For the meetings previous to Christmas, the following arrangements have been made : November 25.-"A Glance at the Past and Present of the Society of Arts, with some Suggestions as to the Future." By S. T. Davenport, Esq., Financial Officer of the Society. December 2.-"Further Notes on the Productive Industries of Natal. By Dr. Mann, Superintendent of Education and Special Commissioner for the Colony. December 9.-"On the Theory of Boiling, in connection with some Processes in the Useful Arts." By Chas. Tomlinson, Esq., F.R.S., F.C.S. December 16.-"On Artificial Freezing." By Dr. B. H. Paul. December 23.-" Description of the Electric Organ." By Henry Bryceson, Esq. The first course of Cantor Lectures for the ensuing Session will be "On the Aniline or Coal Tar Colours," by W. H. Perkin, Esq., F.R.S. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.-The following are lists of Candidates who passed the respective examinations indicated :— Second M.B. Examination.-Pass Examination.-First Division.Tempest Anderson, B.Sc., Charles Dorrington Batt, Joseph Birt, Reginald Eager, Frederick Harry Haynes, Henry Charles Hilliard, Daniel John Leech, Thomas Richarison Loy, John Makens, George Vivian Poore, William Aslept Richards, John James Ridge, B.A., B.Sc., Frederick Taylor. Second Division. - William Turberville Buckle, Edward Bowles Crowfoot, Alexander Paul Fid lian, George Arthur Kenyon, John Wreford Langmore, Jeremiah McCarthy, M.A., Dublin, John Sanderson Wyman, Isaac Burney Yeo. CHLOROFORM.-Chloroform can best be preserved by the addition of half to a whole part of alcohol. Light will then not decompose it. If pure, it will not alter the colour of dampened litmus paper. If free from chlorine, it will not blue paper dampened with the iodide of starch. When mixed with one part of alcohol, its specific gravity is 148° at 17.59 Cent.Rump, in Central-Blutt für die Medicinischen Wissenschaften. WE are requested by the Publishers of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, to state that that Journal will continue to be published as usual by the Messrs. Churchill, and edited by Dr. Lankester and Mr. E. Ray Lankester. The only change consequent upon Dr. Lankester and Professor Busk ceasing to edit the Transactions of the Royal Microscopical Society will be that the Transactions of that Society will not be published separately in the pages of the Journal. HUNTERIAN MEDICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH-INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS BY THOS. GRAINGER STEWART, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. E.-The introductory address for this session was delivered in the Logic Class-room of the University, on the evening of Friday last, by Dr. Stewart, Edinburgh. John M'Nab, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.S. E., occupied the chair, and in troduced Dr. Stewart to the meeting, who delivered an able address on the "Life and Labours of Edward Jenner," the discoverer of vaccination. There was a good attendance of students and medical practitioners, and frequent cheers were elicited from the audience during the delivery of the address. Dr. Black, honorary president of the society, intimated that two medals were offered, one from Dr. M‘Nab, and another from Dr. Messer, for the two best dissertations given in at the end of the session on medical subjects to be announced at next meeting. Votes of thanks were awarded to Dr. Stewart and the Chairman, which were heartily accorded, when the proceedings were brought to a close. THE number of medical students pursuing their studies at the different schools in London and the provinces amounts, according to a reliable return, to 1478. Of these 284 are studying in the provinces-at Birmingham, 72; Manchester 63; Leeds 32; Liverpool, 30; Newcastle, 27; Bristol, 20; Cambridge, 17; Sheffield, 13; and Hull, 10.-Standard. EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.-The polling for the two candidates nominated for the Lord Chancellorship of Edinburgh University terminated on Friday, and the result was on Saturday declared to be as follows :-For the Lord Justice-General, 1,780; for the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, 1,570; majority for the Lord Justice-General, 210.-Times. NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. DR. RUMSEY ON PUBLIC HEALTA.-Our last issue contained, in the form of a supplement, the first portion-revised by the author-of his Address as President of the Health Department of the Social Science Association at its recent Birmingham Congress. [It was followed by a paragraph which had been accidentally omitted by the printer from the concluding portion, published Nov. 11th.] We adopted this plan in order that our readers might be furnished with a complete verbatim report of this important Allocution. date. We shall be happy to forward copies of this journal for October 28th, November 4th and 11th, containing the subsequent portions of the Address, to those new subscribers who commenced after the first-named DEAR SIR,-In your next publication will you be good enough to name a standard work on