finite pronoun whatsoever, which is used of things. What, as an indirect interrogative, has an adjectival construction; as, "And the officers shall speak, saying: What man is there that hath built a new house ?"-Deut. xx, 5; and may, as here, be employed in connexion with persons; so we find the word resolved thus: "What man socver there be of the house of Israel."-Lev. xvii. 3 ; also whatsoever man (Lev. xvii. 10). Hence it appears that, as applied to persons, whosoever is purely a pronoun, and whatsoever is a pronominal adjective. With the neuter which, also, the particles ever and soever combine, forming whichever and whichsoever; e. g., You shall have whichever of these books you wish. Among the compound pronouns, the pronouns which are called reciprocal find their proper station. Reciprocal pronouns are those in which the action is reciprocated, that is, proceeds from the one to the other; e. g., They struck each other. Each other is a reciprocal pronoun, for the action of each falls on the other. Let there be two persons concerned, A and B ; then A strikes B, and B strikes A. The right pronoun to use here is one another. Let three or more persons be concerned, A, B, C. Here A strikes B and C, and B strikes A and C, and C strikes A and B. The proper pronoun here is each other. One another is however used, in a general way, where several persons are con cerned; e. g., 2 PERSONS: RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS. They love one another. 3 OR MORE PERSONS: They love each other. They love one another. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS, OR PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES. As already intimated, the union in one word of the attributes of an adjective and those of a pronoun, gives birth to a class of terms which may be designated as adjective pronouns, or pronominal adjectives. We give the ensuing list :- There are other forms of words, such as all, anybody, somebody, &c., which have been ranked under our present head, but which, to me, appear to fall under other categories. All, for instance, is clearly an adjective; somebody is made up of some, an adjective, and body, a noun. It must, however, be admitted that the lines of demarcation here are not very clear, and a word which appears to one person as an adjective, may to another seem to take rank among pronouns. But it may be suggested that, whatever other quality a word may possess or acquire, it must, in order to take rank among pronouns, be capable of standing instead of a noun, and that independently, and not merely as an adjective having its noun understood. The derivation of the words which form the foregoing list is sufficiently clear without additional remarks. Some of the words remain uninflected; as, any and own. Most of them are, however, capable of a possessive case; as, another's, each other's, one another's, either's, neither's, the former's, the latter's; e. g., Thomas and William fought; the former broke the latter's left arm, and the latter knocked out the former's right eye. EXERCISES.-COMPLETE. The Seventy's translation of the Old Testament is very valuable. The boy is not only young, but he is also wealthy. "Attend to what a lesser muse indites."-Addison. Barcelona was taken through a most unexpected accident. The watch is beautiful, but it is dear. Are you the bridegroom? No, I am not he. I will not destroy the city for twenty's sake. The inhabitants of the lesser Asia (Asia Minor) are dark-skinned. Manslaughter is not murder. Jesus answered: "If I honour myself, my honour is nothing; it is my Father that honoureth me, of whom ye say that he is your God; yet ye have not known Him, but I know Him." They sat down in ranks by hundreds and by fifties. God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. These shoes are homemade. Suicide is self-murder. The avaricious man is a selftormentor. Whatever is humane is wise; whatever is wise is just; whatever is wise, just, and humane, will be found the true interest of states. "I still had hopes, my latest hours to crown, Amidst these humble bow'rs to lay me down." Goldsmith. A boy should understand his mother-tongue well before he enters upon the study of a dead language; or, at any rate, he should be made perfect master of the meaning of all the words which are necessary to furnish him with a translation of the particular one which he is studying. No discipline is more suitable to man, or more congruous to the dignity of his nature, than that which refines his taste, and leads him to distinguish, in every subject, what is regular, what is orderly, what is suitable, and what is fit and proper. Those words which were formerly current and proper, have now become obsolete and barbarous. Alas! this is not all: fame, too, in time tarnishes; and men grow out of fashion. Charlemagne was the tallest, the handsomest, and the strongest man of his time; his appearance was truly majestic, and he had surprising agility in all sorts of manly exercises. Money, like other things, is more or less valuable, as it is more or less plentiful. "His words bore sterling weight, nervous and strong;" "To make the humble proud, the proud submit, Churchill. Wiser the wisest, and the brave more brave." W. S. Landor. I am satisfied that in this, as in all cases, it is best and safest, as well as 'most right and honourable, to speak freely and plainly. The Gospel, under the aid of God's Holy Spirit, has power to make the proud humble, the selfish disinterested, the worldly heavenly, and the sensual pure. God's providence is higher, and deeper, and larger, and stronger than all the skill of his adversaries; and his pleasure shall be accomplished in their overthrow, unless they repent and become His friends. Words are voluntary signs; and they are also arbitrary, except a few simple sounds expressive of certain internal emotions, and certain external movements, which sounds being the same or nearly the same in all languages, must be the work of nature; thus the unpremeditated tones of admiration are the same in all men. It may serve to show the student the changes our language has undergone, if I subjoin an exercise for correction, the corrections to be made according to the statements and rules laid down under each head. My purpose can be answered only by the instances being taken from authors of high repute. From such authors, consequently, they will be taken. The term "correction" may lead to a false impression. Let no one who makes the required corrections, suppose that he writes better English than the writers whose names will follow. The truth, in general terms, is, their English was perfect in their day. The occasion for correction arises from the fact that since their time our language has undergone much change, and it is the English of the present day that the student must aim to write. EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION. "Our language is now certainly properer and more natural than it was formerly."