The children bring round dolls, posies, and a horn. The dolls are brought by the girls, and the posies (which generally take the form of a Latin cross) by the smaller boys. The bigger boys come with a horn and ask if you would like to hear it. Boys without the horn are formidable enough, and they are invariably excused the performance. Of course the quest is the nimble penny; but what about the origin of the custom? Perhaps some of your correspondents can throw light upon that.

S. Monica, Ilfracombe.

H. T. JENKINS.

PORT ARTHUR.-What is the origin of the name Port Arthur? How comes it that, almost alone of the Far Eastern places of which we now daily read, this place is invariably called by an apparently English name? By what name is it known to the Chinese and Japanese? KAPPA.

[Port Arthur is named from Capt. Arthur, who commanded one of H.M. ships when the coast line of the Liao tung peninsula was being surveyed. See 9th S. i. 367, 398, 437; ii. 78, 111.]

"PAINTED AND POPPED."-In a work attributed to Milton, recently published, and which I think there is little or no reason to doubt came from his pen, the above phrase is used in describing the appearance of overdressed, frivolous ladies, of which apparently the author highly disapproved. What is the meaning of the word "popped," and what can be its derivation? Ben Jonson I believe uses it also. MELVILLE.

Melville Castle, Midlothian.

[Popped nicely dressed, Halliwell. Unknown derivation, Eng. Dial. Dict.']

LIEUT.-COL. WILLIAM CROSS, C.B.-To what family of Cross did Lieut. Col. William Cross, C.B., who served in the 36th Regiment from 1802 to 1824, belong? Where can I find details connected with his life? B. T.

BUILDING CUSTOMS AND FOLK-LORE.—I

should be grateful for any information with regard to old customs and folk-lore connected with building houses and cottages. Do the racial divergencies in various parts of England account for the different types of cottage to be found therein? References to any books relating to cottage architecture would be very acceptable. P. H. DITCHFIELD.

Barkham Rectory, Wokingham, Berks.

"JENION'S INTACK."-On an old map of Cheshire, printed by William Darton & Son, 58, Holborn Hill, London, but in what year I know not, though evidently it must have been before railways were in operation, I find "Jenions Intack" marked thereon. The situation is near the junction of the road leading from Ashton Heys to Weaverham, east by north about thirteen miles from the city of Chester, and about two miles south from Kingsley, on the western side of the road leading thence to Delamere Forest. In late county maps of Chester, published by G. W. Bacon & Co. and George Philip & Son (of Bartholomew's 'New Reduced Survey,' sheet 12), I see no mention of "Jenions Intack"; perhaps it was only a temporary construction. My foreparents. named Janion, lived in the neighbourhood of the "intack," or intake, for many years, their abodes being at Aston, Bradley, Bradley Orchard, Newton, and Kingsley, all to the north of Delamere Forest. Can any of your the said intake? readers oblige me with information about CHARLES JANION.

Registrar-General's Office, Wellington, N.Z.

"THE CHILDREN OF THE CHAPEL.'-Can any reader tell me where I could see or buy an anonymous pamphlet entitled 'The Children of the Chapel Stript and Whipt' (1576), or suggest the author? C. C. STOPES.

WOLVERHAMPTON PULPIT. The current (April) number of the Antiquary contains a picture and brief description of the pulpit in St. Peter's Collegiate Church at Wolverhampton, contributed by Miss Barr Brown. She writes: "Only one other pulpit of its kind exists in England." Where is this? T. CANN HUGHES, M.A., F.S.A.

Lancaster.

GILBERT.-Thomas Gilbert was admitted to Westminster School, 26 January, 1778,

and Richard Gilbert, 7 February, 1780. I should be grateful for particulars of their parentage and career. G. F. R. B. MARLOWE DATE OF HIS BIRTH.-Was Christopher Marlowe two months older or ten months younger than Shakspere? The statement contained in all biographical sketches of Marlowe is that the register of the church of St. George the Martyr, Canterbury, says that Marlowe was christened 26 February, 1564. Does this mean 1563/4 or 1564/5? Unless the record has been corrected it clearly means the latter-1564, Old Style-and consequently, contrary to all statements I have seen, Marlowe was ten months younger than Shakspere, who was christened the 26th of the previous April. Will some one who has access to it, or an official copy, give the exact record as it appears in the St. George's Church register? ISAAC HULL PLATT.

The Players, 16, Gramercy Park, New York. [The D.N.B.' says Marlowe was baptized "26 Feb. 1563-4."]

"EN PENTENNE": ITS ORIGIN.-Littré in his dictionary says very little about pentenne, proposes no etymology for it, and does not allude to its use as a nautical term. Le Journal des Débats of 16 March, 1804, contains an instance of its use :

"On a remarqué, le 10 mars, à Boulogne, que chaque vaisseau de la division anglaise avait ses mâts en pentenne. Ce signe de deuil a fait présumer

la mort du roi."

It was reproduced in the number of the same date for this year, 1904. Will some philologist inform the readers of N. & Q.' of the history of this expression? E. S. DODGSON.

