308. 99 Markland 'dubitari potest de hoc versu.' 100 RUDIS ET GRAIAS MIRARI NESCIUS ARTES III 61 seq. n. VIII 100-110 n. Liv. xxv 40 § 1 B.C. 212 Marcellus, ut non modo suam gloriam, sed etiam maiestatem populi Romani augeret, ornamenta urbis, signa tabulasque, quibus abundabant Syracusae, Romam devexit. § 2 inde primum initium mirandi Graecarum artium opera licentiaeque huic sacra profanaque omnia vulgo spoliandi factum est, quae postremo in Romanos deos...vertit. Cato ib. xXXIV 4 e.g. § 4 infesta, mihi credite, signa ab Syracusis illata sunt huic urbi. iam nimis multos audio Corinthi et Athenarum ornamenta laudantes mirantesque, et antefixa fictilia deorum Romanorum ridentes. § 5 ego hos malo propitios deos. Sall. Catil. 11 § speaking of Sulla's Asiatic campaign ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi Romani amare potare, signa tabulas pictas vasa caelata mirari, ea privatim et publice rapere, delubra spoliare. Plin. XXXVII § 12. Roman magistrates anciently refused to reply even to Greeks except in Latin VM. 11 2 § 2 Periz. Quintil. 15 § 60. Suet. Claud. 16. Here contempt of the fine arts is meant Aen. vI 842-854. Vell. I 13 §§ 4 5 Mummius tam rudis fuit, ut capta Corintho [B.c. 146], cum maximorum artificum perfectas manibus tabulas ac statuas in Italiam portandas locaret, iuberet praedici conducentibus, si eas perdidissent, novas esse reddituros. non tamen puto dubites, Vinici, quin magis pro republica fuerit manere adhuc rudem Corinthiorum intellectum quam in tantum ea intellegi, et quin hac prudentia illa imprudentia decori publico fuerit convenientior. Strabo 381 Polybius was present and bewails the soldiers' contempt of works of art. he saw with his own eyes έρριμμένους πίνακας ἐπ ̓ ἐδάφους, πεττεύοντας δὲ TOÙS σтρаTITAS Eπl TоÚтWV. ib. Mummius being generous, but no connoisseur, freely gave to such as asked. Flor. 1 32-11 16 §§ 6 7. Cic. off. I § 35. II § 76 Beier. [DChrys.] 37 11 123 R άveрwжоs άraidevтos [Mummius] kai μndevòs tŵv kaλŵr Teipaμévos. Thirlwall vIII1 453 454. Marquardt v (2) 209. 102 VIII 102-110. FRANGEBAT 18. 103 PHALERIS XVI PHALERIS 60 n. Liv. XXII 52 § 5 of the booty taken at Cannae si quid argenti, quod plurimum in phaleris equorum erat; nam ad vescendum facto perexiguo, utique militantes, utebantur. GAUDERET ECUs Plin. vIII § 12 when Antiochus was trying a ford Aiax [an elephant], who otherwise always led the van, hung back. tum pronuntiatum eius fore principatum qui transisset, ausumque Patroclum ob id phaleris argenteis, quo maxime gaudent, et reliquo omni primatu donavit. 104 ROMULEAE SIMULACRA FERAE Aen. VIII 630-4 from Ennius (Servius), description of the shield made by Vulcan fecerat et viridi fetam Mavortis in antro procubuisse lupam; geminos huic ubera circum | ludere pendentes pueros et lambere matrem inpavidos, illam tereti cervice reflexa mulcere alternos et corpora fingere lingua. Ov. f. 11 413-420. Schwegler 1 361. 397 n. 424 n. 20. B.C. 296 Liv. x 23 § 12 the aediles ad ficum ruminalem simulacra infantium conditorum urbis sub uberibus lupae posuerunt. DH. 1 79 in his time the same group of ancient work was to be seen at the place. The wolf is still preserved in the Capitoline museum. Burn Rome and the Campagna 157. dict. geogr. 11 723 where it is figured. It is the subject of countless works of art, and Rome still keeps a live wolf on the Palatine and on the Capitol. Claud. cons. Prob. 96-99 of a shield wrought by Vulcan hinc patrius Mavortis amor fetusque notantur | Rumulei, pius amnis inest et belua nutrix. | electro Tiberis, pueri formantur in auro; | fingunt aera lupam; Mavors adamante coruscat. The wolf was sacred to Mars (Schwegler 1 241 n. 2. 