inspected by representatives of the board of health. Sanitary conditions throughout the city are under the supervision of a sanitary squad of patrolmen from the police department working in conjunction with the board of health. Within the province of the health department comes, too, the usual duties of quarantining contagious diseases, placarding of houses, dental work in the schools, and similar work.

Detroit's first public health work came in 1882 in the appointment of Dr. O. M. Wright as health officer, and in 1885 he was succeeded by Dr. Samuel P. Duffield. Though Dr. Duncan McLeod was appointed health officer in 1893, Doctor Duffield was again appointed to that post in 1896. Dr. Heneage Gibbs became the health officer in 1898 and held the position two years, he being succeeded in 1900 by Dr. W. R. Baker. In 1902, Baker was succeeded by Dr. Guy L. Kiefer who discharged the duties of that office until 1912 when he resigned to re-enter private practice. Dr. Kiefer's administration was marked by the introduction of several important innovations in the functions of the department, notable among which were the establishment of the dental work in the schools, the tuberculosis clinic of the board of health, and the infant's clinic. It was also during his term in office that the city isolation hospital for the care of sufferers from communicable diseases was established and named the Herman Kiefer hospital in honor of Doctor Kiefer's father. Dr. William H. Price, who had long been connected with the milk and dairy inspection during Kiefer's regime, was selected to succeed Kiefer as health officer. Notable among the achievements of Doctor Price were his efforts to improve the housing conditions in the city, which had become a sore problem through the rapid growth of the city during those years and since that time. Dr. J. W. Inches, formerly of St. Clair, Michigan, was selected as Price's successor in 1917, but after he had held the office for little more than a year, Inches was appointed Police commissioner by Mayor James Couzens. At that time began the administration of Dr. Henry F. Vaughan as head of the board of health, a position which he still retains.

From the records of the board of health, it is apparent that the great work of the department during the first ten years of its existence was the combating the recurrence of diphtheria. From a mortality of 25 per cent, the death rate has been reduced to less than 4 per cent at the present time, the reduction being made possible through the use of anti-toxin and proper care in the isolation hospital.

In this connection, it has been recently announced through the Journal of the American Medical association that Dr. N. S. Ferry, bacteriologist in the medical research laboratories of Parke, Davis & Company, and Dr. L. W. Fisher have discovered a measles toxin for which scientists over the entire world have been searching. It is believed by the discoverers of the anti-toxin that scarlet fever, measles, erysipelas, and child-bed fever will be checked by the anti

toxin. The co-operation and assistance of Dr. Henry F. Vaughan, the officials of Herman Kiefer hospital, and particularly of Dr. B. B. Bernbaum and Dr. E. Martmer of the hospital and of Dr. R. W. Pryer, director of the Detroit Board of Health laboratories, are acknowledged by the discoverers of the anti-toxin. Dr. N. S. Ferry came to Detroit in 1908 from New Haven, Connecticut. He received his medical training at Yale university and subsequently took postgraduate courses at Johns Hopkins university in the bacteriological science in which he has been so singularly successful as a member of the research department of Parke, Davis & Company.

JUST

CHAPTER XIV

INDUSTRIAL

UST two and a quarter centuries since the establishment of Fort Pontchartrain by Cadillac, Detroit has developed from a struggling fur trading post to one of the largest manufacturing centers in the United States. Although Cadillac introduced into his colony skilled artisans for work in stone quarries and mills, their work was primarily directed to the satisfaction of the immediate needs of the colony itself. In no sense did Cadillac anticipate an industrial development of his community for his charter allowed him a monopoly of the fur trade in this section, and in the success of this trade he was alone interested. What mills or other industries that came into being were of secondary consideration, for their purpose was but to assist in the maintenance of a colony engaged solely in the fur trade.

The ever-present menace of the unfriendly Indian, the many wars, local, national, and international, worked to the decided detriment of Detroit in both commercial and industrial projects. It was not, therefore, until after the arrival of the Americans at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century that Detroit entered upon an era of substantial growth. Before more detailed description of Industrial Detroit is given today, the following resume of the city's evolution, as written by Harry L. Shearer of the Detroit Board of Commerce and published in the Detroit Times, is herewith offered:

"In 1810 Detroit was manufacturing the following articles: Flax and hemp goods, woolen goods, hats, liquors, soap, candles, hides, saddles and bridles, to the total value of $24,742.00.

"Returns for 1820 were incomplete but a new industry, the manufacture of tin, had been introduced. During the period of 1840 to 1860, industry was the main occupation. However, industrial development was hindered by a dearth of factory workers. The rapid settling of the West had drawn men to the farms. From 1860 copper smelting was the leading industry, and the product was valued at $1,500,000 annually. In 1880, there was a marked change in the ranking of products. Tobacco and cigars lead in total value of manufactured products in the sum of $2,716,016, with iron and steel running the close second with $2,489,634. This industry was the only one to date that employed large numbers of women and children.

"The total value of all manufactured products was something more than $33,000,000, five times the value in 1860. In the census report for 1880, statistics for the first time are given for Detroit alone. Previous statistics in this article have been for the whole of Wayne county.