THE VAGHNATCH, OR TIGER-CLAW WEAPON. -Readers of Col. Meadows Taylor's 'Tara' will remember how Sivaji killed Afzul Khán with the dagger shaped like a tiger's claw. I should like to know the fate of this particular weapon, which was long treasured at Saltára. It may be somewhere in England, because it appears to have been given to Mountstuart Elphinstone in 1826 by the Raja of Saltára (see 'Life of Elphinstone,' ii. 188). But Lady Falkland (Chow-Chow,' ii. 34), who was at Saltára some time in the fifties, says she was shown it there. EMERITUS.

23 December, 1620. Can documentary evidence be found to justify this identification? I am a descendant of William Lyon. A. B. LYONS.

72, Brainard Street, Detroit, Mich.

TIGHERN-MAS.-Near what ancient church in England was the iron crosier called the Tighern-mas found? I shall be glad of references to books or monographs on the subject. RED CROSS.

CATESBY FAMILY.-Can any one give particulars of the James Catesby who died at Windsor about 1770-2, his age, profession, whether married, any descendants, and if a descendant of the historic Northamptonshire family?

Did any of the Catesby family emigrate to America?

Is it a fact that a Catesby went to an English convent for ladies in Germany?

Had the Catesbys at any time property in Brighton, Chelsea, Bayswater?

Can any one give the date of enlistment and discharge of Henry Catesby, who enlisted in the British army about 1840-regiment not known?

Please address replies care of Beardmore & Co., 58, Cleveland Street, Fitzroy Square, W. JAMES CATESBY,

ARMS ON SARPI'S COUNCIL OF TRENT' IN FRENCH.-I have before me in three volumes, 4to, a work with the following title:

"Histoire Du Concile De Trente, Écrite en Italien Par Fra-Paolo Sarpi, De l'Ordre Des Servites; Et Traduite de nouveau en François, Avec des Notes Critiques, Historiques et Theologiques, Par Pierre-François le Courayer, Docteur en Théologie de l'université d'Oxford, & Chanoine Regulier & ancien Bibliothécaire de l'Abbaye de Ste Geneviève de Paris. A Amsterdam, Chez J. Wetstein et G. Smith. M.DCC.LI.

All the volumes are uniformly bound in full calf, and on the two panels of each there is stamped in gold, in excellent preservation, a coat of arms. As I could not trace any resemblance to the latter in either Burke or Debrett, I was fortunate in getting access to the following French publication :--

ONE lives and learns. When I wrote the article at the last reference, I was only aware of the apparent fact that the phrase "hanged, drawn, and quartered "-in which "drawn means eviscerated-was an adaptation of the older phrase "drawn, hanged, and quartered," in which "drawn " meant "dragged along." I now find that the latter phrase is also not original, but was a mere translation of a phrase in Anglo-French, which was the language of England for legal purposes. This phrase occurs more than once, for example, in the continuation of Higden's Polychronicon,' vol. ix. p. 151. The sentences passed upon Blake and Usk in 1388 were :

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"Que Blake serra traigne del tour de Loundres tanque a Tybourne et illoeqes penduz. Et le dit Uske sera auxint traigne, et penduz et son test coupe et mys sur Neugate."

Or, as we should now say, "that Blake shall be drawn from the Tower of London as far as Tyburn, and there hanged; and the said Usk shall also be drawn and hanged, and his head shall be cut off and set up over Newgate." The insular independence of AngloFrench appears in the masculine test.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

In justice to myself I beg to point out that I quoted the 'N.E. D.' at 9th S. iv. 162, and gave this reference ante, p. 356. W. C. B.

PROF. SKEAT seems to go too far at the last reference when he suggests that the sentence passed upon Henry Garnett in 1606 was "remarkable" by reason that it included both the drawing to the gallows and the disembowelling. There was nothing remarkable in that. The ordinary form of the horrible judgment, as it formerly ran, against a man

convicted of high treason is given in Coke's 'Institutes' (3 Inst. 210, 211, edition of 1660) thus:

"Et super hoc visis, et per curiam hic intellectis omnibus et singulis præmissis, consideratum est. quod prædictus R. usque furcas de T. 1 trahatur, et 2 ibidem suspendatur per collum, et vivus ad terram prosternatur, et 3 interiora sua extra ventrem suum capiantur, [4] ipsoque vivente comburantur, et 5 caput suum amputetur, quodque 6 corpus suum in quatuor partes dividatur; ac 7 quod caput et quarteria illa ponantur ubi dominus rex ea assignare vult."*

66

"And all these severall punishments," says Coke (loc. cit.), are found for treason in holy scripture." Whereupon he proceeds to cite the following precedents:

&c.

Drawing.-1 Kings ii. 28, &c., “Joab tractus,” &c. Hanging.-Esther ii. 22, 23, "Bithan suspensus,"

Bowelling. Acts i. 18, "Judas suspensus crepuit medius, et diffusa sunt viscera ejus.'

While alive.-2 Sam. xviii. 14, 15, "Infixit tres lanceas in corde Absolon cum adhuc palpitaret," &c. Sheba filii Bichri." Beheading.-2 Sam. xx. 22, Abscissum caput

Quarters hanged up.-2 Sam. iv. 11, 12, "Inter fecerunt Baanan et Rechab, et suspenderunt manus et pedes eorum super piscinam in Hebron."