professional etiquette, and to advise the proper line of conduct under the following circumstances. A is called upon at a late hour to visit a patient living some miles distant from his residence. After prescribing, &c., for the patient, he is told that B had been sent for some hours previous, but that the messenger had returned, stating B was from home, and his return uncertain, As A is leaving B arrives, having been sent for by his servant, who states he was so desired by the messenger. B declines taking charge of the case, but leaves it in A's hands. Now, how should A act; should he resign the case? I enclose my card, and am, Yours obediently, "SPERO." ** We are decidedly of opinion that inasmuch as A was placed-in consequence of the absence from home of B-in charge of the case, and undertook the responsibility without having been informed that B had been sent for, he is not called upon to deliver over the charge of the patient to B. In large towns such contretemps are very usual, and we are not aware that it is usual for the practitioner in attendance to retire in favour of the surgeon who may have been first sent for. If the case had been previously in the charge of B, the circumstances would be altered, and we think it would not be good taste for A to avail himself of the chance of B's absence to take the case out of his hands.-ED. MEDICAL PRESS & CIRCULAR. DR. W. GRIMSHAW ON A NEW SPHYMOGRAPH.-We have given the illustration to the engraver; when this is executed, a proof of the whole shall be sent you. DR. CAMERON.-Thanks. In our next. TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS.-Those gentlemen who have not paid their subscription for last year, are respectfully requested to do so without further delay. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS.-In consequence of the great pressure upon our space, we must ask the indulgence of those who have kindly forwarded us papers for insertion. In thanking them for these contributions, some of which are of great practical value, we beg to assure them of their ap pearance in our columus as early as possible. The last few weeks we have given four or eight pages extra, and we hope this will be accepted as an earnest for the remainder. GENTLEMEN,—To-day, when I am opening the Winter Session of Clinical Instruction in this Hospital, I beg leave, on behalf of my colleagues and myself, to offer to all our young friends here who occupy the students' benches-both those who now, for the first time, enter upon the study of medicine, as well as those who, after an interval of repose, have resumed their labours in this field of knowledge-our hearty welcome and good wishes for their success. And I take the opportunity afforded me when thus greeting them, to say that it shall ever be our anxious desire here to give all friendly assistance in our power to the beginner, to whom everything appertaining to his profession is, as yet, strange and unknown, as well as to encourage and help on the more advanced student, who is Stepping from hindrance on to hindrance, As a boy crosses, on the stones, the streams." But, gentlemen, I at once admit that Introductory Lectures are at last going out of fashion; it is no longer possible to invest them with a pleasing novelty, and eloquence itself would, for the most part, fail to add a fresh charm to threadbare platitudes more than "decies repetita." Still, I should regard the total abandonment of a timehonoured custom, which periodically brought the teacher and student face to face for friendly and familiar talk, as an event to be regretted, and I would fain hope that the preliminary discourse which, in former years, used to usher in with changeless regularity the winter's work for the medical pupil, may-though doomed to final extinction-yet awhile, with its pleasing accompaniments and reminiscences, linger amongst us. And if, in coming forward to address you on this occasion, I distrust my own powers, and lose confidence in the success of my under taking, I may well be excused when it is remembered how many great physicians and surgeons, the pride and ornaments of the profession in this city, have spoken before now to applauding audiences of students from the very place where I stand. But a consciousness of the generosity of my hearers sustains me, and I feel emboldened to speak out what I have to say, in howsoever poor attire I may clothe my thoughts, from a knowledge that the genial and friendly instincts of those who listen to me will overlook the shortcomings of the speaker, out of regard to the good faith and sincerity of his speech. devoted yourselves, gentlemen, is one of the noblest and The study and practice of medicine to which you have most unselfish of human occupations upon which the intellect can be employed. It is, of all professions, that one in which there never arises any question of class, creed, country, or race-in which there is never to be found a taint of distinction, in its beneficent application, regardaim is to solace the anguish and relieve the physical pain ing the subjects of its ministrations. Its sole end and of suffering fellow-creatures. It