CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY-Each color is run in separately until lithograph is completed.

CHURCHES-Of ordinary construction, have a very bad fire record. The trouble probably lies in the fact that they remain idle and without heat the greater part of the week and then the fires are forced to their capacity so as to get ready for services. Furring and concealed spaces play a large part

in spreading fires. To make the interior attractive, the walls, recesses and pipe channels are furred out to make a smooth interior, leaving in some places a concealed space of over a foot in depth. This, and the numerous hot air or ventilating pipes cause the fire to spread and soon reach the attic over the hanging ceiling and burn off the roof, which in collapsing tears down the walls and wrecks the interior. Vestments, altars and statuary are very expensive. Fixed marble work and stained glass windows are insured with the build

CIGARETTE MAKING

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ing and may form considerable of the building value. Fires have been caused from upsetting candles, defective wiring and other common causes. Rubbish is often found in concealed spaces and above hanging ceiling.

CHURCH OIL is rape oil or a combination of rape and mineral oils. Used in church rituals.

CHURN DRILL-A long iron bar with a cutting end of steel. Much used in quarrying.

CHUTE-An inclined slide, open or enclosed, used for conveying material from one level or floor to another floor level. CIGAR BOX FACTORIES-Hazards of woodworkers but considerable fine dust and shavings are created and all planers and other important machines should have blowers attached to carry off the dust and shavings. Gas heated embossing presses are used for impressing the trade mark on boxes, as well as printing presses for printing advertising matter on boxes. Poor fire risks.

CIGAR FACTORIES-Leaf tobacco received in bales, opened, sorted, stems stripped, leaves steamed and cigars rolled by hand. Mild hazard if clean. Unless building is steam heated, large pot stoves are used. Steam box usually gas heated. Profitable risks if well established.

CIGARETTE MAKING-Inventions and improvements in modern machinery render this process principally a mechanical operation. An up-to-date plant has automatic cigarette machine with hopper holding the tobacco and attachments which grasp the required amount of tobacco, roll it, paste it, clip the ends and count the cigarettes. Cold pastes are used, although some makes of machines have a small gas flame which dries the wrapper before it leaves the machine. The cork tip machine rolls a piece of cork around the cigarette and pastes it (no heat used). Tobacco is blended in a revolving drum, enclosed in a wood frame, then moistened and dried in separate revolving cylinders. The cylinder is on an inclined axis and delivers the tobacco to the cigarette machine. "Textile" dryers, as used in woolen mills, are used for drying leaf tobacco. It consists of a very long traveling belt on which is placed the tobacco, heated by steam coils and hot air blown across steam coils, all enclosed in a wood

en frame. Hazards in this apparatus are steam pipes, and dust collecting on fans. The tobacco is ground in an all-iron machine with knife grinder which should have magnet to catch metal particles. Cigarettes spoiled in the making are macerated in a mill, the tobacco screened out and used again. Storage of tobacco should be in a room with even temperature, to prevent deterioration. Other hazards are paper box making and printing, making flour paste in steam kettles, cleaning and dusting tobacco-drying rooms, and use of bisulphide of carbon for exterminating vermin. See Tobacco. CINDER CONCRETE-See Concrete.

CINEMATOGRAPH-A motion picture machine.

CINNABAR-A red ore or mineral substance from which mercury is obtained.

CIRCUIT BREAKER-An electrical device, manual or automatic, for interrupting completely the flow of current in a circuit.

CIRCULAR SAW-A woodworking machine with the saw in the center of a flat table or stand.

CIROLEUM-See Flowers and Feathers.

CITY LOTS-There are seventeen city lots, 25 by 100, in an acre.

CITY MAIN OR RESERVOIR should be sufficient to give twenty-five pounds pressure at a building. A pump connected to city main should be capable of providing twentyfive pounds pressure at top line of sprinklers. See Fire Pumps.

CLAPBOARDS-Thin boards, thicker on one edge. Used for covering the walls of houses.

