admission of a State. But since the abolition of slavery, which was the principal bone of contention, the basis of antagonism respecting the admission of States has been reduced to the legitimate desire of each of the two parties to hold a majority in Congress.

Topics. States that were never Territories.-History of Texas. Joint resolution admitting Texas.-Consequence of annexing Texas.-Government of California, 1849, '50.-Act admitting California.-Party contention over the admission of States.

References.-McLaughlin, History of the American Nation, 353-358, 362-381; Lalor, Cyclopædia, iii, 921; Hart, Actual Government, 117, 344-346; Fiske, Civil Government, 263, 264.

FOR ADVANCED STUDY

The Original Territory of the United States.-Gannett, Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States (second edition, United States Geological Survey, Bulletins, No. 171); Magazine of Western History, ii, 403-423; American Historical Review, i, 70-87, 251-269; Twelfth Census, Bulletins, No. 74; Hart, Epoch Maps (revised edition, 1899).

The Territorial Growth of the United States.—International Monthly, iv, 794-820; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, Chap. X; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, ii, Chap. XIII; iv, Chap. VI; Hart, Contemporaries, iii, §§ 111-115, 143, 149; iv, §§ 11, 14, 46, 174, 185; Adams, United States, ii, Chaps. II-V; V, 305-315; VI, 236, 237; McMaster, United States, iii, 31-34; 370-375, 536–540; iv, 476–483; Schouler, United States, iv, 303-307, 449-451, 457-459, 470, 482488.

Annexations.-Lalor, Cyclopædia, i, 93–99, 111, 460-478; Mowry, Territorial Growth of the United States; Donaldson, The Public Domain, 89–145.

The Government of the Continental Territories under Congress. Bryce, American Commonwealth, i, Chap. XLVII; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, iii, Chap. VI; Cooley, Constitutional Law, 37, 38, 164-168; Ordronaux, Constitutional Legisla

tion, 509-519; Farrand, Legislation for Organized Territories; Black, Constitutional Law, 20, 21, 229-235; Hart, Contemporaries, iii, §§ 46, 114, 135, 136; iv, §§ 17, 34, 42, 43, 186; American History Leaflets, Nos. 2, 17, 22, 32; Hill, Liberty Documents, Chap. XVI.

The Territorial Policy of the Federal Government. Lalor, Cyclopædia, iii, 914–920; Judson, in Review of Reviews, 21 (1900) 451-456; Harper's Monthly, 98 (1899): 319-328; Atlantic Monthly, 82 (1898): 735-742.

The Northwestern Territory.-Hart, Formation of the Union, 107-109; Fiske, Critical Period, 187-199, 203–207; Hinsdale, Old Northwest; Ordinance of 1787, found in APPENDIX.

The Government of Territories.-Cooley, Constitutional Law, 36, 37; Bryce, American Commonwealth, Chap. XLVII; Atlantic Monthly, 82:735–742; Forum, 29: 257-262; North American Review, 172: 1-22; Outlook, 68: 337-339.

The Annexation of Texas.-Burgess, Middle Period, 295–301; Schouler, History of the United States, iv, 303-307; Benton, Thirty Years' View, ii, Chap. XXIV.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.-Text in MacDonald, 365372; H. von Holst, United States, iii, 344-347; Wilson, Division, 152, 153; American Historical Review, 1905.

California before Admission.-Hittell, History of California, vols. I and II; H. von Holst, United States, iii, 284-308, 322-327, 348-358, 385-397, 400, 401; H. von Holst, Calhoun, 279-285; Burgess, Middle Period, 332–337, 340–344.

CHAPTER X

THE INSULAR DEPENDENCIES

148. The Territory of Hawaii.-After the overthrow of the monarchy of Hawaii in 1893, a republican government was organized for the islands. Under this government, negotiations were carried on looking to the annexation of the islands to the United States. A treaty of annexation was formed and submitted to the Senate by President Harrison. It was, however, withdrawn by President Cleveland. After the inauguration of President McKinley a new treaty was formed and sent to the Senate in June, 1897; but that body did not vote on it. There was a strong opposition to the treaty, and it was not certain that the Senate would give the required two-thirds vote in favor of confirming it. But there was a favorable majority in each house, and this was all that was required to pass a joint resolution of annexation. After much discussion such a resolution was passed, and it was approved by President McKinley on July 7, 1898.

This joint resolution established, in addition to other provisions, that, until Congress should provide for the government of the islands, "all the civil, judicial, and military powers exercised by the officers of the existing government in said islands shall be vested in such person or persons and shall be exercised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct, and the President shall have power to remove said officers and fill the vacancies so occasioned."

In April, 1900, Congress passed "An Act to Provide a Government for the Territory of Hawaii." This act fixed the capital at Honolulu. It declared all persons who were citizens of the Hawaiian Republic, August 12, 1898, to be citizens of the United States and of the Territory of Hawaii. It provided that the laws valid in the Territory of Hawaii should be, (1) the Constitution of the United States; (2) the laws of the United States except as otherwise provided; (3) the laws of Hawaii not inconsistent with the Constitution or laws of the United States or the provisions of the Organic Act. It abolished "the offices of president, minister of foreign affairs, minister of the interior, minister of finance, minister of public instruction, auditor general, deputy auditor general, surveyor general, marshal, and deputy marshal of the Republic of Hawaii," which had existed under the previous government.

The law organizing the Territory of Hawaii established a legislature of two houses; the senate to be composed of fifteen members, and the house of representatives of thirty members. It was provided that a general election should be "held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, 1900, and every second year thereafter," and that all mature male persons should have the right to vote. The senators hold office for four years and the representatives for two years. The Territory is divided into four senatorial districts, four senators being elected from the first, three from the second, six from the third, two from the fourth. Representatives are elected from six districts, four from each of three districts and six from each of three others. It is provided in the organic act of the Territory of Hawaii that the legislature may create counties, and town and city municipalities, and provide governments for them.

The executive power is vested in a governor, who is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. There is also a secretary of the Territory.

Both the governor and the secretary are appointed for a period of four years. "In case of the death, removal, resignation, or disability of the governor, or of his absence from the Territory, the secretary shall exercise all the powers and perform all the duties of the governor during such vacancy, disability, or absence, or until another governor is appointed and qualified." The other officers provided for are an attorney-general, who in addition to his duties as attorneygeneral shall have certain of the powers and duties of the minister of the interior; a treasurer, who shall also have certain of the powers and duties of the minister of finance, as well as the powers and duties of the minister of the interior relating to a number of specified subjects; a commissioner of public lands; a commissioner of agriculture; a superintendent of public works; a superintendent of public instruction; an auditor; a deputy auditor; a surveyor; and a high sheriff.

The judicial power of the Territory is vested in one supreme court, circuit courts, and such inferior courts as the legislature may from time to time establish. The supreme court shall consist of one chief justice and two associate justices, citizens of Hawaii, who are appointed by the President of the United States. In addition to the Territorial courts already mentioned, there is established in the Territory a district court to consist of one judge, who is required to reside in the Territory and is called the district judge. He is appointed by the President of the United States, and in connection with his court there is established a district attorney and a marshal of the United States for the district, each holding office for six years unless sooner removed by the President. In addition to the ordinary jurisdiction of district courts of the United States, this court shall have jurisdiction of all cases cognizable in a circuit court of the United States, and shall proceed therein in the same manner as a circuit court. The powers of the judge,