has been styled a "Godlike profession," and Cicero, in the famous oration, when pleading to Cæsar for Ligarius, exclaims, "Homines, enim, ad Deos nulla re proprius accedunt quam salutem hominibus dando." Whilst adopting as our motto these imperishable words of the great Roman Orator, we must still never forget that the province of the medical profession is "the physical nature of man, and its object is the preservation of that physical nature in its proper state, and its restoration when it has lost it. It limits itself, by its very profession, to the health of the body;" with the higher science, affecting man's moral and religious nature, it has absolutely nothing to do. Employing itself alone, as a science, about that which relates to the body, it has, in our day, attained to a very eminent position. The difficulties which had to be overcome before medicine was brought to its present proud state were enormous-something commensurate with the greatness of the ends which it aspired to accomplish. And though it has many conquests yet to make, its triumphs have been numerous and brilliant. I may be permitted to adduce a very few examples confirmatory of this statement. Medical science has, through the agency of Edward Jenner, of deathless fame, furnished us with the knowledge of the protective power of vaccination, whereby, as has been computed, three years have been added to the duration of human life. It has discovered an agent by whose action the "It is quite apparent that the defects which require to be remedied in the education of students of medicine are to be found less in the subjects of professional study than in provision for that preliminary mental culture which would enable the student to grasp, with vigour, the various intricate and complicated sciences on which medicine is founded, or with which it claims affinity." living body is rendered insensible to pain during the per-nary education, who have lately reported to the General formance of the most formidable surgical operation. It Medical Council :has pointed out to us the means by which the spark of life, well nigh extinguished in the recently drowned, or suffocated, may be re-kindled-the lamp of life, as it were, relit-and the breathing, which had for the time been stopped, may, under its wise guidance, be re-established. Under its teaching, which occupies itself solely with the physical nature of man, skill may now be obtained whereby, when well applied, to cause the laine to walk, the blind to see-nay, even sometimes the deaf to hear. And other triumphs, we may be sure, are still in store for it--for medicine is ever progressive-ever moving forward-surely and proudly to its goal. Probably the question most frequently discussed respecting the profession of medicine is, "Is medicine an art merely? or is it a science, like mathematics or chemistry?" The correct answer I take to be that it partakes somewhat of the properties of both-that it is no longer exclusively the "ars conjecturalis," which Celsus declared it to be, but that, in some respects, it nearly approaches, and in others has actually attained to, the proportions of a strict branch of knowledge. Take chemistry, as a good example of a pure science. When the chemist intentionally adds a certain reagent to a known solution, he is aware that a definite, constant, and infallible decomposition will take place; it always does so. In like manner, whenever the physician treats a specific disease with a specific remedy, and that a certain known result, say the cure of the malady, invariably follows, (and there are instances of this kind of case to be met with in the practice of medicine,) his profession obeys, thus far, the requirements of the definition of a science, and may be stated to be one to that extent. For, in this supposed case, an exact knowledge of the injury, and an exact knowledge of the means whereby it may be cured, is assumed. As examples, may be cited quinia in intermittent fever; lemon-juice in sea scurvy; iodide of potassium in certain specific states of the bony and fibrous tissues; sulphur in scabies; opium in wakefulness; and some others of a like nature. But when, as is much more commonly the case, the physician is not absolutely certain as to the cause of the malady, and, moreover, is not acquainted with any one remedy which will invariably cure the disease, then he can only claim, on such an occasion as this-where diverse views may be maintained-the character of an art for his profession. And this art consists in the skilful use of all the means at his disposal for arriving at a correct diagnosis of the disease, and the expert and judicious use of the remedies known to exercise a beneficial effect upon its progress. It may well be your high ambition, gentlemen, to endeavour, by discoveries the results of strict investigations, to take from medicine some of its characters as a mere art, and add to its claims to be considered a science. The young recruit who desires to enrol himself in the ranks of a profession wherein those who have preceded him have achieved such successes as these just now briefly indicated, may well