"The automobile industry dates from 1894. In 1904 there were built in Michigan 9,125 cars. In 1909 more than seven times that many, or 64,800 cars valued at $70,000,000, were built. Of this total, 50,000 were built in Detroit. The introduction of the industry into Detroit was not purely accidental. It was due largely to the activity of the state in industries allied to that of the automobile.

"The first successful horseless carriage was driven on the streets of Detroit by Charles B. King in 1894. Henry Ford brought his first car out in 1896. William C. Maybury became interested in Ford and through his efforts the Detroit Automobile company was organized to make the Ford cars.

"In 1903 Ford organized his own company and that year made 672 cars. In this same year a number of other companies came into existence, among others the Packard Motor Car company.

"The beginning of the pharmaceutical industry, one of Detroit's leading industries today, came into prominence about this time. In 1875 Parke, Davis was incorporated, and in 1876 Frederick Stearns began business in the city. These firms today are among the largest of the nation and have branches in many foreign countries. "In 1923 the total value of all manufactured products in Detroit had increased from $252,939 to $1,438,247,380."

Two of Detroit's earliest industries and two that have remained to place the name of the city before the entire country are the tobacco industry and stove manufacturing. The first of these had its inception about 1840 when George Miller began manufacturing tobacco in a small two-story frame building on the west side of Woodward Avenue just south of Jefferson. His son, Isaac S. Miller, bought the business five years later and in turn sold out to another son, T. C. Miller, in 1849. In that small shop, the power for whose machinery was furnished by a blind horse, Daniel Scotten and John J. Bagley served their apprenticeship, and it was these two men who subsequently laid the foundation for Detroit's prominence in tobacco manufacuring. Scotten entered business in 1856 with Granger & Lovett manufacturing Hiawatha chewing tobacco. Bagley engaged in the business in 1852 as the successor to Miller and manufactured the famous Mayflower brand of chewing tobacco, a prominent Detroit product for more than fifty years. The Scotten, Granger & Lovett combination opened its first factory on Randolph street with an original capital of $1,500. Granger retired from the firm just before the outbreak of the Civil war when he thought that Scotten's determination to plunge in tobacco was an unsafe venture. Scotten became sole proprietor in 1882 and established the plant on Fort street west. Through the efforts of these men, then, Detroit owes its present large tobacco manufacturing business, and the many large factories are turning out millions of pounds of cigars and chewing tobacco.

Stove Manufacturing. Detroit is the largest center for the manufacture of stoves in the United States, and the fact that such an important industry is established here was due to the necessity of the early settlers and to the farsightedness of one man.

Jeremiah Dwyer, founder of the stove industry in Detroit, came to this county from Brooklyn, New York, with his parents. His father, a farmer at Springwells, was accidentally killed when the boy was eleven years of age, and he was therefore compelled to go to work when he was quite young. He apprenticed himself to the moulder's trade and in 1849, while repairing stoves at the Hydraulic Iron Works, he decided to establish a stove manufacturing business. of his own. Accordingly, he went to Albany to learn stove making, returned to Detroit for two years' work with the D. & M. Railway, and then in partnership with his brother, James Dwyer, and Thomas W. Mizner, bought a defunct reaper and stove factory and began the manufacture of stoves under the name of J. Dwyer & Company in 1861. In 1864 W. H. Tefft and Merrill I. Mills bought an interest in the business and the name was changed to the Detroit Stove Works which it has remained to the present time.

So successful was the enterprise that in 1871 Jeremiah Dwyer with C. A. Ducharme and George H. Barbour organized the Michigan Stove Company and ten years later James Dwyer established the Peninsular Stove Company. With three such enterprising companies established in Detroit, it was only natural that the entire Middle West should look to Detroit for its stoves, and with the ever increasing demand for the products of these concerns it was no wonder that Detroit took the lead in stove manufacture, in which it has continued.

Too much credit cannot be given to the work of the Dwyer brothers, for it was they who introduced into their work actual engineering principles and employed a metallurgist to compound suitable iron mixtures for their products, William H. Keep, a mechanical engineer being retained for this purpose.

The Peninsular Stove company was incorporated March 23, 1881, the Art Stove company in 1888, and the Detroit Vapor Stove company in 1894. The industry now provides employment for well over 5,000 men; the plants of the companies cover a tract of ground with a combined acreage of more than 40; and stoves to a total in excess of 600,000 are manufactured by these concerns each year.

Salt. The existence of salt springs in various parts of the state had been known from the earliest days of white settlement, and even though the first state geologist announced that the rock. strata indicated the presence of salt deposits below the surface, it was not until the Sixties that anything was done toward developing salt manufacture. With the annual output of the Michigan salt companies reaching sizable proportions, no attempt was made in that direction in Wayne county. Some years prior to 1891, the Eureka Iron & Steel company sunk a well at Wyandotte to find natural gas or oil but brought in only salt brine. In 1891, J. B. Ford, who hoped to find salt for the manufacture of soda ash for the manufacture of glass, sunk another well at Wyandotte and found an adequate supply at a depth of 900 feet, and upon the basis of the work of Ford was established the alkali industry at Wyandotte. In 1895, the Solvay Process company, a Belgian con