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time, of consulting the excellent work on Pathological Anatomy by Dr. Hasse,* from which the following passage has been obligingly translated for me by my friend Dr. Willis:-"Bizot often observed in it (atheromatous matter) shining bodies like gold dust, (Gold pulver,) and Cruveilhier saw aggregations which resembled in all respects the plates of cholesterine of many gall-stones. These masses have been examined by Gluget microscopically, and found to consist of aggregations of fat globules."-Hasse, p. 98. I have neither seen M. Gluge's work, nor the observations above referred to of M. Cruveilhier.

Explanation of the Figures illustrative of Mr. Gulliver's Paper on Fatty Degeneration of the Arteries, &c.

PLATE I.

The objects in the two first figures are magnified about 370 diameters, and about 800 in all the other figures. The relative sizes of the objects are preserved; and their actual sizes, in the last six figures, may be estimated by the scale, which represents micrometrical spaces of 4000 of an English inch.

Fig. 1.-Thin pulpy matter from between the

* Specielle Pathologische Anatomie. Von Dr. Karl Ewald Hasse. Leipzig, 1841.

Anatomisch-mikroskopische Untersuchungen, 1839. Heft 1.

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inner and middle coats of the aorta.

From a man aged 78, who died of pericarditis and hydrothorax. Fig. 2.-Thicker pulpy matter, from the same situation in the aorta. From a man aged 94, who died of pneumonia. The two preceding figures are fully explained at pp. 86, 87.

Fig. 3.-Left part; fatty globules in an opaque spot of the inner membrane of the aorta, which had longitudinal streaks of such spots opposite to the origins of the intercostal arteries. From a man aged 21, who died of typhus fever. Right part; fatty globules, many of them in streaks, and crystals of cholesterine, in a whitish speck of the inner membrane of the arch of the aorta. From a man aged 32, who died of an injury of the leg.

Fig. 4. Fatty globules and crystals of cholesterine in whitish opaque specks of the basilar artery. The disease affected both the inner membrane and the circular fibres of the vessel. Many of the minute branches of the cerebral arteries were similarly diseased. From a man aged 60, who died suddenly of extravasation of blood in the brain.

Fig. 5.-Fatty particles in ruddy consolidation of lung. In the upper part of the figure they are represented in cell-like objects; in the lower part, free fatty globules or drops are seen. From a woman aged 27, who died of pneumonia succeeding to old pericarditis.

Fig. 6.-Fatty matter in reddish brown consolidation of lung. In the upper and left part, fatty globules in the shapeless fragment of a clot; to the

right, a portion of fatty matter not quite globular. In the lower part, three granular corpuscles composed chiefly of minute oily globules. From a boy aged 12 months, who died of pneumonia.

Fig. 7.-Pale cells and minute molecules in red consolidation of lung. The upper half of the figure from a woman aged 42, the lower half from a woman aged 95, both of whom died of pneumonia.

Fig. 8.-Dark granular corpuscles, a multitude of isolated molecules, and some larger fatty globules, in brown or lead-coloured consolidation of lung. From a woman aged 24, who died of phthisis. The lung contained a great quantity of tubercle; the intervening tissue was much consolidated.

REMARKS

ON THE

CALCULI

IN ST. GEORGE'S HOSPITAL.

BY HENRY BENCE JONES, M.A., CANTAB.,

LICENTIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS.

COMMUNICATED BY CESAR H. HAWKINS, Esq.

READ FEBRUARY 28TH, 1843.

THE following paper is the result of an analysis of a collection of calculi, most of which were presented by Sir B. Brodie to St. George's Hospital. The collection now consists of 233 divided calculi, not including any duplicates, and 9 undivided, these last having some peculiarity in form. The analysis was begun in 1831 by Dr. Prout, who examined 24 specimens, and from these as well as from the remainder which I have analysed, I shall endeavour first to show that when the urates are deposited there is reason to suppose that little or no free acid can exist in the urine, and that consequently alkalies, however useful they may be in other respects, are not requisite in such cases to remove acidity. When we find an acid reaction on test paper, it is by no means a

true conclusion that therefore free acids exist, and alkalies must be given to remedy this state of disordered secretion. As far as we yet know, the truth appears to be, that free acid is not usually present, and that consequently alkalies are generally not required to neutralize acidity in the urine.

I will secondly point out in what proportion of cases in this museum acid injections might have dissolved or partially removed the calculus.

Of those calculi which have been divided,

46 are simple, that is, consisting throughout of one substance.

40 are compound, consisting throughout of a mixture of two or more substances.

147 are alternating.

Of these alternating calculi,

83 have a simple nucleus.

58 have a compound nucleus.

If, instead of looking at the calculi from this point of view, we examine them for the purpose of seeing how often the same substance forms either a whole calculus, or occurs in a well-marked layer, we shall find that in this collection there are at least 450 distinct deposits. These I have arranged in the accompanying Table, from which it will be seen that 135 times uric acid occurs either alone or mixed with other substances. urate of ammonia, ditto.

222

163

139

80

oxalate of lime, ditto.

the phosphates, ditto.

urate of ammonia with oxalate of

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