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united forces on that occasion in honour of the lugubriously named captain. F. F. L.

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A. C. SWINBURNE.-The_editors of the Centenary Edition of Burns quote in the notes, vol. i. p. 368, the following stanza by Mr. Swinburne ::

Men, born of the land that for ages

Has been honoured where freedom was dear,
Till your labour was fat on its wages
You shall never be peers of a peer.
Where might is, the right is:
Long purses make strong swords.
Let weakness learn meekness.
God save the House of Lords.

In which of the poet's publications can the
rest of the poem be found?
J. J. FREEMAN.

RALEIGH'S HEAD.I lately, quite by chance, came across a copy of a booklet entitled 'History and Description of the Windows of the Parish Church of the House of Commons' (1895), by Mrs. J. E. Sinclair, a lady of antiquarian tastes. In this I find it stated, at p. 30, that

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Ralegh was beheaded in the adjacent Old Palace Yard, in 1618; his body was interred beneath the chancel of the church, his head being placed on Westminster Hall. A tradition, handed down from rector to rector of St. Margaret's, says that the dissevered head was buried in the same grave with the body of his son, Carew Ralegh, a few years afterwards."

I should be glad to know how much credence is to be attached to this "tradition," and whether the statement can be by any means traced to its source. I believe that the accepted, and probably authentic, account is that the head was buried in the church at West Horseley, in Surrey. I addressed a communication on this matter to the editor of the St. Margaret's Parish Magazine, thinking it a likely means by which to obtain the information, but it did not secure insertion. DAVID EASTERBROOK.

superintend the irrigation works with which the whole of this part of the Rhône plain is intersected. Similarly I believe that many of the drainage works on Sedgemoor were laid out by Dutchmen. Are there any technical terms in Dutch or Flemish from which "meyne” and “rhine” could be derived?

I do not know if the compilers of the 'N.E.D.' have as yet reached the word "main," but Dr. Murray might well have French patois dictionaries looked up as to "meyne,' in view of our own gas and water mains. My informant said the word, which I have not seen written, is pure French; but I have not Littré at hand to verify his assertion. H. Avignon.

[For rene, a small watercourse, see 9th S. ix. 329,

434.]

Replies.

THE MOTHER OF NINUS.
(9th S. xii. 128.)

As Osiris was at once the son and husband of Isis his mother, and the Indian god Iswara is represented as a babe at the breast of his own wife Parvati, the Indian Isis, so Ninus or Nimrod, the beginning of whose kingdom band and son of Semiramis, who, as the first was Babylon (Genesis x. 10), was both husdeified queen of Babylon, was probably identified with Mu-Mu or Ma-Ma, the great mother of all nature, who in her varying was Mūmu forms, says Mr. Boscawen, Tiamut, the Chaotic Sea, and Baku, the spouse of Hea, who presided over the south of Babylonia, the region of the marshes, and bore the title also of the "bearing mother of mankind "( From under the Dust of Ages,' 1886, p. 35). So that, in the conflicting relationships of the earliest divinities with which the researches of Assyriologists have made us acquainted, it is perhaps permissible to recognize in Mu-Mu or Ma-Ma attributes [See DR. BRUSHFIELD'S article, 9th S. xii. 289.] which were transferred to Semiramis, the แ MEYNES" AND "RHINES."-At Orange the great goddess-mother, upon one of whose other day I came across a curious patois word temples in Egypt, where she was known as which is of some interest. The waterway Athor, was inscribed: "I am all that has which is led through the town, and which is been, or that is, or that shall be. No mortal usually about one metre broad [? deep] and ten has removed my veil. The fruit which I metres wide, is locally known as a meyne." "have brought forth is the Sun" (Bunsen's When one recollects that the drainage chan-Egypt,' 1848, vol. i. pp. 386-7). Similarly nels on Sedgemoor are known as "rhines," the Babylonian epic of the creation begins by and that the chief tributary of the river Rhine is the Main, one is tempted to ask what the origin of these two terms really is. It is, of course, well known that Orange was once a principality under the House of Nassau, and it is possible that Dutch engineers may have been brought there by them to

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describing the generation of the world out of
Mummu or Chaos, the primeval source of all
things (The Religions of Ancient Egypt and
Babylon,' by Prof. Sayce, 1902, p. 131). The
first tablet of the 'History of Creation' says:
1. When in the height heaven was not named,
2. And the earth beneath did not yet bear a name,

