Principles of politi, Volume 1

Front Cover
1882

From inside the book

Contents

How Capital originates
45
INTRODUCTION
49
CHAPTER I
51
DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS
53
Economic Goods
54
Three Classes of Goods
56
Economic Value Value in
59
Value in Exchange Free Goods 6 Alleged Contradiction between Value in Use and Value in Exchange
63
Resources or Means
65
Valuation of Resources 9 Wealth
66
THEORY OF POPULATION
67
Signs of National Wealth
70
Economy Husbandry
73
Grades of Economy in Common
77
Political EconomyIdea of an Organism 14 Origin of a Nations Economy
84
Diseases of the Social Organism
85
POSITION OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN THE CIRCLE OF RELATED
87
22
97
Demand
102
Demand Indispensable Goods
103
Influence of Purchasers Solvability on Prices
104
Supply
105
The Idealistic Method
106
Equilibrium of Prices
107
Effect of a Rise in Price much above Cost
108
Effect of a Decline in Price below Cost
109
Different Costs of Production of the same Goods The Same Subject continued
110
Advantages of the Historical or Physiological Method
112
Exceptions continued
113
Prices Fixed by Government
114
Influence of Growing Civilization on Prices
115
CHAPTER III
116
Effect of the Introduction of Money
117
Different Kinds of Money
118
30 Meaning of Production
119
MoneyThe Precious Metals
120
Value in Use and Value in Exchange of Money Value in Exchange of Money
122
Quantity of Money a Nation Needs
123
Same Subject continued
124
Uniformity of the Value in Exchange of the Precious Metals
125
The Same Subject continued
126
Measure of Prices
127
Value in Exchange estimated in Labor
128
The Precious Metals the Best Measure of Prices
129
History of the Prices of the Chief Wants of Life
130
The Same Subject continued
131
The Same Subject continued
132
Further Divisions of Natures Gifts
133
The Same Subject continued
134
History of the Value of the Precious Metals In Antiquity
135
and the Middle Ages
138
Receipts Income Product
144
Estcem in which Labor is held
145
Influence of Advancing Civilization on Rent
156
Influence of Improvements in the Art of Agriculture on Rent
157
History of Rent in Periods of Deeline
158
Rent and the General Good
159
CHAPTER III
160
Minimum of Wages
161
Cost of Production of Labor
162
46 Productive Coöperation of the Three Factors
163
Cost of Production of Labor
164
The Three Great Periods of a Nations Economy
165
Price of Common Labor
166
Critical History of the Idea of Productiveness
167
The Same Subject continued
168
Effect of the Disagreeableness of certain Classes of Labor on Wages
169
The Doctrine of the Physiocrates
170
History of the Wages of Common Labor in the Lower Stages of Civilization
171
History of the Wages of Common Labor in Flourishing Times
172
The Same Subject continued 51 The Same Subject continued
173
History of the Wages of Common Labcr in Declining Coun tries and Times
174
WagesPolicy Set Price of Labor
175
WagesPolicy Strikes
176
Strikes and The State
177
Idea of Productiveness
178
The Same Subject continued
179
Importance of a Due Proportion in the Different Branches of Productiveness
180
Causes of Different Rates of Interest
181
Variations of the Rate of Discount
182
Effect of Increased Demand for Loans
183
The Degree of Productiveness
184
RENT OF LAND
185
Development of the Division of Labor
186
Circumstances on which the Undertakers Profit Depends 196a Having the Lead
196
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE THREE BRANCHES OF INCOME 197 Influence of the Branches of Income on the Price of Com modities
197
Means of Increasing the Division of Labor 62 Dark Side of the Division of Labor
198
Influence of Foreign Trade
199
Emigration of Capital VOL I
200
Harmony of the Three Branches of Income Individual Differences in them
201
Necessity of the Feeling of a Common Interest
202
Effect of an Equal Division of the National Income
203
Gain and Loss of the Division of Labor 64 The Coöperation of Labor 65 Principle of Stability or of the Continuity of Work
204
Healthy Distribution of the National Income
205
Advantages of Large Enterprises
206
CHAPTER IV
207
Notional Consumption
208
Consumption the Vork of Nature
209
210 Necessity of Considering what is really Consumed
210
Production Impossible without Consumption
211
The Want of Freedom 70 Emancipation
212
Equilibrium between Production and Consumption
213
Causes of an Increase of Production
214
Necessity of the Proper Simultaneous Development of Pro duction and Consumption
215
Disadvantages of Slavery
216
The Same Subject continued
217
Prodigality and Frugality
218
Effect of an Advance in Civilization on Slavery
219
The Same Subject continued 74 The Same Subject continued 75 The Same Subject continued
220
Limits to the Saving of Capital
221
Spendthrift Nations
222
The Most Detrimental Kind of Extravagance
223
224 Luxury in General
224
History of LuxuryIn the Middle Ages
225
Luxury of Barbarous Times
226
Influence of the Church and the City
227
Luxury in Flourishing Times
228
The Domestic Servant System
229
Condition Precedent of this Luxury
230
When the Effects of Luxury are Favorable
231
Character of Luxury in Declining Nations
232
LuxuryPolicy
233
History of Sumptuary Laws
234
COMMUNITY OF GOODS AND PRIVATE PROPERTY 77 CapitalImportance of Private Property
235
Expediency of Sumptuary Laws
236
Socialism and Communism
237
238 Increase of Population in General
238
Limits to the Increase of Population
239
Socialism and Communism continued So Socialism and Communism continued 81 Community of Goods
240
Effect of Wars on Population
241
Tendencies counter to the Increase of Population
242
Opponents of Malthus
243
244 History of Population in Barbarous Times
244
Community of Wives Polygamy
245
History of Population in highly Civilized Times
246
The Same Subject continued
247
The Same Subject continued
248
History of Population in Periods of Decline
249
Influence of the Sacredness of Marriage on Population
250
Organization of Labor
251
Positive Decrease of Population
252
Organization of Labor continued 84 Organization of Labor continued
253
The Ideal of Population
254
Means of Promoting Fopulation
255
Immigration
256
Influence of Hygienic Police
257
Means of Checking Population Placing Impediments in the way of Marriage
258
Right of Inheritance 86 Right of Inheritance continued
259
Landed Property
260
State aid to Emigration
261
Emigration and Pauperism 262 a Temporary Emigration
262
Landed Property continued
264
CHAPTER VI
268
Effects of Credit
270
DebtorLaws
274
History of Credit Laws
276
Means of Promoting Credit
279
Letters of Respite
283
BOOK II
287
CHAPTER I
289
Rapidity of Circulation
290
Freedom of Competition
293
How Goods are Paid
297
Freedom of Competition and International Trade
299
CHAPTER II
303
Effects of the Struggle of Opposing Interests on Price
304
149 Theory of Rent
320

