English poetry and the verse in the Bible. The word fabric is in the lines of Milton, Cowper, and Heber; and the chief idea in them of the fabric being raised or constructed marvellously is not in the verse of Kings to which reference has been made. For in that verse it is only said that the materials were prepared before they were used, so that the sound of tools was not heard whilst the Temple was built. I admit, however, that Cowper, and perhaps Heber, may have had the verse in mind. Milton appears to be indebted to the line in the Iliad which describes Thetis rising like a mist from the E. YARDLEY. sea. SADLER'S WELLS PLAY ALLUDED TO BY WORDSWORTH (10th S. i. 7).—I have consulted the following authorities, but have not been able to find any reference to the play said to have been founded on the story of John Hatfield and Mary of Buttermere: 1. Oxberry's 'Dramatic Biog.' 2. Bernard's 'Retrospections of the Stage.' 3. Gilliland's 'Dramatic Synopsis.' 4. Lowe's 'Biographical Account of Dramatic Literature.' 5. J. T. Dibdin's 'Reminiscences.' 8. Dickens's 'Life of Grimaldi.' 9. 'The London Stage,' G. Balme (1826). 10. The London Theatre,' T. Dibdin (1815). 11. Cumberland's 'Minor Theatre.' 12. Dicks's Catalogue. 13. Sadler's Wells playbills, in the British Museum. 14. Doran's 'Annals of the Stage.' houses for pleasure." I cannot find any trace in any work of the "Lazar House." ANDREW OLIVER. we "JEER" (9th S. xi. 487; xii. 357).—When we say schrauben in the sense of "to jeer at " always mean "einen schrauben," whether this object is expressed or understood. The phrase has nothing to do with the face of the mocker, but the writhings of his victim whose thumb he has clamped in the vice. It is a game they like much in this country at the beer-table, not pleasant when one poor fellow is made the laughing-stock of the company, but amusing when the attacked party is able to hit back; the "corona then spending a nice time in witnessing this mutual". screwing" process. G. KRUEGER. Berlin. "LITTLE MARY" (9th S. xii. 504).—I gather from the notice of the Westminster play in the Athenæum of 19 December, 1903, that the epilogue to the 'Trinummus,' which was "extremely happy," introduced "Parva Maria," "Dumpophobista," &c. WILLIAM GEORGE BLACK. WELSH RABBIT (9th S. xii. 469). — In addition to the note by the REV. A. SMYTHE PALMER at 7th S. x. 9, I would refer your correspondent to the reverend gentleman's and illustrations of the use of the term. 'Folk-Etymology' (1882) for a long articlę, Annandale in his 'Imperial Dictionary' gives the following: "Welsh Rabbit is a genuine slang term, belonging to a large group which describe in the same humorous way the special dish or product or pecu I shall be glad if one of your readers can liarity of a particular district. For example, an supply me with further references. H. W. B. Essex lion is a calf; a Field-lane duck is a baked sheep's head; Glasgow magistrates or Norfolk capons are red herrings; Irish apricots or Munster plums are potatoes; Gravesend sweetmeats are shrinips.— Macmillan's Magazine." EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road. Was it not Samuel Johnson who transposed "Welch-rare-bit " into " Welsh rabbit"? THORNE GEORGE. We call a sort of hash "falscher Hase." G. KRUEGER. Berlin. [MR. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL refers also to the euphemistic names of dishes from localities.] ST. BRIDGET'S BOWER (10th S. i. 27).-Is it not probable that Spenser alludes to Brent, and not to Kent? and that the "Br" in his MS. was mistaken for "K"? The parish church of Breane, in the hundred of Brent, Somerset, is dedicated to St. Bridget, and was restored in 1884, the chancel being rebuilt. The "bowre" alluded to might be the hill, or down, or elevated peninsula, which extends a mile into the sea, and is strikingly conspicuous from various parts of the surrounding country. It is called Brean Down, is the most western extremity of the Mendip Hills, and the only ground in the parish of Brean which is appreciably raised above the level of the sea. On the highest point of the hill, 321 ft. above the sea, are some loose stones, usually regarded as the remains of a beacon or fire-signalling station. Brean Down is, in fact, the longest and by far the most picturesque and interesting of the three promontories that break the coastline of the Mendip (see Francis A. Knight's most interesting work, 'The Seaboard of Mendip,' 1902, pp. 297-9). "Bridget's Bowre" is