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Nam aut rescisso negotio res restituitur ei, qui læsus est, huic salvo negotio actio competit in id, quod interest, eum circumventum non esse 1).

§. 1244. Omnis in integrum restitutio peti debet, nec nisi causa cognita conceditur, quare Prætor antea iustitiam earum causarum examinare solet: an veræ sint, quarum nomine singulis subvenit 2). Nil autem interest: per actionem iusto tempore i. e. intra quadriennium institutam petatur 3) restitutio; an per exceptionem ei oppositam, qui ex iniquo negotio læsum convenit 4). Ita vero restitutio facienda est, ut unusquisque integrum ius suum recipiat; nam restitutus sicut in damno morari non debet, ita nec lucrari quidquam potest; quare et eum ipsum reddere oportet, quod ex rescisso negotio ad eum pervenit 5).

Varia vero ratione restitutio fieri potest, veluti rei alienatæ vel cognitione Prætoria vel rescissa alienatione dato RESTITUTORIO in rem iudicio; obligationis exstinctæ vel exceptionis omissæ earum restitutione, item temporis elapsi dierum, qui præterierunt restitutione, contra rem iudicatam vel contra usucapionem, earum, rescissione 6).

§. 1245. In integrum restitutionem petere potest is ipse, qui negotium contraxit et læsus est; sed et alii cedi actio ad eam impetrandam potest; heredibus denique et fideiussoribus ea competit 7). Impetrari autem potest, non nisi contra eum, a quo damnum quis passus est vel contra heredes eius; neque vero extraneum rei perditæ possessorem e regula nobis inquietare licet 8). TIT. II. DE SINGULIS IN INTEGRUM RESTITUTIONUM CAUSIS 9).

§. 1246. Singulas in integrum restitutionum causas referentes

1) Illa fit v. c. propter absentiam, hæc actione doli mali. Vera i. i. restitutio tantum in causis prioris generis dari dicitur.

2) Fr. 3. D. 4, 1 (tit. cit.).

3) C. 7. pr. C. 2, 53 (de temporib. in integrum restit.). De veteri iure vid. c. 2. Cod. Theod. 2. 16. pr. I. 4, 12 (de perpetuis et tempor. action.). 4) C. 7. pr. C. eod.

5) Fr. 24. §. 4. D. 4, 4 (de minoribus). c. un. pr. C. 2, 48 (de reputationib. quæ fiunt in integ. restit.).

6) Fr. 13. §. 1. fr. 39. pr. fr. 42. D. 4, 4 (de min.). fr. 9. §. 3.4.7. fr. 10. §. 1. D. 4, 2 (quod met. causa). fr. 3. D. 4, 1 (h. t.). fr. 26. §. 7. 8. D. 4, 6 (ex quib.). §. 6. 7. I. 4, 6 (de act.). fr. 3. §. 1. (1. mai.). D. 2, 10 (de eo per quem). fr. 46. §. 3. D. 3, 3 (de procurat.). v. Savigny §. 337.

7) Fr. 6. D. 4, 1 (de in integr. restitut.). c. 5. C. 2, 53 (tit. cit.). fr. 7. §. 1. D. 44, 1 (de exceptionibus).

8) §. 5. I. 4, 6 (de actionibus). Sunt tamen causæ, ubi in rem i. e. et adversus extraneum datur restitutio. fr. 13. §. 1. fr. 14. D. 4, 4 (cit.). 9) Maynz §. 160.

Keller §. 79. 80.

primum de ea, quæ propter vim metumve fit, videamus. Si quis enim vi vel IUSTO METU ad negotium damnosum ineundum coactus erat, duplici via Prætor captis succurrit aut vera in integrum restitutione aut metus exceptione vel data actione: quæ dicitur quod metus causa; qua Prætor id, quod metus causa gestum est, rescindit 1); hoc in ea singulare est, quod non solum is, qui vim fecit, ea conveniri potest, sed et extraneus bonæque fidei rei possessor; nam hæc actio in rem scripta est 2). Si reus non restituit, in quadruplum intra annum condemnari potest 3). In simplum per triginta annos eam instituere licet: præter hanc actionem etiam exceptio metus ad rescindendum id, quod gestum est, competit 4).

§. 1247. De DOLO MALO actione 5) intra biennium conveniri potest 6), qui quacunque fallacia alterum circumvenit, in solidum ; eiusque heredes, quatenus locupletiores eo sunt facti 7). Cum hæc actio famosa sit, non datur, nisi cum alia actione ius nostrum persequi non possimus 8). Doli exceptio quoque semper opponi potest ei, qui fraudulose egit. Hac actione proprie in integrum restitutionem vulgo non impetramus, sed præstationem eius, quod interest 9).

