The British officer whom you met yesterday has been ordered home.

Whom is a relative pronoun, in the third person, singular number, and masculine gender, to agree with its antecedent officer, and in the objective case, because it is the object of the verb met.

What he says is true.

What is a relative pronoun, without antecedent expressed; it is in the objective case, because it is the object of the verb says. The clause what he says is then to be parsed as subject of the predicate is true.

EXERCISE 55

Parse the relative pronouns :

I. I have lost the book that you lent me. 2. The tailor that lived on Broadway has moved. 3. The rain which threatened has passed over. 4. Have you seen the sailor that returned from Hawaii last week? 5. I know a little boy whose name is Jack. 6. Thomas Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence, also founded the University of Virginia. 7. The Philippine Islands, which the Americans acquired from Spain, are very fertile. 8. Rudyard Kipling, whom Americans at first disliked because he criticised them severely, has since become a favorite author in the United States. 9. Lightning struck the tree under which we were sitting. 10. My friend whom you met is a doctor. 11. He laughs best who laughs last. 12. They who sow the wind reap the whirlwind. 13. Benjamin Franklin, who wrote "Poor Richard's Almanac,” was famous as a scientist. 14. The people whose houses were burned lost heavily. 15. He was always just, even to people whom he disliked. 16. Who is the man that you were talking with just now? 17. The book that you spoke of is in the library. 18. The catalogue that you sent for will come to-morrow. 19. Your sister has found the purse you lost yesterday. 20. That's the funniest story I ever heard. 21. He knew me the minute he saw me. 22. The book he wants is in my desk. 23. I, who am known to you all, give you my word for it. 24. O thou that hearest prayer, to thee shall all flesh come. 25. Give me what you have in your hand. 26. Did you get what you wanted? 27. Whatever he undertakes prospers. 28. Who breaks, pays. 29. Whoever crosses this line does so at his peril. 30. Such as are worthy will be promoted. 31. There is no one in the school but likes him.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

71. Demonstrative Pronouns point out emphatically the person or thing referred to. They are this, plural these, and that, plural those. The former stands for a nearer, the latter for a more remote, person or thing. They are not inflected for case; the same form is used for the nominative and objective, and the possessive is wanting.

This is the book you asked for.

That is yours; this is mine.
These are the men I told you of.

Those are the books I want, not these.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

72. The following words, some of which are properly adjectives and others nouns, have, when used substantively, a pronominal value and are classed together as Indefinite Pronouns :

Any, any one, anybody, anything;

Some, some one, somebody, something;

One, none, nobody, nothing;

Aught, naught; both; much, little; many, several, few, all; either, neither; each; such.

One and its compounds, somebody and the like, other and another, either and neither, have a possessive case: One's duty. Somebody's book. One and other have the plurals ones, others.

73. Reciprocal Pronouns. Each other, one another, are called Reciprocal Pronouns. In the sentence, "They helped one another," one is in the nominative case, in apposition with they; another is in the objective case, object of the verb helped.

In such sentences as, "I tell you what," what is neither relative nor interrogative, but indefinite, and should be parsed as such.

EXERCISE 56

Parse the demonstrative and the indefinite pronouns :

1. Have you seen this before? 2. That is what I asked you. 3. Are these the goods you ordered? 4. This is the most interesting story I ever read. 5. Those who come first will get the best seats. 6. Has any one been in this morning? 7. He promised to give special attention to those who apply by letter. 8. I preferred these to those. 9. One never knows what may happen. 10. Each respected the other. II. One's conduct speaks louder than one's words. 12. They kept each other's secrets. 13. It is somebody else's turn to go. 14. That is nobody's business but his. 15. Some went one way, some another. 16. I have no ink; please give me some. 17. If any one comes, tell him to wait. 18. Do you need anything more? 19. Both of them may go, for aught I care. 20. Neither of these answers is right. 21. All of you made the same mistake. 22. Some said yes, others no. such is the kingdom of heaven. 24. Few can tell what he really thinks. 25. When he is angry he stops at nothing. 26. That is all I have to say. 27. Somebody has scribbled on my paper, and I haven't any that I can use. 28. Which pen do you want, this or that? 29. Give me both. 30. He has seen much, but has learned little. 31. Each of them gave a different answer. 32. Few shall part where many meet.

REVIEW

Parse the nouns and the pronouns :

23. Of

1. Talent is that which is in a man's power; genius is that in whose power a man is.

2. There are some that bear a grudge even to those that do them good.

3. I am a part of all that I have met.

4. Go, get you to your house.

5. Whoever fights, whoever falls,

Justice conquers evermore.

6.

Who is he

That he should rule us? Who hath proven him
King Uther's son ?

7. Rattle his bones over the stones!

He's only a pauper whom nobody owns!

8. Oh, don't you remember sweet Alice, Ben Bolt,
Sweet Alice, whose hair was so brown;

Who wept with delight when you gave her a smile,
And trembled with fear at your frown?

Who much receives, but nothing gives;

Whom none can love, whom none can thank, —
Creation's blot, creation's blank.

10. The spirit who bideth by himself
In the land of mist and snow,

He loved the bird that loved the man
Who shot him with his bow.

11. How happy is he born and taught,
That serveth not another's will;
Whose armor is his honest thought,
And simple truth his utmost skill!

12. That time of year thou mayst in me behold

When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang

Blest are those

13. Whose blood and judgment are so well commingled, That they are not a pipe for fortune's finger

To sound what stop she please. Give me that man
That is not passion's slave, and I will wear him

In my heart's core, ay, in my heart of heart,
As I do thee.

CHAPTER XIII

ADJECTIVES

74. Adjectives may be divided into three classes:

(1) Adjectives of Quality: A good horse. A wise man. Cold weather.

(2) Numeral Adjectives: Five days. Three times. The seventh man.

(3) Pronominal Adjectives: This class. That boy. Which book?

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES

75. Numerals are of two kinds, Cardinals and Ordinals. The Cardinals are those which tell how many: one, two, three, twenty, hundred, thousand.

The Ordinals are those which tell position in a series: first, second, third, twentieth, hundredth, thousandth.

The ordinals (except first and second) are also used to tell the parts into which a quantity or thing is divided, and have then the construc tion and inflection of nouns: Two-thirds of the crew were drowned. Three-fifths of twenty is twelve.

PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES

76. Pronominal Adjectives fall, according to their meaning, into the following classes:

(1) The possessive forms of the personal pronouns have the value of adjectives, and are by many grammarians called Possessive Adjectives: My book. Your pencil.