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YACCA WOOD-A native tree of Jamaica used in cabinet work.

YACHT

BASINS-Generally consist of low frame shacks. In the winter frozen conditions are severe because boats cannot be moved. A poor fire record class. See Ship Building Yards.

YACHTS should be anchored out in the stream, except when the craft is laid up for repairs or for the season and not at the dock or club house, as in case of fire the loss may be large. Careful owners will not expose their pleasure boats to the hazard of a sweeping fire in a poorly kept boat yard or near buildings where a fire is likely to start.

YARN-Woolen or other thread spun and prepared for

weaving.

YEAST is a living plant used for the purpose of causing fermentation. The yeast we use in baking is artificial, composed of a dough made of flour and starch and a little common yeast made into small cakes and dried. It is necessary to add water to start the fermentation.

YEAST FACTORIES-The process consists of receiving, elevating, cleaning, malting, grinding, conveying, mashing, cooking and fermenting the grain. The scum (yeast) from the tops of fermenting tanks, is removed, mixed with water and starch, filtered and then pressed into cakes. The hazards are those of breweries. Fair risks if hazards safeguarded. See Vinegar Works.

YELLOW METAL-A kind of brass.

YELLOW PHOSPHORUS-See Phosphorus., MIS YELLOW WOOD-A hard wood of the dyersi mulber tree. Used as a yellow dye in consequenced of the dange amount of tannic acid it contains.ni bovlozzib ai onis 919dw YERBA-A tea from Paraguay. . .geb d8 YUCCA GRANCA A wild grass of the Southwestw being used, in papeg-makings to atste mit adt tot

ZACATON-A fibrous Mexican grass, used as a substitute for wood pulp.

Z BAR-An iron or steel rail, shaped at end or crosssection like the letter "Z," except that angles are 45 degrees.

ZAFFRE-An impure Cobalt oxide, prepared by roasting cobalt ore, reducing it to a powder, and adding three parts ground quartz or fine sand. It is used by enamelers, porcelain and glass decorators.

ZANTE is used as a yellow dye.

ZAPON LACQUER is used for varnishing metal. It is a solution of gun cotton. (Vapor is explosive if in contact

with an open flame.)

ZAPUPE is a hard fibre.

ZEA FIBRE-Sometimes used in paper or cordage manufacturing.

ZERO In Fahrenheit's scale, is 32 degrees below the freezing point of water. In Centigrade and Reaumur's scales, zero is the freezing point of water. To change from Centigrade to Fahrenheit multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32. To change from Reaumur to Fahrenheit multiply by 9 divide by 4 and add 32.

ZERO WEATHER-Always brings numerous claims for fires caused by overheating stoves or furnaces. See Coal Shortage.

ZINC-A bluish-white metal; is brittle when cold, but can be rolled into sheets when heated to a certain degree. Explosions in chemical risks are known to have been caused where zinc is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. It melts at 786 deg. F.

ZINC (resinate of) is not permitted in listed storage stores on account of the fine state of division of the resin in the

compound. It may be expected to heat and ignite spontaneously, if moist; similar to zinc dust.

ZINC CHLORIDE-The salt obtained by heating zinc in chlorine gas, also by dissolving zinc in hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen is given off in the process. The process is dangerous. A powerful dehydrant. No fire hazard.

ZINC DROSS-A material skimmed from zinc; a byproduct of galvanizing iron. .

ZINC DUST-Consists chiefly of finely-divided metallic zinc. It is subject to spontaneous combustion when moist. Classed as inflammable, and is not permitted in stipulated

stores.

1

ZINC ETCHING, up to a certain point, is quite similar to half-tone work, and is usually employed to reproduce pen sketches or designs which are photographed, as in the halftone process. In printing on the zinc plates from the negatives, however, no screen is used as in making half-tones. After the sensitized plate has been printed from the negative it is rolled up" or inked. The ink is then removed from all parts of the plate except those affected by the light. On these parts it remains and then the plate is rubbed with dragon's blood, which adheres to the ink portions only. The application of dragon's blood is frequently necessary to protect the parts of the plate which are not to be etched. After a sufficient number of etchings, or “bites” (as they are called) the plate is passed to the router, Fair insurance risks.

ZINC ETHYL ignites in the air at ordinary temperature; reacts with water giving rise to hydroxide of zinc.

ZINC FLUE DUST is somewhat similar to zinc dust. ZINCITE-A mineral zinc oxide.

ZINC METHYL-Same properties as zinc ethyl. Is very volatile and takes fire in contact with air.

ZINCODE-Negative pole of a voltaic battery.

ZINCOGRAPH-An impression from a zinc plate. ZINC OXIDES-Prepared by burning zinc in atmosphere air or by heating the carbonate to redness. To prepare zinc on a large scale, metallic zinc is volatilized in large earthen mufflers whence the zinę vapor passes into a small receiver where it comes in contact with a current of air and

is oxidized. The zinc oxide thus formed passes immediately into a condensing chamber, divided into compartments with cloths. It is then filtered, pressed, dried, ground and pulverized. Attrition, burr, and ball mills are used for grinding. Considerable dust is generated in the process.

ZINC PIGS OR SLABS is considered excellent insur

ance.

ZINC SMELTERS-Hazards similar to foundries. Furnaces resemble those used in glass works. The heat at the stack is excessive, more so than other kinds of smelting. Fair insurance risks.

ZINC SULPHATE-See White Vitriol.

ZINKENITE—A mineral containing sulphur, lead, antimony and copper.

ZUMIC ACID-An acid discovered in vegetable substances which have fermented.

ZYLONITE-A substitute for ivory, made by treatment of cellulose or vegetable fibre with sulphuric and nitric acids, producing a pulp which is dissolved in camphor, and drying the same. It presents the same hazard as pyroxilin or celluloid.

ZYMONE-The residue of the gluten of wheat after it has been treated with alcohol.

ZIRCON-A heavy hard sparkling mineral, transparent varieties of which are cut into gems.

ZIRCONIUM-A rare, very hard metallic element obtained by reducing the silicate with carbon in an electric furnace. It is mixed with Thoria and other rare earths, and is used in the treatment of incandescent mantles and for electric furnace linings.

ZIRKONALBA NO. 1 (trade name) is practically chemically pure and contains only traces of iron, titania and silica. This grade is intended especially for the manufacture of super-refractories. It has a melting point between 2800 deg. and 3000 deg. C. (5072 deg and 5432 deg F.). Zirkonalba is now being used as a lining for electric furnaces and in the manufacture of articles which are subject to very high and rapid fluctuations of temperature, and the corrosive action of slags and furnace gases. Another important use is as a

turbidity producing agent in acid-proof enamels and glazes for cast-iron or steel vessels. Its resistance to chemical action makes it much superior to stannic oxide which heretofore has been the only reliable opacifier for enamel work. When combined with boric acid compounds, such as borax, it forms a zirconium borate, which is a very powerful opacifying body for glass.

ZIRKONALBA NO. 2 (Hydroxide) has nearly all the desirable properties of the purer product, except that its melting point is not as high, due to the pressure of about 9 per cent of silica.