feel proud of his adopted art, and must, naturally, wish to know after what preparation, and in what mood of mind, he should present himself for reception as one of its votaries. Obviously the study, at once so arduous, and so full of interest, of a profession whose aim is so high, and whose ends are so sublime, as are those of medicine, should be approached in the manner best calculated to fit the cultivator of this science for the elevated position to which he aspires. And, therefore, it is, gentlemen, that I propose now to make a few observations directly bearing upon this particular preliminary preparation of the student of medicine. The subject of the preliminary education of youths intending to study medicine has lately attracted an unusual degree of attention, and attempts have been made to render it more befitting the requirements of so important a profession than heretofore it has been. The following remarks express the opinion of a committee on prelimi From all sides the opinion is expressed that the student of medicine should not enter upon the acquisition of the more strict knowledge of that profession until he had first fitted himself in some measure for his task, by a far more extensive and sound general knowledge than heretofore it was the custom for him to possess. And this appears to be pre-eminently reasonable and just, for surely it is not too much to require that the student of medicine should be equally well-cultivated in all the branches of knowledge, and have received as liberal an education, as the lawyer, the diplomatist, the political economist, the merchant. It cannot be denied that hitherto this has not been the case, and the fact must be admitted that, up to the present time, the student of medicine has entered upon his studies from a lower intellectual stand-point than is assumed by those who attach themselves to the other professions. That a knowledge of the Greek and Latin Classics should be acquired by the young man who intends to study medicine, I hold to be essential. On this account it follows that an academical education would appear now to be indispensably necessary for him, for by this means the mental faculties are disciplined, the reasoning powers strengthened, and a familiarity with the unrivalled beauties of the classical tongues acquired. When we reflect that all knowledge formerly was locked up in Greek and Latin stores; that all scientific nomenclature is, as yet, drawn from classic sources; and that the physician still directs the remedies that are to assuage the patient's sufferings in the noble Latin language, we cannot fail to be impressed with the conviction, derived from these and other considerations, that an acquaintance with Latin and Greek should still be insisted upon in the student of medicine. But for the future, undoubtedly, a greater prominence than ever before prevailed must be given in the preliminary education of the student of medicine to the cultivation of the sciences, in order that he may clearly apprehend the scientific foundation on which alone the art of healing now depends. In fact, a scientific knowledge may be declared to be now a sine qua non to the student of medicine. For example: an inspection of many of the more recent medical works will serve to show how necessary to the pupil the knowledge of Elementary Mathematics is, seeing that it is becoming daily more and more the custom to express various physiological or pathological facts by Equations. Moreover, most, if not all, the appliances of the art of medicine are derived from, Such are or dependent upon, the physical sciences. the microscope, the ophthalmoscope, the endoscope, the laryngoscope, and many more; so that, in fact, he who has a preliminary knowledge-that is, a knowledge acquired previously to entering upon the strict study of medicineof natural history, natural philosophy, chemistry, botany, will always possess great advantages over the student unacquainted with these subjects, and may fairly calculate upon winning thereby high honour in his classes, and future good position and fame. This much I deemed it right to say as to preliminary education; I would now offer a few remarks upon the actual commencement by the pupil of the study of medicine. The first act, according to the new rules, of the young man about to enter now upon the difficult study of medicine, is the very important one of placing his name on the Register of the General Medical Council. The fact of his name being found on the Register shows that he has already passed a satisfactory preliminary examination; and it serves, moreover, the highly important purpose of fixing the date of his formal commencement of his medical studies. His next act is to attend lectures, and also to study disease at the bedside, in all its complex and wonderful varieties of form, as met with in the wards of a medical and surgical hospital. Now, with regard to lectures, there are many signs that a change respecting their number and position in the medical curriculum is imminent. There is a growing tendency to reduce the number of lectures. For the most part, ordinary medical