415 n. 3), who had a statue on the Appian way ad simulacra luporum Liv. XXII 1 § 12. MANSUESCERE Fabius Pictor in DH. 1 79 ʼn dè λύκαινα οὐ μάλα ἀγριαίνουσα τῶν ἀνθρώπων τῇ προσόδῳ, ἀλλ ̓ ὥσπερ ἂν χειροήθης, ἀποστᾶσα τῶν βρεφῶν ἤρεμα...ἀπῄει. καὶ ἦν γάρ τις οὐ πολὺ ἀπέχων ἱερὸς χῶρος ὕλῃ βαθείᾳ συνηρεφής, καὶ πέτρα κοιλὴ πηγὰς ἀνιεῖσα. Arn. Iv 3 quod abiectis infantibus pepercit lupa non mitis, Luperca, inquit, dea est auctore appellata Varrone. ex rerum ergo proventu, non ex vi naturae dea ista est prodita? et postquam feros morsus immanis prohibuit belua, et ipsa esse occepit et ipsius nominis significantiam traxit? So Kroesos was said to have been suckled by a bitch (Hdt. 1 122. Iustin. XLIV 4 § 12), Habis by bitches and sows (he was thrown to the creatures when ravenous from a long fast, but hurt by none, suckled by some ib. §§ 5 6.) 105 IMPERII FATO Plin. VIII § 61 quae de infantibus ferarum lacte nutritis, cum essent expositi, produntur, sicut de conditoribus nostris a lupa magnitu. dini fatorum accepta ferri aequius quam ferarum naturae arbitror. QUIRINOS Romulus and Remus are called gemini Quirini as Castor and Pollux are called Castores (Minuc. Oct. 21 § 16. Auson. grat. act. fin. Serv. g. III 89. Symm. ep. 195, where also Polluces gemini) and geminus Pollux (Hor. c. 111 29 64) and so possibly geminus Castor (Ov. a. a. 1 746), Polluces (Symm. ep. 1 89), a king and queen reges, a brother and sister fratres, father- and mother-in-law soceri (add to Neue Stat. Th. xI 217. XII 201). Bentley on Hor. s. 1 1 100. Burman on Quintil. 1 835. II 806. Orelli inscr. 4583. Apul. met. II 7. Beda in Migne xc 134. Neue 12 598. 602. So in Sp. hermanos, hijos. 106 NUDAM III 216 n. Addison remarks on Italy: Rome [1 463 Bohn] the old sculptors generally drew their figures naked, that they might have the advantage of the different swelling of the muscles, and the turns of the body.' CLYPEO VENIENTIS ET HASTA Verg. ecl. x 24 venit et agresti capitis Silvanus honore. ['coming with spear and shield': 113 Gallis venientibus. Lucr. III 833 n. ad confligendum venientibus undique Poenis. Venire seems almost a technical word for soldiers coming in a hostile way: Livy often has sub signis venientes and the like.' H. A. J. M.] Addison (p. 464) 'the sculptor..., to distinguish him from the rest of the gods, gave him what the medallists call his proper attributes, a spear in one hand and a shield in the other.' Spear the symbol of Mars Marquardt Iv 5. 107 PENDENTIS Addison (followed by Spence Polymetis dial. 7 p. 77) with schol. makes this a second group, Mars 'descending upon the priestess Ilia' (see Addison's pl. 8 ser. IV Bohn). Lessing (Laokoon c. 7 the long note) retorts: the text makes no allusion to the priestess, who imports a hysteron proteron into the passage. Teuffel (cl. O. Müller's Denkmäler xxIII n. 252-254 where Mars visits Rea Silvia naked, or with a mantle hanging behind him, and bearing shield and spear) makes only one group: the twins suckled in a grotto by the wolf, watched by their father Mars, who bends over them. cf. Verg. pronus pendens in verbera. 108 Suet. Caes. 57 Casaubon. I 141 n. Phaedr. 1 28 5. v 4 3. 