HAVEN, a harbor.

HEAVEN, the place of happiness.

Heaven is a haven of rest for the Christian.

IDOL, an image.

IDLE, lazy.

The nations who worship idols are idle and ignorant people.

MINSTER, a church.

MINISTER, a clergyman.

The minister preached in York Minster.

MEDAL, a coin.

MEDDLE, to interfere.

The old soldier will not let any one meddle with his medals. ORDINANCE, a law. ORDNANCE, great guns. The War Office issued an ordinance respecting the use of ordnance guns.

PERUSE, to read.

PURSUE, to follow.

If you peruse the newspaper, you will find that the thief was pursued.

PRESERVE, to keep.

PERSEVERE, to strive, to continue Persevere in doing well, and you will preserve a good character.

PRINCIPAL, chief.

PRINCIPLE, a rule.

The principles of Arithmetic and English Grammar were the principal subjects taught by the Principal in the class. POPULACE, the common people. POPULOUS, full of people. Wat Tyler stirred up the populace against the government. London is the most populous city in the world.

PALATE, the roof of the mouth. PALLET, a small bed.
The poor man who lies on that pallet has a very sore palate.
PURE, unmixed--clear.
Give that poor woman a drink of pure milk.

POOR, needy.

The minister was very serious in delivering his series of lectures.

SALARY, wages.

SUIT, to fit.

CELERY, a vegetable. My father is to have his salary raised, and then we can have a garden with lettuce, and celery growing in it. SUITE, a train-retinue. Each of the men in the king's suite wore a new suit of livery. STATUTE, a law. STATUE, an image. Á statute was passed for erecting a statue of Wellington.

SURPLICE, a white robe.

The surplus money after purchasing the surplice for the
clergyman will be given to the poor.

TOUR, a journey.

In our tour through England we visited the Tower of London.
TRACT, a small book.

Some tracts were left in the track of the soldier's march.

WARM, not cold.

The body of the worm is not warm.

WORM, a small insect.

WONT, accustomed.

Sober and industrious people are not wont to be in want.
WON, did win.

The man who won the race looked tired and wan.

Form sentences from the following words in the same manner :

Words spelt alike but differing in accent and meaning.

END OF PART II.

Rules for Spelling are often expressed in language too technical to be intelligible to learners; they are not illustrated by familiar examples, and applied by numerous exercises; they are not classified, and referred to general principles and tendencies of the language, which would show that every rule and every exception is based upon some general law. For these reasons, many teachers rightly feel that Rules for Spelling thus presented are of little practical use in teaching Orthography.

Believing that, when rightly treated, Rules for Spelling may become of great service in teaching, it has been the author's aim in the present work to obviate the above objections, and to render the study of this subject more intelligible, more systematic, and therefore more satisfactory in its results than heretofore.

For the obvious reason that English spelling is usually taught before the study of other languages is entered upon, little reference to derivation is made in the presentation of the following rules and exercises. This will account for the manner in which some of the principles are applied ;—our object being to exemplify, for the purpose of teaching practical spelling, the laws of formation, which regulate the composition and inflection of words within the language itself, and not to trace the words to their origin in other languages.

Rules deduced from the structure of our own language admit of a more general and practical application, and will be safer guides, than rules based upon the derivations of words from other languages.

C

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

The Rules for Spelling which follow, depend upon certain tendencies which regulate the composition of words.

1. ABBREVIATION.

In the composition of words there is a tendency to throw off redundant letters.

Thus full and fill united become fulfil; love with ing added becomes loving; anger with y becomes angry.

This general tendency to abbreviation is common to all languages.

II. INTERCHANGE OF LETTERS.

Certain letters of the alphabet are related to other letters, with which they change in particular connections.

Thus o is related to and exchanges with k.

Letters interchange most readily with those of their own class: thus, t and d interchange with each other and with s, all being dentals; f and v, the sharp and flat labials, often change. Examples of all these and other interchanges are given in the following pages. See the Table of Sounds, p. 36.

III. PREFERENCE, or AVERSION, to CERTAIN LETTERS and COMBINATIONS, in PARTICULAR POSITIONS.

This principle is exemplified in the following cases:

1. DOUBLE LETTERS.

VOWELS. Of the vowels, a, i, u, w, y, are never doubled in
English words.

e and o are the only vowels that are doubled. CONSONANTS.-Of the consonants, h, j, k, q, x, are never doubled.

The remaining consonants, b, c, d, f, g, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, z, are often doubled.

s is more frequently doubled than any other letter, and double s is often repeated in the same word, as, possess, assess, &c.