lectures are only useful, and only used, for the purpose of enunciating the general principles of the subject to which they relate; whilst to practical or demonstrative studies, is committed the working out of the several and varied details of these different subjects. This being so, it is easily conceivable that the lectures required to be attended may be so numerous as not to leave time enough for the acquisition of the more practical and more important knowledge. And this is actually what is alleged to maintain. It is said-and to me the statement seems reasonable that it is unjust and objectionable to demand of the student duplicate certificates for any course of lectures whatsoever; and it is proposed that he be no longer required to attend more than one course of the same lectures on the same subject. For the lectures thus suggested to be reduced, it is recommended to substitute practical teaching; such, for example, as may be found in the wards, and in the out-patient department of a hospital. And here the question rests at present; nothing has been finally determined upon, but we may fully expect that in the future legislation affecting the professional education of medical men, some considerable alteration of the present requirements will be made in the direction I have indicated. But the final examination is the point of chief interest to the medical student; in this, as at present conducted, clinical examinations in medicine and surgery occupy a new and very important place. These examinations are real and undoubted tests of knowledge, and in order to acquit himself creditably in them, the student will now require to pay greater attention than ever before to the observation of disease at the bedside, to the acquisition of the elements of diagnosis, and of the knowledge of the correct treatment of disease. Here it is that clinical teaching in a medical and surgical hospital renders such invaluable service. The other methods of instruction of the medical pupil are comparatively elementary. Clinical teaching is the summing up and practical application of all knowledge previously acquired at lectures. Clinical teaching, properly conducted and trustingly received, is the method by which medicine is best studied; it is, indeed, that one mode which is at the same time most calculated to advance the knowledge of the physician, and most likely to result in the amelioration of the patient. This method of instruction will also impart to the student a sound practical medical knowledge, and will alone afford him the certain means of recognising and treating disease when suddenly confronted with it. This is the kind of knowledge, gentlemen, which we undertake to communicate to you here, if only you be willing to receive it; a knowledge which in medical and surgical clinical teaching, is like that which experimental courses in the sciences afford. The first duty of the hospital physician or surgeon is to minister to the suffering poor; but he has to perform another and scarcely less important function in advancing through the means afforded by his institution-the cause of medical science and education. This is the view which for years has governed the medical staff of this hospital in its relations with the medical scholars who have been in the habit of attending the practice of the hospital. By the faithful carrying out of this plan great advantages have resulted to the public, from the valuable practical teaching communicated to the pupils by the many eminent medical men who from time to time have been attached to this hospital. The hospital has long enjoyed a high repute as a school of medicine and surgery; its class of students has always been a numerous, often a large one. A considerable num ber of those former students are now scattered over different parts of the globe engaged in practice, some of whom have acquired well-merited distinction and eminent success, and all of whom apply to the relief of suffering humanity the sound and practical lessons which they learned in this institution. I will not here follow a plan often adopted on occasions like the present, the habit, namely, of stringing together a number of suggestions and recommendations to the pupil as to the mode in which he should conduct his studies, and the demeanour which he should observe in his general conduct. Your own instincts, and the exercise of your reasoning and perceptive powers, will soon make clear to most of you, how alone, with chance of profit or credit, the science of medicine is to be wooed and won. A just appreciation of the nobility and dignity of the profession you have selected will cause you to estimate it correctly, and serve it honestly, even though it may not bring great wealth or high worldly honour to its cultivators. Whilst, therefore, I would express an earnest hope that you will act all through your studies as becomes good Christians and true gentlemen, I do not believe that any benefit would result from a detailed enumeration of the several rules of good conduct which the student should follow, of the dangers which he should shun, of the dispositions with which