The form of the judgment was modified by the Treason Act, 1814 (54 Geo. III., c. 146), which abolished both the cutting down alive from the gallows and the disembowelling. It was again modified by the Forfeiture Act, 1870 (33 & 34 Vict., c. 23, s. 31), which abolished the preliminary drawing on the hurdle and also the beheading and quartering after death.

The view expressed by A. H. at the second reference, that the drawing on the hurdle was a ་་ disembowelling, has no historical basis. pretence" or substitute for

H. C.

As an example to which the term "drawn" might be applied in both the senses mentioned by PROF. SKEAT, I may cite the sentence passed on Col. Despard and his accomplices in February, 1803. It It was delivered by the judge, Lord Ellenborough, as follows:

and painful sentence of the law upon the crime of "It only remains for me to pronounce the sad which you are convicted; and that sentence is, and this Court doth adjudge, That you, the several

judgment, was drawn up in Latin down to 1733 (see The record of the proceedings, including the 4 Geo. II., c. 26; 6 Geo. II., c. 15); but the sentence, as delivered in court, was, of course, in English, and often expressly directed a certain savage indig nity against the convict's person, which is not sentence against Thomas Harrison in 1660 in 'State specified in Coke's text. See, for instance, the Trials,' v. 1034 (8vo edition, 1810).

Prisoners at the bar, be severally taken from hence to the place from whence you came, and from thence be severally drawn on an hurdle to the place of execution, and there be severally hanged by the neck, but not until you are dead, but that you be severally taken down again, and that whilst you are yet alive, your bowels be taken out and burnt before your faces; and that afterwards your heads be severed from your bodies, and your bodies be divided each into four quarters, and your heads and quarters to be at the king's disposal. And may God Almighty have mercy on your souls."

It is necessary to add that the most revolting part of the sentence was not carried out. The king's (Geo. III.) warrant for execution, dated 19 February, 1803, directed as follows:

"And whereas we have thought fit to remit part of the sentence, viz., the taking out and burning their bowels before their faces and dividing the bodies of (here follow names] severally into four parts, our will and pleasure is that execution be done upon the said [names again repeated] by their being drawn and hanged and having their heads severed from their bodies, according to the said sentence only."

JOHN T. PAGE.

West Haddon, Northamptonshire.

There does not seem to be any doubt that the proper order of the words is "drawn, hanged, and quartered." This was the form of the sentence. Thus the sentence passed on Edward Coleman, condemned for high treason in November, 1678, runs thus:

"You shall return to prison, from thence be drawn to the place of execution, where you shall be hanged by the neck, and be cut down alive, your bowels burnt before your face, and your quarters severed and your body disposed as the king thinks

fit."

In the report of the trial of the "five Jesuits," some time later, the recorded judgment (abbreviated) is "to be drawn, hanged, and quartered." The sentence on Fitzharris, tried in June, 1681, is given in Latin in the report of the trial:

"Ad furcas de Tyborne trahatur, et super furcas illas suspendatur, et vivens ad terram prosternatur, ac interiora sua extra ventrem suum capiantur, ipsoq. vivente comburentur: et quod caput ejus amputatur, quodq. corpus ejus in quatuor partes dividatur, et quod caput et quarter. ill. ponantur ubi nos ea assignare voluerimus."

The drawing was originally a dragging along the ground; this was, later, mitigated by interposing a hurdle, and, later still, a sledge. But the sentences in the Popish Plot trials specified sometimes a hurdle, sometimes a sledge.

The sentences quoted will be found in the 'State Trials.' ALFRED MARKS.

No one can reasonably doubt that persons condemned to this penalty should strictly

have been disembowelled before death. Between the beginning of February, 1577/8, and the end of January, 1585/6, the following Catholic martyrs, according to Challoner's Missionary Priests,' were certainly disembowelled while yet alive :

--

Beati.-John Nelson, Thomas Sherwood, Everard Hanse, William Hart (and probably Richard Thirkell).

Venerabiles.-George Haydock, James Fenn, Thomas Hemerford, John Nutter, Richard White, Edward Strancham, Nicholas Wheeler (and probably John Munden). JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

"The Lord Steward then addressed the prisoners in a pathetic speech, and concluded by pronouncing sentence in the following words: The judgment of the law is, and this High Court doth award, that you, William Earl of Kilmarnock, George Earl of Cromarty, and Arthur Lord Balmerino, and every one of you, return to the prison of the Tower from whence you came; from thence you must be drawn to the place of execution; when you come there, you must be hanged by the neck, but not till you are dead; for you must be cut down alive; then your bowels must be taken out and burnt before your faces; then your heads must be severed from your bodies, and your bodies must be divided each into four quarters: and these must be at the king's disposal. And God Almighty be merciful to your souls!'"-Jesse's Memoirs of the Pretenders, p. 391. W. E. WILSON.

Hawick.

·

Bastia.

W. F. PRIDEAUX.