3. And the primeval Apsu-ma (? or mu) who begat them,

4. And Chaos, mu-um-mu Tiamat, the mother of them both, &c.

See The Seven Tablets of Creation,' by L. W. King, 1902, p. 3 et seq., and The Religions of Babylon and Assyria,' by Morris Jastrow, 1898, p. 105. One seems justified, therefore, in assuming that the mother of Ninus, after the divinity of both the former and the latter had become an established belief, was his own wife Semiramis, whose attributes, when deified after death, gradually became identified in the eyes of her worshippers with those of Mu-Mu or Ma-Ma, the Mother of All.

sion"

J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL.

IMMUREMENT ALIVE OF RELIGIOUS (9th S. xii. 25, 131, 297, 376, 517).-The interest of historic truth must be my excuse for taking exception to MR. H. G. HOPE's version of the Bruntisfield mystery. "The venerable manwas not demolished in 1800"; it stands at this day, and is still inhabited, a well-preserved example of Scottish castellated building of the sixteenth century. My father rented it at one time, and part of my childhood was spent there; but the story of the secret chamber, as repeated by MR. HOPE, has deepened in gloom since my time. Warrender, a daughter of the house, has given Miss what may be considered the authentic version in her 'Walks near Edinburgh,' pp. 13-15. It may serve as a useful warning against too easy acceptance of fanciful variants if I quote what she says:

knowing; but the bloodstains on the floor point to that, not long after the discovery of this room, a some darker tragedy, and a tradition still lingers skeleton was found buried below the windows."

It would have been most improper if that skeleton had not turned up; but there is no suggestion of immurement, as MR. HOPE would have us believe. HERBERT MAXWELL.

the interests of historical accuracy, to furnish Perhaps M. N. G. will be kind enough, in one or more of the following particulars: (1) the name of the convent; (2) the name of the nun; (3) the name of the person or persons who "captured" her; (4) the means whereby the capture was effected; (5) the name of the "recent book on life in America"; and at the same time to give a reference to any contemporary account of the events alleged to have taken place at Charlestown, Mass., in 1835. The fact that the law (in England as elsewhere) did in times past punish heretics with death by burning does not seem to me to be one from which the prevalence of an illegal custom of burying recalcitrant religious alive can be by any known process of reasoning validly inferred.

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

334, 497).-Mr. Marion Crawford, writing of
CARDINALS (9th S. xi. 490; xii. 19, 174, 278,
Rome in 1865, says of Cardinal Antonelli:—

becoming a cardinal of the Holy Roman Church.
"He had his faults, and they were faults little
But few are willing to consider that, though a
cardinal, he was not a priest-that he was prac-
tically a layman, who by his own unaided genius
had attained to great power-and that those faults
virulence would have passed, nay, actually pass,
which have been charged against him with such
unnoticed and uncensured in many a great states-
man of those days and of these."
This passage occurs in the novel of Sara-
cinesca,' but here Mr. Marion Crawford is
evidently writing as an historian, and not as
a novelist, and I think may be considered an
authority on the subject, as he has made
Italian life so much his own.

Edinburgh.

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J. H. MURRAY.

"After the purchase of Bruntisfield by George Warrender [in 1695], it remained for nearly a hundred years in possession of the younger branch of the family, which came to an end in 1820 by the death of Hugh Warrender......He was succeeded by his cousin, my grand-uncle, the Right Hon. Sir George Warrender, M.P., who, on taking possession, discovered the existence of a secret room. The house was then thickly covered with ivy. Lee, the Royal Academician, and an architect that Sir George had brought down from London with him, were the first to suspect its existence, from finding more windows outside than they could account for. The old woman who had charge of the house denied for a long time any knowledge of such a room; but, THE WYKEHAMICAL WORD "Toys" (9th S. frightened by Sir George's threats, she at length xii. 345, 437, 492; 10th S. i. 13).—'Winchester showed him the narrow entrance, that was con- College Notions,' by Three Beetleites (Wincealed behind a piece of tapestry. This was torn chester, P. & G. Wells, 1901), is the book from down and the door forced open, and a room was found just as it had been left by some former occuwhich the present generation of Wykepant-the ashes still in the grate. one story said, it had been used as a hiding-place knowledge of notions, and is the immediate Whether, as hamists acquires its essential modicum of in troubled times, or whether, according to another source of the "accepted derivation" cited at legend, it had been the room of a dearly loved child the second reference. The authors give due of the house, after whose death it had been hurriedly shut up, never to be entered again by the acknowledgment in their preface to the work broken-hearted parents, there are now no means of of previous writers, and say that "deriva