he should be animated. All advice respecting mode of work, care of health, choice of companions, is, at this time of your day, old and stale; you have, most of you at least, heard it all before; to the well-disposed and industrious student its re-inculcation is unnecessary; whilst on the idle, the mischievous, or the indifferent, it would fall, howsoever eloquently or forcibly propounded, without any effect. You have cast in your lot with those who cultivate medicine in a high and worthy spirit, and you propose to practise a profession by which, if followed honestly and conscientiously, though no great worldly prizes may be grasped, at least signal benefit may be conferred upon the health and happiness of those patients who may be entrusted to your care. Would that my weak words could arouse and confirm in your minds a noble determination to so bear yourselves as to become truly worthy of so great, so exalted a profession. For success in this profession, the possession of certain qualities is essential. Amongst these are honour, truth, high principle, energy, industry, quick and cultivated intellect. will require to work hard, for in order that your future labours may be fruitful of good, your present work must be severe and true. Medicine is peculiarly the profession where emergencies arise. A medical man has, usually, no time for reflection or for reference to authorities on those occasions when his services, medical or surgical, are called into requisition. Hence it is that he has preeminently the most urgent need of a highly cultivated condition of his various senses, and a well-ordered state of his reasoning powers. You To him, also, above all others, the ready hand, the trained eye and ear, and the power of rapidly applying conclusions from previously acquired data, are indispen sable, if he would carry out efficiently all the behests of his high calling. I would impress upon you, gentlemen, and reiterate even to tediousness, the advice to follow closely, and to observe well, the cases of sickness to be met with in the hospital beds. To understand the symptoms he will observe, and all their significance, the student requires to be a good anatomist; for to him who is wellinformed in anatomy the body is, as it were, transparent; he knows to a nicety the situation of the various internal organs, hidden though they be from the natural eye. He who aspires to be a sound practitioner should have first studied the natural appearance and healthy action of the various parts and organs of the body, before he applies himself to the comprehension of its pathological states. For it is by a perfect acquaintance with the condition of the healthy structures that he can best hope to recognise the deviations induced by disease. I recommend you to note the cases of unusual interest that you may meet in the wards. I by no means desire to advise you to make voluminous histories of each patient's condition. This would be but to encumber yourselves with a greater load of material than you could carry. What I inculcate is that you should make short, clear, and precise "memoranda" of the salient points in the more remarkable cases by way of records, to be afterwards referred to. This is what I mean by "note-taking." It is a useful custom, approved both by reason and experience; and the knowledge acquired by the habit of committing to writing the particulars of cases, and one's own ideas, or the remarks of the teacher upon them, is, you may be well assured, both valuable and durable. Finally, I would urge upon every true student to follow, as often as the opportunity is afforded him, to the deadhouse the bodies of those who have succumbed to disease. In this way alone can the diagnosis be tested, the history of the case rendered complete, and an accurate and durable impression be left, through the unerring eye, upon the mind. In conclusion, gentlemen, I beg leave to say to you, before we part, that upon yourselves will mainly depend the amount of advantage you shall derive from your attendance on the practice of this hospital. In the pursuit of one's medical studies, as in all the concerns of life, the one true way by which success, prosperity, and fame are to be obtained is narrow, uninviting, and beset with many difficulties. You must be prepared to apply your own reason and thought to the observation and study of the objects and work you are engaged upon, not relying altogether or too much upon the teachings of any master. But, above all, you must ever preserve, in a high state of integrity, the healthy tone of your moral nature. As medical men you may often, in your after career through life, be the ministers of more than mere corporeal consolation; and you may have good reason to know the value of the "word in season' "Sunt verba et voces quibus hunc lenire dolorem Original Communications. ON HEAT-STROKE.1 BY C. HANDFIELD JONES, M.B., Cantab., F.R.S. (Continued from page 466.) OUR next topic is Etiology. It might be thought that this admitted of no discussion, regard being had to the nomenclature, but we soon find that this is not the case. Mr. Marcus Hill argues with much