Common terms and phrases

Popular passages

Page 164 - Nor is there much satisfaction in contemplating the world with nothing left to the spontaneous activity of nature ; with every rood of land brought into cultivation which is capable of growing food for human beings ; every flowery waste or natural pasture ploughed up ; all quadrupeds or birds which are not domesticated for man's use exterminated as his rivals for food ; every hedgerow or superfluous tree rooted out, and scarcely a place left where a wild shrub or flower could grow without being eradicated...
Page 168 - Labour is the Father and active principle of Wealth, as Lands are the Mother...
Page 414 - A COMPENDIOUS OR BRIEFE EXAMINATION OF CERTAYNE ORDINARY COMPLAINTS OF DIVERS OF OUR COUNTRYMEN IN THESE OUR DAYES...
Page 129 - We may rather compare it to a highly elastic and extensible band, which is hardly ever so violently stretched that it could not possibly be stretched any more; yet the pressure of which is felt long before the final limit is reached, and felt more severely the nearer that limit is approached.
Page 155 - England has been produced by human hands within the last twelve months. A very small proportion indeed of that large aggregate was in existence ten years ago; of the present productive capital of the country scarcely any part, except farmhouses and...
Page 202 - But to separate the arts which form the citizen and the statesman, the arts of policy and war, is an attempt to dismember the human character, and to destroy those very arts we mean to improve.
Page 28 - We need not recall Turgot's historical researches. Malthus' chief title to distinction, his work on Population, is as much a historical work as a politico-economical one ; and it is not sufficiently known that he was professor of history and Political Economy in the college of the East India Company at Aylesbury. We need say no more on this subject. The works of the other writers whom we have mentioned are too well known to permit any one to think that they excluded history and moral science from...
Page 171 - What we call commodities is nothing but land severed from the soil — Man deals in nothing but earth. The merchants are the factors of the world, to exchange one part of the earth for another. The king himself is fed by the labour of the ox: and the clothing of the army and victualling of the navy must all be paid for to the owner of the soil as the ultimate receiver. All things in the world...
Page 267 - In no sound theory of private property was it ever contemplated that the proprietor of land should be merely a sinecurist quartered on it.
Page 154 - He unroofs the houses, and ships the population to America. The nation is accustomed to the instantaneous creation of wealth. It is the maxim of their economists, "that the greater part in value of the wealth now existing in England, has been produced by human hands within the last twelve months.

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