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"FISCAL" (9th S. xii. 444).-Every word, no less than every dog, has its day, and now is the chance of fiscal. It has a close competitor in dump, but it manages to maintain pre-eminence. The use of it has increased a

thousandfold, and tongues utter it glibly, under eyes that but a year ago hardly knew the word by sight. Not long ago the keeper (fem.) of a registry office informed a lady who was in search of a kitchen-maid that the fiscal conditions of domestic service had entirely changed in recent times. ST. SWITHIN.

DR. PARKINS (9th S. xii. 349; 10th S. i. 15). Besides the books mentioned in Mr. Beale's contribution to the Grantham Journal, John Parkins was the author of The Holy Temple of Wisdom,' an edition of Culpeper's 'English Physician,' 1810, 1814, and The Universal Fortune-Teller,' 1810, 1814, 1822. He has already figured in 4th S. ix. 76, where other books are mentioned. I have seen none but "The Universal Fortune-Teller.' W. C. B.

In the 'History of Ufton Court,' by A. M. Sharp (1892, 4to), there is at p. 239 a pedigree (Grantham, co. Lincoln) of this branch of the Perkins or Parkins family, from the Visitation of Lincoln, 1654, with additions from parish registers. There is another of Parkins of Ashby, parish of Bottesford; but the pedigrees are not carried down to the dates mentioned of publication of books by Dr. Parkins. VICAR.

[MR. E. H. COLEMAN also sends a list of Parkins's works.]

SHAKESPEARE'S GEOGRAPHY (9th S. xi. 208, 333, 416, 469; xii. 90, 191).-MR. STRONACH selects from my letters a few sentences, and takes no notice of the rest. I gave reasons for what I wrote, and if MR. STRONACH is blind to them, I may suppose that other readers of 'N. & Q.' will not be so. I pointed out to MR. STRONACH that Shakspeare thought Milan to be on the sea. It is impossible that Bacon, a traveller on the Continent, and a man of general knowledge, could have made this mistake. I have formed my own opinions from my own reading, and it is not necessary

to refer me to others, who cannot have considered the question under discussion more thoroughly than I have done. There have been, and are, many competent critics who differ from the views of the gentlemen whom MR. STRONACH names. Shakspeare had enough Latin to know the meaning of the very simple hackneyed quotations which are found in those plays that are undoubtedly his. Nobody ever said the contrary. Shakspeare apparently must have known something of Plautus. But he might have got his knowledge indirectly, without having read the Latin. He might have obtained the plot of 'The Comedy of Errors' in more ways than one. Possibly he rewrote the play of somebody else. Ritson has said :tion, in forming this comedy, to Warner's trans'Shakspeare was not under the slightest obligalation of the 'Menæchmi.......He has not a name, line, or word from the old play, nor any one incident but what must of course be common to every translation......This comedy, though boasting the embellishments of our author's genius, was not originally his, but proceeded from some inferior playwright, who was capable of reading,, the Menæchmi' without the aid of a translation."

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I have noticed one difference between Bacon and Shakspeare. In reading Bacon's Essays' I find that he invariably has the conjunctive mood after if. Shakspeare in his chief plays uses the indicative or the conjunctive mood, without distinction, after this conjunction. I must have counted at least a hundred instances of if with the indicative in his

plays; and I am sure that there must be be said that Bacon supervised his 'Essays,' very many more instances. It may, however, and that the author of the plays did not do so. E. YARDLEY.

[This discussion must now close.]

GLASS MANUFACTURE (9th S. xii. 428, 515). -The inquiry under this heading was whether country gentlemen were occupied in glass-making. In Joseph Hunter's 'South Yorkshire, Deanery of Doncaster,' ii. 99, it is stated that

manufacture of glass was introduced at Wentworth, and a glass-house erected. The memory of it is still preserved in the name Glass-house Green, now enclosed."

"in the time of the first Earl of Strafford the

In the same volume, p. 35, we read, under Catcliffe, in the parish of Rotherham, that

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a glass-house was established here in 1740, by a company of persons who had been previously employed in the glass-house near Bolsterstone, then in high reputation."