20 n. PONEBANT TUSCO CATINO III 168 n. Pers. II 59 60 aurum vasa Numae Saturniaque impulit aera, Vestalesque urnas et Tuscum fictile mutat. Mart. XIV 98 Arretina nimis ne spernas vasa monemus. | lautus erat Tuscis Porsena fictilibus. id. 1 53 6. Plin. XXXIII § 142 Catum Aelium, cum legati Aetolorum in consulatu prandentem in fictilibus adissent, missa ab eis vasa argentea non accepisse, neque aliud habuisse argenti ad supremum vitae diem quam duo pocula quae L. Paulus socer ei ob virtutem devicto Perseo rege donavisset. id. xxxv § 160. Flor. 1 13=18 § 22. See Birch hist. anc. pottery. Marquardt v (2) 249. FARRATA XIV 171 n. Ov. f. vi 180 of the good old times terra fabas tantum duraque farra dabat. DH. II 25. Pers. IV 30 31 tunicatum cum sale mordens | caepe et farrata pueris plaudentibus olla. id. vi 40. Marquardt v (2) 24. Preller röm. Myth.1 116. CATINO VI 343. Hor. s. 16 114 115 domum me | ad porri et ciceris refero laganique catinum. Marquardt v (2) 250. ib. 288 289 cooking vessels of silver. 110 111 for the rhythm cf. xv 150 151 adfectus pětĕre... dispersos trahere. 111 PRAESENTIOR III 18 n. Aen. XII 152. 245. Gonsal. on Petron 17 p. 104 Burm. vox Liv. v 32 § 6 B. c. 391 M. Caedicius de plebe nuntiavit tribunis se in nova via, ubi nunc sacellum est supra aedem Vestae, vocem noctis silentio audisse clariorem humana, quae magistratibus dici iuberet, Gallos adventare. After the recovery of the city ib. 50 § 5 expiandae etiam vocis nocturnae, quae nuntia cladis ante bellum Gallicum audita neglectaque esset, mentio illata, iussumque templum in nova via Aio Locutio fieri. ib. 52 § 11. Cic. de divin. 1 § 101 esp. the conservative comment haec igitur et a dis significata et a nostris maioribus iudicata contemnimus ? II § 69 audita vox est monentis esp. the sceptic taunt Aius iste Loquens, cum eum nemo norat, et aiebat et loquebatur,...postea quam et sedem et aram et nomen invenit, obmutuit? Varro in Gell. xvi 17 § 2. Plut. Camill. 14. 30. de fort. Rom. 5. Schwegler III 239 n. 1 Aius Locutius like Dea Diva, Anna Perenna, Fors Fortuna, Vica Pota. Preller röm. Myth.1 55 compares other divine voices, one after the fall of Alba Longa, complaining of the neglect of the ancient worship, another demanding a propitiatory sacrifice after an earthquake (Cic. de divin. I § 101); a threatening voice in the temple of Mater Matuta at the destruction of Satricum by the Latini (Liv. vI 33 § 5); Verg. g. 1 476. For the personification of speech Preller compares Fabulinus and Farinus. 112 AUDITA est. 113 LITORE AB OCEANI Liv. V 37 § 2 invisitato atque inaudito hoste ab Oceano terrarumque ultimis oris bellum ciente. Flor. I 7=13 § 5. Aug. ep. 169 102 ab ultima Hispania, id est ab Oceani litore. 114 HIS hac voce et huiusmodi signis MADVIG. MONUIT Liv. v 32 cf. Liv. XXXIV 4 (cited on 100). 116 FICTILIS 109 n. 126 n. 1 168 n. Cic. de divin. 1 § 16 in fastigio Iovis optimi maximi, qui tum erat fictilis. Sen. contr. 9 § 1 quietiora tempora pauperes habuimus: bella civilia aurato Capitolio ges. simus. ib. § 18 quid loqueris Fabricios, quid Coruncanios? pompae ista exempla, fictiles ubi fuerunt dei. Varro in Non. p. 162 quod inter eos Ioves intersit et hos qui ex marmore ebore auro nunc fiunt, potes animo advertere et horum temporum divitias et illorum paupertates. Tibull. I 10 19-24. Prop. v=iv 1 5 seq. e.g. fictilibus crevere deis haec aurea templa. Ov. f. 1 197–208 esp. 202 inque Iovis dextra fictile fulmen erat. DH. II 23 saw feasts spread for the gods on old-fashioned wooden tables on earthen platters, barley bread and spelt etc. and the libations in cups of crockery. Sen. ep. 31 § 11 'te quoque dignum finge deo.' finges autem non auro, non argento: non potest ex hac materia imago dei exprimi similis: cogita illos, cum propitii essent, fictiles fuisse. id. cons. Helv. 