plausibility against heat being the sole and essential cause of the malady, from the very numerous instances in which soldiers and labourers have been exposed to extreme heat, solar or artificial, without suffering in this way. As an instance he cites a passage from Dr. Henderson's report, which states that a body of sappers and soldiers marched 75 miles, from Candahar to Yeriskh, and back again, after a halt of seven days, enduring intense heat and great fatigue, without having one man struck down by coup de soleil. The thermometer during the march stood at 120°; at Candahar, in the shade, it varied from 100° to 109°. Dr. Maclean also remarks that British sportsmen in India often pursue their exciting amusement in the hottest weather, but by using reasonable precautions they seldom suffer. He is fully alive to the influence exerted by other concurrent conditions, but says "that it cannot be doubted that heat, and speaking generally, heat long 1 Read before the Harveian Society, 16th October, 1868. continued, is the true exciting cause of this formidable affection." This opinion we can scarcely hesitate to accept; nevertheless we ought not to leave unnoticed the strong resemblance which seems to exist between the operation of heat and malaria, as this has strongly impressed more than one able observer. Mr. M. Hill writes:-"It seems to me, as I have attempted to show, that there is probably a very close connexion between these attacks of heatapoplexy and remittent fever, and there are indeed many good and substantive reasons for the assumption that it (heat-apoplexy) depends primarily upon a cause similar, if not identical with that which excites remittent fever." Mr. Bonnyman, writing nine years later than Mr. Hill, expresses his belief that further investigation will probably show that malarious fevers and heat-apoplexy are due to the same or to closely allied causes. He regards heat as the essential cause of the latter (differing herein from Mr. Hill), but thinks that the same is also often productive of periodic fevers. The facts which have arrested the attention of these observers may probably be accounted for on these grounds. Heat generates malaria -as a rule, the more heat the more malaria-it cannot therefore surprise us that the two influences should be commonly in operation together. Even where the soil is thoroughly dry, at least on its surface, malaria may be abundantly generated by heat, so that there are few places of which one can positively affirm that the generation of malaria is impossible. Again, heat, while generating malaria enables it to act at an advantage by enfeebling the resisting power of the body. Lastly, it seems scarcely doubtful that both these agents primarily affect the nervous system, and that in the same way, and operate on the other organs in great measure through its medium. Putting together these facts, it does not appear to me difficult to account for the views which I have above noticed. The following history, cited by Dr. Maclean, may be referred to here as probably an illustration of the conjoined effects of heat and malaria. On July 8th, 1853, a body of men, 1,200 strong, marched from Bevarloo to Hassell (about 10 miles). They started at 8 a.m. Only 500 reached Hassell in the evening; 19 perished en route, and a great number in a state of furious delirium were taken to hospital. It is a remarkable thing that the temperature on this occasion did not exceed 91° or 95°. Nothing so disastrous, Dr. Maclean says, occurred under an Indian sun during the time of the mutiny. In connection with this, M. Boudin observes that two well-known Egyptian astronomers, MM. Mahmoud and Ismail, who were in Brussels on that day, assured M. Quetelet that they suffered as much perature of nearly 122° in Cairo,-a fresh proof of the from a temperature of 87.2 in that city as from a temnecessity of taking count of the quality of temperature. Reynolds's "System of Medicine," vol. ii., p. 160. Over the other causes, whose influence however is often most important, we may pass more lightly. They are in general the predisposing causes of fevers and many other have all in various well-known instances manifested their diseases. Fatigue, foul air, intemperance, unsuitable dress, fatal influence. They bear the same relation to the special cause, heat, as they do to the special miasm of typhoid or typhus fever. Certain other conditions of a less definite kind seem to contribute materially to the destructive effects of heat. Calm, sultry, oppressive weather appears to be more pernicious than bright and clear, though perhaps somewhat hotter. The beneficial effect of a thunderstorm has been several times observed. In the Report of the American Army, 1863, it is stated that cases of insolation were of very common occurrence during oppressively hot weather, the men being heavily laden with arms, ammunition, rations, &c., but a heavy thunderstorm swept across the face of the country, leaving behind it an invigorating coolness, which banished sunstroke from the ranks of the army for the rest of the season. Sir R. Martin alludes to the time when the strong |