From original documents I am able to add some of the later history of the Catcliffe works. In 1764 John May, glass manu

facturer, took a lease of the glass-house at Catcliffe for twenty-one years. In 1782 Hannah, his widow, transferred it to their sons Thomas May and William May, who carried on the business for some years. They certainly had it in 1785. I find these persons described sometimes as "gentlemen." There were also two glass-houses at Masbrough, in the parish of Rotherham, which were worked for some time by John Foljambe, gentleman (an attorney, I believe), in partnership with Jacob Boomer, a grocer, both of Rotherham. In 1783 they leased them to the above-named Thomas May for thirteen years. Mustard-bottles, ink-bottles, decanters, and flint glasses were among the articles they produced. The Mays are noticed in Mr. Hunter's 'Fam. Min. Gent.,' Harl. Soc., iv. 1177. W. C. B.

In St. Stephen's Church, Norwich, is a mural tablet to the memory of Richard Matthews, Sheriff of Norwich, glass-maker, who died 1774. On it are his arms thus: Per pale: 1, Gules, three catherine-wheels argent, on a chief or a bull's head cabossed sable; 2, Gules, a chevron between three escallops argent.

Monmouth.

JOHN HOBSON MATTHEWS.

MORGANATIC MARRIAGE (9th S. xii. 486).— For an answer to this question refer to 'N. & Q.,' 2nd S. vi. 237; 3rd S. v. 235, 328, 441, 515; vi. 38, 54, 140, 197.

EVERARD HOME COLEMAN.

71, Brecknock Road.

Emmet and De FONTENAY LETTERS (9th S. xii. 308).-FRANCESCA may be pleased to know that she can learn all about Robert Emmet's letters to Madame la Marquise de Fontenay by reference to a huge book, privately printed, by Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet, called 'The Emmet Family.' There is but one copy in England, and that is in the British Museum. L. I. GUINEY.

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CARSON (9th S. xi. 488; xii. 19, 110, 331, 377). -With regard to this subject, perhaps it may not be out of place to mention that in that delightful work Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, 1809-14,' by William Grattan, late Lieutenant Connaught Rangers, edited by Charles Oman (Edward Arnold), the name of Carsons will be found; and to add that Mr. Oman points out in the preface, at p. vii :

"It is clearly from the domestic annals of the 88th that Charles Lever drew the greater part of the good stories which make the fortune of Charles O'Malley.' Many of the humours of Mickey Free

seem to be drawn directly from the doings of Grattan's servant, Dan Carsons. Comparing the 'real thing' with the work of fiction, one is driven to ing invention on Lever's part was only a photoconclude that much of what was regarded as rollickgraphic reproduction of anecdotes that he had heard from old soldiers of the Connaught Rangers." Peninsular hero though he really was, yet Lieut. Grattan complains at p. 79:

"For six days we had not seen our baggage, and were in consequence without a change of linen....... I had no nightcap.'

Mr. W. Grattan was a kinsman of Ireland's greatest statesman-Henry Grattan. HENRY GERALD HOPE.

119, Elms Road, Clapham, S. W.

PAMELA (9th S. xii. 141, 330).-Since writing my former note on the pronunciation of this name I have accidentally come across it in French, in the advice given, in Les Gaietés de Béranger' (Amsterdam, 1864, p. 16), by the "abbesse" of to-day to one of her disciples:

Vous, Paméla, Cachez cela.

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My mother (born in 1824, when Richardson's novel was still popular) was christened Pamela-professedly after the novel. I never heard any other pronunciation of the name diminutive of endearment was Pam, which by relatives and friends than Paměla. The would not, I suppose, have been the case with Pamela. The REV. C. S. TAYLOR'S instance of Pamella is interesting on Pope's side; but the spelling Pamala (which I have found in letters from my mother's early contemporaries) makes for Richardson.

SAMUEL GREgory Ould.