-Bishop Burnet. "Four of the ancientest, soberest, and discreetest of the brethren shall regulate it."-Locke. "What heaven's Great King hath powerfulest to send against us."-Milton. "Benedict is not the unhopefulest husband that I know."-Shakspeare. Milton. That what she wills to do or say, Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best." "For we which live, are always delivered unto death for Jesus' sake."-Paul. "They which believe in God must be careful to maintain good works."- -Barclay. "Before his book he placeth a great list of that he accounts the blasphemous assertions of the Quakers."-Barclay. "More shame for ye; holy men I thought ye."-Shakspeare. "There is no vice so simple but assumes 66 Shakspeare. "Unless when ideas of their opposites manifestly suggest themselves."-Wright's Grammar. Every one of us, each for hisself, laboured how to recover him."--Sidney. SPECIMEN OF PARSING. "Judges ought to be more learned than witty, more reverend than plausible, more advised than confident; above all things, integrity is their portion and proper virtue "-Lord Bacon. art thou that judgest another man's servant?"-Paul. "Who Judges, from judge (Latin, judex), a common noun, masculine gender, plural number, of the third person, the subject to the verb ought. Ought, from to owe, a verb in the past tense, third person singular number, agreeing with its subject judges. To, a preposition. Be, a verb in the infinitive mood, dependent on to. Learned, a participle, compared by the adverb more. Than, a conjunction, required after more, thus, more than. Witty, an adjective, may be compared thus, witty, wittier, wittiest or witty, more witty, most witty. Reverend, an adjective, from the Latin participle reverendus, which is connected with vereor, I respect, I fear. Plausible, an adjective, compared by more and most, as being a polysyllable. Advised, a participle, used as an adjective, compared by more and most. Confident, an adjective, from the Latin cum, with, and fides, trust, compared by more and most. Above, a preposition. All, an adjective, qualifying things. Things, a noun neuter, in the plural number, dependent on the preposition above. Integrity, an abstract noun (from the Latin integer, whole, sound, uninjured), in the singular number of the neuter gender, the third person, being the subject to is. Is, a verb, present time, agreeing with its subject integrity. Their, a possessive pronoun, third person plural, constructed wi h a noun. Portion, a noun neuter, singular number, third person, explanatory of the noun integrity. And, a conjunction. Proper, an adjective, qualifying virtue; proper is one of those nouns which do not admit of comparison. Virtue, an abstract noun, neuter gender, third person singular. Who, an interrogative pronoun. Art, a verb, second person singular, present indicative of the verb to be. Thou, a personal pronoun, of the second person singular. That, a relative pronoun, agreeing with its antecedent thou. Judgest, a verb, in the second person singular, to agree with that. Another, an adjective, qualifying man; had the words run "another's servant," then another's would be commonly accounted a pronoun. Man's, a common noun, of the masculine gender, third person, singular number, in the possessive case, governed by ser vant. Servant, from the Latin servus, a slave, a noun of the common gerder, the object to the verb judgest. Enjoin on, WORDS WITH THEIR PROPER PREPOSITIONS. immediately from the French enjoindre, to command; and through that from the Latin injungere, in, on, or upon, and jungo, I join. Enter in, into, immediately from the French entrer, to go in; so from the Latin intra, within. Envious of, Equal to, French envie, pain at others' success, and Latin invidia, of similar import. Latin aequalis, and that from aequus, properly a level flat, or plane, hence equal or just in a moral sense. Equivalent to, aequus, and valeo, I am strong. Espouse to, from the French epouser, to marry; and that from the Latin spondere (whence sponsus and sponsa, a bridegroom and a bride), to promise, betroth; the s in espouse is derived from the obsolete form espouser, and belongs to the root, as is seen in spondere, sponsus, aud sponsa. Estimated at, French, estimer, and that from the Latin aestimo (aes), to give, the value of.. Estranged from, French etranger, a foreigner; Latin extraneus, living beyond the borders. Exception to, ex, from, and capio, I take; Latin. Excluded from, ex, out of, and claudo, I shut; Latin. Expelled from, ex, out of, and pello, I drive; Latin. . Expressive of, ex, out, and premo, I press; Latin. PREPOSITIONS. In the universe, and in human life, things stand not apart and alone, but are connected together, and act one upon another. This system of mutual dependence is conceived of by the mind, and finds utterance in our words. If the utterance is a suitable and sufficient utterance, language must represent the reciprocal relations that exist everywhere. Language does express those relations. Dependence exists in language as much as in the universe. The object depends on its verb; the possessive case depends on its noun; nouns generally depend also on prepositions. The dependence of nouns on prepositions is an essential element in language. If I say "I go," I make a scarcely intelligible statement, but if I say "I go to school," I make a full statement, and am understood. Remove the "to," the sentence is incomplete. I have uttered no idea. To is a preposition, hence you see that in certain forms of words prepositions are necessary to the sense. Here the relation marked by the preposition is the relation of a verb to a noun. How does go stand related to school? In the preposition to the answer is found. Instead of to the preposition might be from, or out of, still the relation of the verb go to the noun school depends for its character on the preposition. Not wholly or exclusively does the relation depend on the preposition. In part the relation depends on the verb. In full, then, the relation depends on the verb and on the preposition. The preposition supplements the verb. The preposition supplies that of which the verb fails. The preposition defines the exact relation of the verb to the noun. Hence the preposition might be considered as a part of the verb; and the verb, instead of being a simple word, might be regarded as a compound word, thus: "I |