CLARIFYING-See Liquors.

CLAROLIN-An approved benzine substitute, classed with kerosene.

CLAY is derived from a certain kind of rock called feldspar. When feldspar is exposed to the action of the elements it crumbles slowly at the surface and the little particles combine with a certain amount of water-forming clay.

CLEANING COMPOUNDS-Usually contain gasoline or other inflammable solvents. Use same care in handling as with gasoline.

CLEANING ESTABLISHMENTS-See Dry Cleaning. CLEANING MACHINERY FOR GRAIN-Should either be vented to the outer air, or else provided with a standard dust collecting system. Machines should be provided with magnets to catch metallic substances.

CLEARANCE-The clear space or uninterrupted distance between any heating apparatus or device to fixed woodwork or other combustible material. Temporary obstructions would not be included.

CLEAR SPACE-Stock should not be placed nearer than 2 feet from the ceiling. If placed directly under the ceiling it shuts off the possibility of hose streams reaching the goods behind the same. In the case of sprinklered risks it obstructs the proper distribution of water from sprinkler heads. See Aisles.

CLEAR SPAN-Distance between end supports: A truss supported only at ends is said to have clear span.

CLIMATE-Rates on shingle roofed buildings in the hot, dry zones of the West, six months without rain, cannot be based on the experience of shingle roofed buildings in the cold wet zones of the East, where rain once a week in summer and snow in winter make shingle roofs less hazardous. Losses (not total) on merchandise in the cold, wet zones of the East, where rain in summer adds to water damage and frost in winter encases the stocks in solid ice, force the adjuster to make "Marine loss adjustments," waiving the fire loss conditions, paying cash value of the stock at the time of the fire and shipping it, in some cases 500 miles, to a salvaging plant, where it can be thawed, dried, conditioned and sold for the insured.

CLIPPINGS-Cotton or woolen, if clean, are usually classed as desirable insurance, but inspection should always be made to determine if dirty rags or paper are received along with the clean clippings. If sorting is done, the number of hands should be noted, also whether metal receptacles are used under the screens for waste material. No gas lights should be permitted over sorting tables. Clippings in tailor shops should be kept in metal containers. See Rags.

CLOAKS AND SUITS-Busiest season, February to April, and June to October. See Garment Workers.

CLOSED VESSELS that have been standing in a fire should be left unopened until contents are cool, because vapors may have been generated or contents undergone partial carbonization and by admitting air an explosion may take place or spontaneous ignition follow.

CLOSETS IN SPRINKLERED RISKS should have open, wire mesh or paper-covered tops so that in case of fire the water can easily wet down the contents. Closets for storage of janitors' or porters' rags and supplies should be metallined or fire-proof. Only waste and rags, as usually found, are likely to cause spontaneous combustion.

CLOTHEL REFRIGERATING MACHINE-Direct expansion system using ethyl chloride for refrigerant. The latter is highly inflammable. Used in small units and at low pressure.

CLOTH SPONGING-Use high temperature live steam rolls for shrinking and steaming. The goods are examined by natural light, the cloth in bolts passing over drums or frames. This class is usually found in congested districts of the garment trade. Fair insurance.

CLOTHING MANUFACTURING-See Garment-workers, also Sewing Tables. Poor fire record.

CLOTHING ON FIRE-See Fire in Person's Clothing; also Fireproofing Children's Clothing.

CLOTHING PRESSING-Many small shops now do considerable power pressing by contract. Use small, but high temperature, gas boiler for heating power-pressing machines. These gas-heated boilers are usually poorly set and near woodwork. An unattractive class. See Pressing Tables.

CLUB HOUSES-A class which should be carefully inspected before lines are bound. They may be good fire risks if well organized and in good neighborhood or they may be very undesirable, with membership of a low type and in a poor neighborhood. In the latter case buildings are generally run down and could not be used for any other purpose. Hazards are smoking, heating, lighting, untidiness and brawls.