In 'Selecta Poemata Anglorum,' 1779, p. 281, is a poem in Latin sapphics (no name appended), entitled 'Ode ad Pamelam Canem Dilectissimam ':

Chara, quæ semper studio fideli

Me sequi gratum solita es magistrum, Quæ colis multo officio, vocanti Pamela adesdum! JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

TIDESWELL AND TIDESLOW (9th S. xii. 341, 517).-The claim made by your correspondent as to the prefix Tid being the name of an individual can scarcely be deemed satis

factory. His contention is that the placename Tideswell should be regarded as Tides well, owing to the suffix representing the O.N. völl-r, an enclosure of some kind. To this he adds, "The present pronunciation of Tideswell is owing to a false etymology which has been circulated in guide-books." The latter are not always trustworthy, it is true, but in this instance they appear to be correct. When investigating the origin of a place-name it is advisable to trace it as far back as possible; and in the one under consideration, if the Domesday Book be consulted, we find "Tidesuuelle" recorded as a berewick of Hope, and almost identical in spelling with its present-date appellation. Etymology shows that Tideswell is a plain A.-S. place-name. The prefix Tid is rendered by Bosworth (A.-S. Dict.') as "time," and by Skeat (Etymol. Dict.') is explained as season, time, hour, flux or reflux of the sea." The suffix well forms a portion of many of the names of places in Derbyshire, and it is very probable that the term denoted some spring or brook, which may or may not be visible at the present day. Your correspondent affirms, "This word has nothing to do with a brook or spring of water, and it occurs in many places where there is neither brook nor spring," and cites Bradwell ("Bradewelle in Domesday Book) as an illustrative example. In this he is unfortunate, as, according to Glover ('Hist. of Derbyshire,' ii. 137), a salt spring exists a quarter of a mile from the village." Then Bakewell, the "Badequelle" of Domesday Book, and specially mentioned in the A.-S. Chronicle,' has possessed a medicinal (chalybeate) spring from time immemorial (ibid., ii. 66-7). Again, Tides well-as shown by its etymology was formerly celebrated for possessing what was termed an ebbing and flowing well," and this for centuries was considered to be one of the wonders of the Peak district.

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Moneyash, and on Lapwing Hill by Cressbrook (ibid., 28, 68). But of this class the numbers are few in the Peak District, the majority belonging to the Stone Age. Neither Tideslow nor Coplow was examined by Mr. Bateman, and if there be any possibility of the latter barrow being destroyed for providing road material, I would suggest that the attention of the Derbyshire Archæological Society be drawn to the matter, with the view of the low being systematically explored.

The local pronunciation "Tidsa" appears to be a common example of a word being shortened, especially when it terminates in a hard consonant, so frequently heard all over England, particularly in rural districts. A few weeks ago I heard an old woman in a Peak village exclaim, "I canna (conna or conner) do 't," meaning "I cannot do it." T. N. BRUSHFIELD, M.D.

Salterton, Devon.

Is not low in Tideslow the same as law, lawe, the well-known word for a hill or mound, having nothing to do with a burial? R. B-R.

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"PAPERS" (9th S. xii. 387; 10th S. i. 18).The military phrase "to send in one's papers was quite common in the army when I joined my regiment as an ensign in 1855; but I have no recollection of having met with it in any book of the eighteenth century. In the beginning of that century a colonel who wished to resign his commission addressed a memorial to that effect to the Commander-inChief. An example of this is to be found in Chrichton's 'Life of Col. Blackader,' pp. 429, 433, where the words of Blackader's petition to the Duke of Marlborough, asking to be allowed "to retire out of the army," are given, and the following entry in his diary, on 23 March, 1712, as to the issue of negotiations with Lord Forrester for the purchase of the colonelcy: "We have now finished our bargain about my post, according to our previous appointment, and having made my demission, I now look upon myself as out of the army."

It is somewhat hazardous to affirm that the names of any individuals are preserved or indicated in that of their prehistoric burying-place. In Bateman's Ten Years' Diggings' (1861) there is a long list of barrows in the counties of Derby and Stafford, "distinguished by the word 'low' subjoined to the name, or otherwise indicated by the etymology of the prefix" (pp. 289-97). It is doubtful whether this list contains a single example of the name of a prehistoric individual. Any possible one would naturally". be looked for among barrows belonging to the late A.-S. period, such as those explored by Mr. Bateman at Benty Grange, near

In the beginning of the nineteenth century an officer desirous of "selling out" wrote to his immediate commanding officer, and the application was accompanied by declarations setting forth particulars of service, guarantees as to money transactions involved, &c., and these documents came to be commonly called papers, ," "the necessary papers." A similar course was pursued in the case of an exchange from one regiment to another. For example, Lieut. Tomkinson, of the 16th Light

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