10 § 7 quorum tecta nondum auro fulgebant, quorum templa nondum gemmis nitebant. itaque tunc per fictiles deos religiose iurabatur. id. ben. 1 6 § 3. Plin. xxxiv § 34 lignea potius aut fictilia deorum simulacra in delubris dicata usque ad devictam Asiam, unde luxuria. ib. § 15. XXXVI § 6. XXXV § 157 of the Capitoline Iuppiter dedicated by Tarquinius Priscus fictilem eum fuisse...hae enim tum effigies deorum erant lautissimae, nec paenitet nos illorum qui tales eos coluere, aurum enim et argentum ne dis quidem conficiebant. ib. § 158. Tert. apol. 25 frugi religio et pauperes ritus et nulla Capitolia certantia ad caelum...nondum enim tunc ingenia Graecorum atque Tuscorum fingendis simulacris urbem inundaverant. Marquardt iv 5. 43. v (2) 236-7. 263-4. Jahn's Persius p. 136. VIOLATUS III 20 n. Luc. Ix 519-521 of Juppiter Ammon pauper adhuc deus est, nullis violata per aevum | divitiis delubra tenens, morumque priorum | numen Romano templum defendit ab auro. Plin. xxxvii § 1 violare etiam signis, quae causa gemmarum est, quasdam nefas ducentes. 117 DOMI NATAS not the foreign citrus 1 137 n. Mart. XII 66 6. XIV 90. On imported luxury see 111 60-85 n. VI 286-305 esp. 298-300 prima peregrinos obscena pecunia mores | intulit, et turpi fregerunt saecula luxu | divitiae molles. VIII 225. XIV 179-188 esp. 187 188 peregrina ignotaque nobis | ad scelus atque nefas, quaecumque est, purpura ducit. Sen. cons. Helv. 10 §§ 2 3. Stat. s. III 3 87-95 boasts of the vastness of the importations. NATAs properly applies to the trees, but cf. Hor. c. 1 27 1 natis in usum laetitiae scyphis. 120-129 Luxury in furniture now-a-days. Venison and turbot have no relish, roses and perfumes stink, unless our broad tables of citrus rest on a leopard of ivory: this, the cast-off burden of the monster of the tropics, alone can whet jaded appetite; a silver pedestal is as an iron ring on the finger. 120 seq. 16 n. v 93 seq. n. 121 RHOMBUS IV 39 n. DAMA Mart. I 49 23 (where it is classed with the hare and boar). III 58 28. XIII 94. 122 UNGUENTA IV 108 n. VI 297. 303. IX 128. xv 50. Hor. c. II 3 13 14. 7 8 and 23. III 14 17. Mart. x 19 19 20 cum furit Lyaeus, | cum regnat rosa, cum madent capilli. Ath. 685c ἡ δὲ τῶν στεφάνων καὶ μύρων πρότερον εἴσοδος εἰς τὰ συμπόσια ἡγεῖτο τῆς DEUTÉρas траπéns. Lucr. v 1128. Forbiger 12 366. ROSAE v 36. xv 50. Hor. c. 1 36 15. 38 3. Mart. III 68 5 hic iam deposito post vina rosasque pudore. 11 11 14. III 29 3. VM. 11 6 § 1 primosque Ionas unguenti coronarumque in convivio dandarum et secundae mensae ponendae consuetudinem haud parva luxuriae inritamenta repperisse. Plut. qu. conv. III 1 tit. εἰ χρηστέον ἀνθινοῖς στεφάνοις παρὰ πότον. Plin. XXI §§ 6-69 e.g. § 14 paucissima nostri genera coronamentorum inter hortensia novere, ac paene violas rosa sque tantum. Clem. Alex. paed. II c. 8 tit. εἰ μύροις καὶ στεφάνοις χρηστέον. Becker Charikles I 495. Hence the proverb sub rosa. Marquardt v (1) 341. Forbiger 12 216. At a feast given to Nero the roses (no doubt in winter) cost more than four million sesterces Suet. 27. With the thought cf. Fronto ad M. Caes. 1 7 pp. 18 19 Naber nullum adeo vile aut vulgatum est holus aut pulpamentum, quin elegantius videatur vasis aureis adpositum. idem evenit floribus et coronis: alia dignitate sunt, cum a coronariis veneunt, alia cum a sacerdotibus porriguntur. ORBES I 137 n. 138 n. 123 EBUR Plaut. Stich. 377 lectos eburatos, auratos. Varro 1. 