not, however, marked on a map printed in the seventeenth year of Queen Elizabeth's reign (1575); but the expression is, no doubt, merely poetic licence, although the association with the spot, and that a picturesque promontory, of a church dedicated to St. Bridget would afford some ground for supposing that Brean Down was intended. Indications of a beacon light, too, are very suggestive of the possibility that "Kent" 18 a press error for "Brent." J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. CARDINALS AND CRIMSON ROBES (9th S. xii. 486). Misses Tuker and Malleson, Handbook to Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome,' Part IV. p. 447, say : "It was enacted in a constitution of Boniface VIII. in 1297 that cardinals should wear the royal purple......The red robes have been worn since 1464; the purple is now only worn in Lent and Advent, when cardinals can be distinguished from bishops by the red skull-cap, stocking, and berretta which they retain.' JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. was printed about the year 1688, and gives 511). Anent the origin of the French "OWL-LIGHT" (9th S. xi. 349, 411, 452; xii. expression "entre chien et loup," may I say that, although some authorities give the two explanations mentioned, only the first is assigned by earlier works, such as, for instance, the Abbé Tuet's • Matinées Senonoises' (1789), P.-J. Le Roux's 'Dict. Comique,' &c. (1752), and the 'Dict. de Trévoux' (1771)? All these agree in only giving the first explanation, and the following lines seem to corroborate the idea, viz. :— Lorsqu'il n'est jour ni nuit, quan l le vaillant berger Si c'est un chien ou loup, ne peut au vray juger. J.-A. de Baïf (1532-89), Liv. I. de La Francine.' G. Bautru (1588-1665), alluding to this proverbial phrase, used to say, "J'ai rencontré une femme entre chienne et louve." Although M. Quitard, in his 'Dict. Etymologique, &c., des Proverbes,' throws doubt on the first explanation, to my mind-I may be wrongit is the correct one. EDWARD LATHAM. Mackenzie Walcott, in his 'Sacred Archæology,' under the heading 'Cardinal,' says :"In 1299 Pope Boniface gave the cardinals a purple dress in imitation of the Roman Consuls.' ANDREW OLIVER. EARLIEST PLAYBILL (10th S. i. 28).-The CASTLE SOCIETY OF MUSICK (9th S. xii. 486). earliest announcement of the nature of a play--This was a society for the cultivation bill of which I have any record is in my own collection, and is fully described in 'Rariora' (iii. 53). It relates to a public contest announced to take place at the Red Bull (Theatre), at the upper end of St. John's Street, on "Whitson Munday," 30 May, 1664. This theatre was spoken of by Prynne in 1633 as one that had been "lately re-edified and enlarged." The next in order of date of harmony, of considerable repute in the middle of the eighteenth century. It was so designated because its "concerts of music, vocal and instrumental," were for some time held at the "Castle" Tavern in Paternoster Row. In 1768, however, the performances were conducted at the Haberdashers' Hall, and then business meetings were held at the Half Moon Tavern in Cheapside (see 66 homes may live in the midst of trees. Why should a homestead surrounded by ashes not be named Esc-ham? You have also Beecham Burn's Beaufoy Tokens,' 1855, No. 882). The "Castle" was burnt down in the Great Fire, and what became a usual feature in the more popular resorts of this kind--a Long Room-and Oakham, and we have Buchheim and was added. Here many of the most eminent musicians and vocalists of the day performed. The following is from the Daily Advertiser of 22 February, 1742 : "For the Benefit of Mr. Brown, at the Castle Tavern in Paternoster Row, this Day, being the 22d instant, will be perform'd a Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Musick, Particularly an OrganConcerto by an Eminent Master, a Concerto on the Bassoon by Mr. Miller, a Solo on the German Flute by Mr. Balicourt, and a Solo and several Concertos on the Violin by Mr. Brown. The vocal parts by Mr. Beard and Mr. Lowe. Note, Tickets to be had at Mr. Brown's, in Margaret Street, Cavendish Square at the Swan Tavern, in Exchange-Alley, Cornhill; and at the place of Performance."-See also ibid., 5 March, 1742. In 1770 the "Castle" had become the Oxford Bible Warehouse, where the productions of the Oxford University Press were deposited. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. 