§. 1248. Restituitur MINOR VIGINTI QUINQUE ANNIS, qui cum valide contraheret, in detrimentum incidit 10). Nil interest utrum minor tutoris auctoritate aut curatoris sui consensu negotium gesserit; an solus contraxerit, cum pubes curatorem non haberet 11). Non solum minores ipsi, sed etiam heredes eorum in integrum restitutionem petere possunt, nec non minores, si annum XXV. superaverunt, intra quadriennium 12). Varii tamen sunt casus, in quibus nulla datur restitutio 13).

Fideiussori quoque minoris, aliisve pro eo obligatis in integrum

1) Dig. 4, 2. Cod. 2, 20 (quod metus causa gestum erit). v. Vangerow I. §. 185. n. 1. I. II.

2) Fr. 9. §. 8. D. eod. tit.

3) §. 25. 27. I. 4, 6 (de actionibus). fr. 14. §. 1. 4. D. eod.

4) Dig. 44, 4 (de doli vel metus exceptione).

5) Dig. 4, 3. Cod. 2, 21 (de dolo malo).

6) Fr. ult. (eod. tit.).

7) Fr. 26.-29. D. eod. tit.

8) Fr. 1. §. 1. 4. fr. 7. pr. §. 1. D. eod. tit.

9) Sunt tamen quinque casus, in quibus ob dolum vera i. i. restitutio dari solet. v. Vangerow ibid. Nro. III.

10) Dig. 4, 4. Cod. 2, 22 (de minoribus viginti quinque annis).

11) Cod. 2, 25 (si tutor vel curator intervenit).

12) C. ult. C. 2, 53 (tit. cit.). fr. 18. §. ult. fr. 19. D. 4, 4 (tit. cit.).

13) Enumerantur in Commentariis meis 1. c. p. 558.-559. et apud v. Vangerow §. 183.

restitutio impetrata prodest, nisi scientes prudentesque, consulto consilio, ut creditorem contra ipsam in integrum restitutionem securum præstarent, intercesserunt 1).

§. 1249. Restituuntur maiores XXV annis, si reipublicæ causa absunt; item ex generali edicti clausula, et si ob aliam sed non turpem causam absunt 2); inde et dementes restituuntur, qui semper abesse videntur, vel hi, quorum iura propter adversarii absentiam læsa sunt. Ex eadem clausula propter iustum errorem quoque vel propter ignorantiam et rusticitatem in integrum restitutio conceditur. Propter capitis diminutionem minimam novissimo iure romano perraro necessaria est in integrum restitutio 3).

§. 1250. Denique admonendi sumus, in integrum restitutionem quoque locum habere, cum alienationes in fraudem creditorum factæ per Paulianam actionem rescindantur 4): si quis enim in fraudem creditorum rem suam alicui tradiderit, bonis eius a creditoribus ex sententia magistratus possessis, permittitur ipsis creditoribus rescissa traditione eam rem petere i. e. dicere eam rem traditam non esse et ob id in bonis debitoris mansisse 5). Hæc actio Pauliana vocatur 6).

Si quis alienationem, iudicii mutandi causa in fraudem nostram fecit, et iudiciorum exitum inde duriorem nobis constituit, nulla in integrum restitutio datur, sed in factum actio tanti, quanti nostra interfuit, alium adversarium nos non habere 7).

1) Fr. 3. §. 4. fr. 13. pr. D. 4, 4 (h. t.). fr. 95. §.3. D. 46, 3 (de solut.). Paulus rec. sent. I. 9. §. 6. v. Vangerow §. 183. nota 1.

2) Dig. 4, 6. Cod. 2, 54 (ex quib. causis maiores XXV annis in integrum restituuntur). Verba edicti refert fr. 1. §. 1. D. h. t. v. Vangerow §. 188.

et §. 186.

3) Fr. 2. D. 4, 1 (de in integr. restit.). 4) Dig. 4, 5 (de capite minutis). 5) Dig. 42, 8. Cod. 7, 57 (quæ in fraudem creditorum gesta sunt, ut restituuntur. v. Vangerow III. §. 697.

6) §. 6. I. 4, 6 (de actionibus).

7) Dig. 4, 7. Cod. 2, 55 (de alienatione iud. mutand. causa facta). cfr. fr. 1. pr. ei. tit.

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