Texas the most important of these Plains Tribes were the Lipan and Mescalero, of Apache stock, and commonly called Apache. They occupied most of the country west of Kerrville and north as far as the upper Brazos and Colorado Rivers. North of them, but already pushing south into Texas, were the Comanche. East of these, between the middle Colorado and the upper Sabine, roamed the Tonkawa and various related tribes. Soon the Comanche made terrible warfare on the Lipan, driving them south and east, and these, in turn, forced the Tonkawan tribes southeastward. Before the English arrived, the Kiowa had begun to roam in Northern Texas.

III. The Coast Tribes.- The numerous tribes living along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico moved about more than the Timber Tribes, but less than the tribes of the plains. During the hunting season, and in the cold. winter months, those who lived on the islands migrated in canoes, made of logs, to the mainland. They all lived in very poor, small dwellings made of poles covered or partly covered with skins or reeds. They had little or no agriculture, but subsisted mainly on fish, eggs of seafowls, wild fruits, nuts, and roots. For catching fish they used spears, and perhaps nets. They also hunted small game near by, and sometimes went to the great plains to hunt buffalo, while the western tribes of the group went each year to the interior to eat and gather cactus fruit and mesquite beans.28 Some of these coast tribes were regarded as cannibals, or man eaters.

Back of the Coast Tribes, between them and the Apache country, were scores of little Pakawan tribes, whose life was partly like that of the coast tribes, and partly like that of the wandering Indians of the plains.

Indian Wars and Migrations. There was much fighting among these Indians.29 This caused various na

tive Texas tribes to change their places of living; it also caused several tribes whose homes had not been in Texas to push in and take the places of or to mingle with the natives.29

MISSIONS

Whenever Spain entered a new country two purposes were always kept in view- to make the nations subject to her king and to win them as converts to the Catholic church. This was plainly shown in the plan of establishing missions. First, a choice location was, if possible, selected for the mission itself; then near by or in the center of a group of missions was placed a fort or presidio,30 in order that the soldiers might protect the priests, hold the country for the king, and overawe the Indians.31 When the savages had been trained to work and had learned to farm, the tribes were given small tracts of land.

Moral Condition of Indians. To appreciate the task undertaken by the Spanish priests, some idea must be had of the moral condition of the Indians. As has been shown, they had no idea of the God we worship, but they had some vague conception of a deity or deities and they filled the whole universe with spirits, good and bad; they seemed to feel that the bad spirits were more powerful, and performed all kinds of ceremonies to keep these demons in a good humor. Their ideas of right and wrong differed widely from ours. Marriage was not a sacred union, so there was no fixed, permanent home life; women were regarded as inferior beings; judged by our standards the men were lazy and dishonest; they were so improvident that they seldom laid up sufficient food for the winter or for a year of famine, consequently in the midst of acres of the richest land they were often in a half starved condition; to love their enemies was un

heard of, but to scalp a foe was the duty of every brave. To change such people into industrious, Christian subjects of his Majesty the King of Spain was indeed a great undertaking.

Beginning of Missions. When the Spaniards came to found the missions, they did not at first erect stone buildings. The priests, assisted by the soldiers, put up simple structures of wood, with roofs of twigs, leaves, and grass. Led by curiosity, and the gentle demeanor of the holy fathers, the Indians came in crowds to watch the strange work. Soon they offered their assistance. A bright picture, a bit of red cloth, or a string of beads, was to them sufficient reward for a day's labor. The lighted candles, the incense, the altar with its handsome fixtures- all the ritual of the Church - charmed and thrilled these simple children of the forest. As the priests taught them day by day, some of them began to comprehend what it all meant, and a few became true Christians. These were anxious to stay near their sacred teachers, whom they learned to love, and were delighted to obey. Many, however, understood only enough of what the priests said to be frightened at what would happen to them in the next world. Moved by fear, they too remained near the fathers, having a vague idea that this might save them. Others liked the good food, the clothing and gifts and came solely for the loaves and fishes." In this way many Indians fell completely under the control of the priests, and work was begun on the permanent missions.

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Plan of Missions.- In East Texas stone was hard to find, hence most of these structures were wooden and have entirely disappeared.32 In Southern Texas, however, the fathers had suitable material to work out their ideal. The general plan of Spanish missions was to

group all necessary buildings about a square or plaza: at one corner, facing the outside square, was the church, a massive stone structure, which might be used as a fortress in times of danger. The convent came next, containing rooms for the priests and teachers, dining rooms, kitchens and offices. There were large granaries filled with food. Houses for the Indians, made also of stone, had doors and windows and were furnished with big beds, chests, pots, kettles, boilers, flat earthen pans and stones for grinding corn. Double porticoes ran all about these buildings and through the porticoes flowed a ditch of pure water for irrigation; the fathers protected this stream with much care, willows and fruit trees being planted near its banks.

About all these there was a wall for protection, with a strong gate and tower on which were mounted cannon. Near by were the farm and the ranch, where the priests raised their crops and cared for their horses and cattle.33

Life in the Missions.- Early each morning all Indians in the mission were assembled for prayers; next they heard mass and a lecture. Each one then went to his task, some toiling in the field, others working on the massive stone buildings, which were to take the place of the wooden structures. In the evening they had religious services. On going to their huts to sleep, they were locked in to prevent their escape. In return for this labor they were well fed and clothed, cared for in sickness and old age, besides being carefully instructed in religious doctrines. As the savages had lived as free as the birds of the air, such a life of confinement told severely on them. When one tried to escape and many

did so soldiers were sent out to capture him. As the supply of converts came in too slowly for the work the priests wished to accomplish, those who were trusted