161, Hammersmith Road. ST. DIALS (9th S. xii. 49, 514). In the seventeenth-century overseers' accounts of Monmouth frequent mention occurs of the hamlet called St. Dials', just south-west of this town. Twice the name is spelt "St. Dynalls." If this n (which is clearly written) is not meant for a u (and I do not think it is), I consider this strong evidence that the place was originally St. Deinioel's. Several parishes in Wales bear the latter designation, under its Welsh form Llanddeinioel, and "Dynall" would represent the pronunciation to English eyes. But Teilo in Monmouthshire dialect is "Tillio," as in Llantilio Grosenny. Monmouth. JOHN HOBSON MATTHEWS. JOHN HALL, BISHOP OF BRISTOL (10th S. i. 9). -I think he must have died in 1710 a bachelor, as I cannot find any mention of a wife in the Rev. Douglas Macleane's admirable and exhaustive history of Pembroke, Oxon (1897), of which College the bishop was Master from 1664 until his death. His heir was his nephew John Spilsbury, a Dissenting minister at Kidderminster. His portraithalf-length, full-face, clean shaven, in wig and episcopal robes may be seen in the College Hall. A. R. BAYLEY. ASH: PLACE-NAME (9th S. xii. 106, 211, 291, 373)-May I ask PROF. SKEAT to reconsider his decision as to the absurdity of the derivation of Asham from cesc, an ash? He says trees do not live in homes. Just so, but Buchenheim, Eichheim, Berkheim, Elsheim Berlin. BRIGHTLINGSEA: ITS DEPUTY MAYOR (9th S. xii. 506).-I find in my collection of cuttings illustrative of the county of Essex one or two referring to the quaint custom brought to the notice of readers of N. & Q.' by MR. COLEMAN. From a descriptive account of the ceremony which appeared in the Southend-on-Sea Observer of 4 Dec., 1902, I gather that the oath administered to those elected to the freedom of Brightlingsea is as follows: "I swear to be profitable as I ought to his Majesty the King, his heirs and successors, and the State of the liberty of the town of Brightlingsea." JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. ENGLISH ACCENTUATION (9th S. xi. 408, 515; xii. 94, 158, 316, 475).-Perhaps a slip of the pen or printer's error, but, certainly, Antioquia is wrongly accented by MR. PLATT. I lived some years in the next State to Antioquia (Republic of Colombia), and can assure him no one ever heard the accent placed anywhere but on the o, and no Colombian would know what was meant by Antioquía. IBAGUÉ. CROMWELL BURIED IN RED LION SQUARE (9th S. xii. 486).-Enough, and more than enough, has appeared in the columns of 'N. & on the subject of the place of burial of Oliver Cromwell. Westminster Tyburn, Huntingdon, Northborough, and Abbey, Naseby, Narborough, Newburgh, Red Lion Square, all claim to be his place of burial. See 1st S. v. ; 2nd S. viii., xii. ; 3 S. iii., iv. ; 5th S. ii., for many articles on the resting-place of this extraordinary man. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road. The remains of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw may, of course, have been reexhumed and reinterred in Red Lion Square, but in 'Mercurius Politicus Redivivus, a Collection of the most Materiall Occurrences and Transactions in Publick Affairs,' vol. i. fol. 257, we are expressly told that "their bodies were buried in a grave made under the [Tyburn] gallows. The coffin that Oliver Cromwell was in was a very rich thing, very full of guilded hinges and nayles." And Anthony Wood in his 'Athenæ Oxonienses,' 1817, vol. iii. col. 301, says : "After the Restoration of King Charles II. Ireton's body with that of Oliver Cromwell was taken up [ie, from their tombs in Henry VII.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey], on Saturday, 26 Jan., 1660, and on Monday night following were drawn in two several carts from Westminster to the Red Lyon in Holbourn, where they continued that evening. The next morning the carcass of Joh. Bradshaw, president of the high court of justice (which had been with great solemnity buried in St. Peter's Church at Westminster, 22 Nov., 1659), was carried in a cart to Holbourn also; and the next day following that (which was the 30th January, on which day King Charles I. was beheaded in 1648) they were drawn to Tyburn on three several sledges, followed by the universal outery of the people. Afterwards they being pulled out from their coffins, were hanged at the several angles of that triple tree, where they hung till the sun was set. After which they were taken down, their heads cut off (to be set on Westminster Hall) and their loathsome trunks thrown into a deep hole [italics are mine] under the gallows, where they now remain." The deep hole is suggestive of an improbability that the remains were disinterred by relatives or partisans, for some time, at all events, afterwards. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. DR. FURNIVALL will find two or three columns devoted to this subject in 'Old and New London,' iv. 546-8. I would also refer him to an interesting article which appeared in Chambers's Journal of 23 February, 1856, bearing the title 'A Historical Mystery.' It is devoted to a consideration of the claims of the various places where Cromwell's body is said to have been buried. Naseby Field, Red Lion Square, Westminster Abbey, Huntingdon, and the river Thames, all pass under review, but the writer opines: Where he was really buried is a question that has never yet [sic], and probably never will be satisfactorily answered." JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. CAPSICUM (9th S. xii. 449).-I should have thought the Capsicum annuum came into Europe from the East vid the Levant, some time before the Spaniards discovered it also growing in the West Indies. But surely chillies" and the powder produced by crushing the dried pods were known to Rome in the time of the Cæsars. The Hindoos knew it as gas murridge, the Javanese as lombok, and the Malays as chabai. THORNE GEORGE. BISHOP WHITE KENNETT'S FATHER (9th S. ix. 365, 455; x. 13).-Hasted's History of Kent,' folio edition, vol. iii. p. 404, states that Basil Kennett was A.M. of the University of Dublin. Inquiring of the Registrar, I am assured that Basil Kennett's name cannot be traced in any of the lists. The name Basil is probably derived from the lord of the manor of Folkestone, Basil Dixwell, 1622, created a baronet 1627, died 1641. A Richard Kennett was mayor of Folkestone the year that Basil Dixwell succeeded to the lordship, namely, 1622, and again in 1627. May he not have been Bishop White Kennett's grandfather? R. J. FYNMORE. Sandgate, Kent. FLAYING ALIVE (9th S. xii. 429, 489; 10th S. i. 15).-There is an interesting story about the skin of a robber in "My Sayings and Doings, with Reminiscences of my Life. An Autobiography of the Rev. William Quekett, M.A., Rector of Warrington " (Kegan Paul & Co., 1888), p. 117. Mr. Quekett was one day (presumably before 1854, when he was appointed rector of Warrington) with his brother, Prof. Quekett, at the College of Surgeons. Whilst they were together the latter received a letter which contained an enclosure "which looked like part of the bottom of an old shoe, of the thickness of half-a-crown, of a dark colour, elastic, and with the markings of wood upon it." The letter was from a churchwarden of the parish of East Thurrock, in Essex, who wanted the professor to tell him, if possible, what the substance was, without having any particulars of its history. Having washed it and cut a thin slice, he discovered under the microscope that it had all the structure of human skin, and on more minute examination that it was the "skin of a light-haired man, having the hair of a sandy colour." He wrote to the church warden, telling him of the result of his examinations. The latter replied that he (the professor) had "proved the truth of a great tradition which had existed for years in East Thurrock." "On the west door of the church there had been for ages an iron plate of a foot square, under which they said was the skin of a man who had come up the river and robbed the church. The people had flayed him alive, and bolted his skin under an iron plate on the church door as a terror to all other marauders. At the restoration of the church, which was then going on, this door had been removed, and hence he had been able to send the specimen." It appears to have been assumed that the marauder who had been skinned was a Dane. Mr. W. Quekett had a bit of the skin fixed as a specimen for the microscope, and wrote on the slide, "This is the skin of a Dane who, with many others, came up the river Thames and pillaged churches. Caught in the act at East Thurrock, Essex, and flayed alive." The fate of the specimen is interesting. Mr. Quekett lost it, and knew nothing for many years of what had become of it. In or about 1884, apparently, he was reading aloud to some gentlemen in the hall of the "Palace Hotel," Buxton, an account of a meeting of the British Association at Penzance. In this account he came across the