1. vIII § 32 if we applied the principle of analogy' to ་ furniture, we should not take more pleasure supellectile distincta quae esset ex ebore and other substances and varying shapes than in grabati, which generally are of one stuff and make. At Caesar's funeral (Suet. 84) lectus eburneus auro et purpura stratus. Mart. II 43 9 10 tu Libycos Indis suspendis dentibus orbes: | fulcitur testa fagina mensa mihi. id. XIV 91. Luc. x 119-121 ebur atria vestit | et suffecta manu foribus testudinis Indae | terga sedent crebro maculas distincta smaragdo. ib. 144-5 dentibus hic niveis sectos Atlantide silva | imposuere orbes. Plin. XII § 5 ut a dis nato iure luxuriae eodem ebore numinum ora spectantur et mensarum pedes. Lucian gallus 14 he who used to go in rags and was fain to lick the cups, now drives out in purple, has his servants, cups of gold, tables with ivory feet. Ath. 49a τράπεζαι ἐλεφαντόποδες. Plat. com. ib. 48 ἐν κλίναις ἐλεφαντόποσι. ÚCass. XI 10 § 3 Seneca had 500 such tables! Tubero in dig. xxxIII 10 7 § 1 nec mirum est moribus civitatis et usu rerum appellationem eius [supellectilis] mutatam esse: nam fictili aut lignea aut vitrea aut aerea denique supellectili utebantur, nunc ex ebore atque testudine et argento, iam ex auro etiam atque gemmis supellectili utuntur. ib. 7 12 § 28 mensae...eboreae. Clem. Al. paed. II § 25 p. 188 KλTĥpés τε ἀργυροῖ...σκεύη ἀργυρᾶ τε καὶ χρυσᾶ.....καὶ ἐλέφαντος...κλῖναί τε ἀργυ ρόποδες καὶ ἐλεφαντοκόλλητοι. Marquardtv (1) 318. (2) 334. ['ET=id est; like atque in Lucr. 111 993 n. quem volucres lacerant atque exest anxius angor.' H. A. J. M.] 124 DENTIBUS 123 n. Plin. cited on xII 36. SYENES Assouan, PORTA VIII 160 n. a frontier fortress in Southern Egypt, held by three cohorts Strab. 797. Hence porta may be the gate of the town, through which all traffic from Aethiopia, e.g. Nubian ivory, must pass. Others, since the valley of the Nile is greatly narrowed below Syene, understand by porta the pass thus formed. The lives of Iuv. (n. 1 and 2 Jahn) seem to imply that he was banished to this town (missusque ad praefecturam cohortis in extrema Aegypti parte tendentis). Here were the quarries of Syenite marble, which supplied Egypt with its statues and obelisks. 125 MAURO OBSCURIOR INDUS V 53 nigri...Mauri. The two kinds of elephants were distinguished by the ancients (cf. sat. x 150 n.) and the African was found much further north than now Plin. VIII § 32 elephantos fert Africa ultra Syrticas solitudines et in Mauretania,......sed maximos India. Hence Indus dens, Indum ebur, etc. Catull. 64 48 Ellis. Ov. m. VIII 288. Petron. 135. Stat. s. III 3 94-5 Indi | dentis honos. Mart. cited 123 n. id. x 98 6 citrum vetus Indicosque dentes. 172 4 emptis ossibus Indicoque cornu. Plin. ind. elephas. OBSCURIOR INDUS Apul. fl. 1 6 Indorum non aeque miror eboris strues,...nec quod isdem Indis ibidem sitis ad nascentem diem tamen in corpore color noctis est. Luc. IV 679 680 concolor Indo | Maurus. 126 DEPOSUIT has shed. The elephant has six grinders on each side of each jaw; those towards the front grow first and are worn, and then the others in turn come into use. 'One tooth alone is used (on each side of each jaw) at any time. This one may be an entire one or the halves of two (one worn, the other coming into use). The elephant does not eject as useless any teeth or tooth-structures' (I owe this note to A. H. Garrod, Esq. of the Zoological Gardens). Iuv. in the tone of Pliny (e. g. XII § 2) or Seneca is lashing the deliciae of the age; instead of using homegrown timber, men import at vast cost ivory, the mere refuse of a monster from Barbary. NABATAEO Plin. vI § 144 Nabataei oppidum |