPTER XIX
446
Rules different for different kinds of property
447
456
456
CHAPTER XX
470
477
477
Laws of different states
489
Decisions of French prize courts
490
Exemption of vessels of discovery
492
Of fishing boats
493
In cases of shipwreck etc
494
CHAPTER XXI
496
Exceptions
498
Cases of attempt to evade it
499
Withdrawal from enemys country at beginning of war
500
Distinction between cases of domicil and mere residence
501
Necessity of a license discussed
502
Decisions in the United States
503
Where order of shipment cannot be countermanded
504
Vessels liable to capture during continuous voyage
505
Share of partner in neutral house
506
Transfer of ships
507
Trade by resident or domiciled stranger
508
Effect of acceptance of a license from the enemy
509
Possessions and colonies of the enemy
511
Loans of money by neutrals
526
Passage over neutral waters
527
Municipal laws in favor of neutrality
528
Of Great Britain
529
Protection of neutral inviolability
530
Claim for restitution
531
Power and jurisdiction of federal courts
532
Purchasers in foreign ports
533
CHAPTER XXIII
535
What constitutes a public notification
549
Effect of general notoriety
550
When presumption of knowledge may be rebutted
551
Proof of actual knowledge or warning
552
An attempt to enter
553
Inception of voyage
554
In case of de facto blockades
555
Where presumption of intention cannot be repelled
556
Neutral vessel entering in ballast
557
Delay in obeying warning
558
Disregard of warning
559
Violation of blockade by egress
560
When egress is allowed
561
Penalty of breach of blockade
562
When cargo is excepted from condemnation
563
Duration of offense
565
Hautefeuilles theory of the law of blockades
566
CHAPTER XXIV
569
Return voyage
574
If not contraband at time of seizure
575
Destination need not be immediate to enemys port
576
Differences of opinion among textwriters
577
Of modern publicists
578
Ancient treaties and ordinances
580
Modern treaties and ordinances
581
Conflicting decisions of prize courts
582
There is no fixed universal rule
583
Manufactured articles
584
97
586
Provisions
587
Preemption
588
British rule of preemption
589
Insurance on articles contraband of war
590
CHAPTER XXV
592
Visitation and search in time of war
606
English views as to extent of this right
607
Limitations imposed by continental publicists
608
Force may be used in the exercise of this right
609
But must be exercised in a lawful manner
610
Penalty for contravention of this right
611
English decision as to effect of convoy
612
Merchant ships under their convoy
613
Treaties respecting neutral convoy
614
Opinions of publicists
615
Neutral vessels under enemys convoy
617
Resistance of master on cargo
620
388
621
Concealment of papers
623
Use of false papers
624
Impressment of seamen from neutral vessels
625
American rule as defined by Webster
626
CHAPTER XXVI
628
Violation of neutral duty by a state
629
By individuals
630
Criminal character of such violations
631
Opinions of publicists
632
Neutral goods in enemy ships
633
Maxims of free ships free goods and enemy ships enemy goods
634
These maxims in the United States
635
Treaties and ordinances
636
France and England in 1854
637
Congress of Paris in 1856
638
Rule of evidence with respect to neutral goods in enemy ships
639
Neutral goods in such vessel
640
Transporting military persons
642
Engaging in enemys commerce exclusively national
644
Rule of 1756 and rule of 1793
645
Distinction between them
647
Application of the rule of 1793 to continuity of voyage
648
General result of discussions
649
Views of American government
650
Change of British colonial policy
651
CHAPTER XXVII
652
Capitulations
660
Individual promises
662
Passports and safe conducts
663
When and how revoked
664
Their violation how punished
665
Cartels for prisoners
666
Cartel ships
667
Their rights and duties
668
Ransom of captured property
670
Ransom bill
671
Recapture of ransomed vessel and ransom bill
672
PAGE
719
Of captures generally
724
Mere association not sufficient
733
Collusive captures
741
CHAPTER XXXI
748
CHAPTER XXXII
775
Of the conqueror
793
Right of revolution
795
Punishing military insurrections
796
Historical examples
797
Alienations of territory occupied by an enemy
798
Alienations made in anticipation of conquest
799
Private grants so made
800
Transfer of territory to neutrals
801
Effect of military occupation on incorporeal rights
803
Debts due to the government of the territory occupied
804
If former government be restored
805
Examples from ancient history
806
Examples from modern history
807
CHAPTER XXXIII
810
Treaties of Peace
814
PAGE
817
English law on this subject
822
American decisions
823
Laws of the conquered territory
824
Conquered territory under British laws
825
Under the United States
827
Laws of conquered state how affected by the new sovereignty
829
Peace the end and object of war
844
849
849
853
853
Real property
870
Rights of postliminy modified by treaties and municipal laws
877
International law on salvage
885
CHAPTER XXXVI
893

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Page 621 - when I venture to lay it down, that by the law of nations, as now understood, a deliberate and continued resistance to search, on the part of a neutral vessel, to a lawful cruiser, is followed by the legal consequence of confiscation." This penalty is not averted by the orders of the neutral
Page 136 - or crimes committed thereon, or in the waters adjacent thereto, are to be held and deemed to have been done or committed on the high seas, on board a ship or vessel belonging to the United States, and be punished according to the laws of the United States relating to such ships or vessels, and offenses
Page 312 - animo, and it is to be considered as a hostile measure, ab initio, against persons guilty of injuries which they refuse to redeem by any amicable alteration of their measures. This is the necessary course, if no compact intervenes for the restoration of such property, taken before a formal declaration of hostilities.
Page 266 - in China, between citizens of the United States and the subjects of any other government, shall be regulated by the treaties existing between the United States and such governments, respectively, without interference on the part .of China.
Page 607 - equality. It is the common highway of all, appropriated to the use of all, and no one can vindicate to himself a superior exclusive prerogative there. Every ship sails there with the unquestionable right of pursuing her own lawful business without interruption.
Page 684 - cannot, on principle, prevent a suit being brought by the captor directly on the ransom bill." Lord Mansfield considered this contract as worthy to be sustained by sound morality and good policy, and as governed by the law of nations and the eternal rules of justice. Licenses to trade, which properly belong to
Page 128 - the right which belongs to the society or the sovereign, of disposing, in case of necessity and for the public safety, of all the wealth contained in the state." But this definition is obviously defective and incorrect. Chancellor Walworth says:
Page 795 - of the American authorities, nor to hold intercourse •with its inhabitants, nor to trade with them. As regards all other nations, it is a part of the United States, and belongs to them as exclusively as the territory included in our established boundaries.
Page 633 - under heavy suspicions, or there be a vehement presumption of bad faith, or gross prevarication, it is good cause for the denial of further proof; and the condemnation ensues from defects in the evidence, which the party is not permitted to supply. The observation of Lord Mansfield, in Bernard!
Page 339 - any account, to be overlooked, nor ought such a force ever to be thrown into one hand, as to incapacitate the neighboring states from defending their rights against it." (Phillimore, On Int. Law, vol. 1, § 396; Hume, Essays, vol. 2, p. 323; Ortolan, Domaine International, tit. 3;

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