fact that at the meeting a microscopic object, among others of special interest, had been exhibited by a gentleman in the neighbourhood, viz., a "Dane's skin," and that the specimen at Penzance had on it, word for word, what he had written on his lost treasure. He exclaimed, "Why, this is my Dane's skin! I lost it twenty years ago." After telling those present how he had obtained the specimen, he said aloud, "I wonder who that man is." Immediately afterwards the porter, who had heard the conversation, said, "Please, Mr. Quekett, I can tell you who that gentleman is. I was his footman and valet for four years; it is Mr. who lives at Castle, near Penzance." Mr. Quekett wrote at once to the gentleman, whose name he does not give, claiming the specimen, and asking him how he had come into possession of it. The gentleman replied that the description of the specimen and the account of the inscription were perfectly correct; that it had been given to him by a lady in London; that he greatly valued it; and that should Mr. Quekett ever be in his part of the country and should wish to see it, he would have great pleasure in showing it to him. Beati possidentes. Mr. Quekett died at the rectory, Warrington, on Good Friday, 1888. The preface of his autobiography is dated 12 January of the same year. St. Austin's, Warrington. ROBERT PIERPOINT. VICISSITUDES OF LANGUAGE (9th S. x. 446; xi. 314, 356).—The following notes from the Far East may be added as corroborating MR. H. LAWRENCE FORD's reply at the second reference. A striking instance of the languages of the conquered people becoming the study of their conquerors is furnished by Chinese. As often as China had been conquered by her neighbours, so many times has she supplanted or decomposed their languages; thus, since the establishment of the present Manchurian Government (1636), the Manchurians have been so assiduous in receiving the culture of the Celestials that at present their own language is becoming almost extirpated. A few years after Kublai Khan's unparalleled failure in his attempts upon the Japanese in 1281, the latter first appeared as buccaneers on the Chinese coast. From that time down to the seventeenth century the Japanese played largely in the Eastern world the part of the Normans. Their depredations formed a constant source of consternation among the Chinese, Coreans, Indo-Chinese, and the peoples of Indonesia, several principalities having been subdued by them. Still, at present but a few words, if any, and these limited to nouns only, linger in those nations' languages as the fossil fragments that mark faintly the former power once possessed by the ever-invading Japanese, whereas the Japanese descendants in Indo-China and the Philippines have entirely lost their own language. Lately the Chinese are being extensively taught by the Japanese in the various lessons of modern civilization, in acquiring which the latter were sagacious enough to precede their old masters; and the Chinese ought to acknowledge as an historical fact, as long as their memory shall last, the great assistance the Japanese are now rendering them. But it is very doubtful whether the Japanese language will much circulate and fix itself among the Chinese, as some enthusiasts hope. In fact, all the words necessary to these instructions are to be in Chinese, either original or japanized; and in the latter case, owing to the identity of their writings, the Celestials, of course, would discover nothing Japanese, but solely their own vulgarismthe tedious agglutinant syntax, the comparatively scanty diction, as well as the simple insular traditions of the Japanese, being of no actual service or tempting charm to the Chinese, whose convenient monosyllabic, very copious etymology, and variegated and comprehensive historical legends, are being more studied and availed of than ever by literary people in the Japan of to day. KUMAGUSU MINAKATA. Mount Nachi, Kii, Japan. "GOD": ITS ETYMOLOGY (9th S. xii. 465).— The 'N.E.D.,' s.v. 'God,' has the following: the root gheu-, "Some scholars, accepting the derivation from to pour,' have supposed the etymological sense to be molten image' (=Gr. xvróv), but the assumed development of meaning seems very unlikely." Now Hesychius expressly states as follows: χυτόν, χωστόν, καὶ τὸ χῶμα, καὶ ὁ ξεστὸς Xilos; ie., "what is heaped up, a tumulus, a smooth stone"-nothing whatever about a "molten image.' In fact, the etymological treatment of the word in the 'N.E.D.' is not |