in glory both above angels and men, her own Son (that is both God and man) only excepted."

The worship of reliques and images the King calls without reserve "damnable idolatry."

The Jesuits he calls Puritan-Papists, and declares that for himself he was always inclined to episcopacy. And whatsoever protestations of fidelity to the discipline of the Kirk the King ever made, he probably spoke the truth when he affirmed that his heart was at least Episcopalian; and he appealed to his erecting of bishoprics in 1584, and to his Basilicon Doron, especially to the preface to the second edition of that work.

The remainder of the Premonition is for the most part taken up with a dissertation proving that Rome is the Babylon and the Pope the Antichrist of the Book of Revelation; thus also applying St. Paul's prophecy in the second chapter of his Second Epistle to the Thessalonians. The Church of Rome he describes as "full of idolatries," and "so bloody in the persecution of the saints, as (that) our Lord shall be crucified again in his members."2

The two witnesses clad in sackcloth the King inclines to interpret of the Old and New Testament. "And now whether this book of the two testaments or two witnesses of Christ have suffered any violence by the Babylonian monarchy or not, I need say nothing. The thing speaks for itself. I will not weary you with recounting those commonplaces used for disgracing it, as calling it a nose of wax, a dead letter, a leaden rule, a hundred such-like phrases of reproach. But how far the traditions of men and authority of the Church are preferred to these witnesses doth sufficiently appear in the Babylonian doctrine. And if there were no more but that little book [by Cardinal Perron] with that pretty inscription, Of the Insufficiency of Holy Scripture, it is enough to prove it."3

1 Premonition, pp. 302, 303.

2 p. 310.

3 p. 316. But Du Pin asserts that this little book was thus entitled and put forth by a Protestant antagonist.

CHAPTER X.

Bishop Andrewes' "Tortura Torti"-Of the Pope's deposing power -Of excommunication— Of binding and loosing-The Bulls against Queen Elizabeth-The words of commission-The Gunpowder Plot undertaken only from blind zeal-Origin of recusancy—Sacrilegious nature of Romish worship-Rome Babylon-Lord Balmerino-The First General Lateran no Council-Pope Innocent III.-Uncertainty of the doctrine of the Papal supremacyHistorical accusations against the Church of Rome-Assassination of Henry III-Bellarmine's contradictions-Image worshipFisher and More.

IN 1609 Bishop Andrewes followed the King in his controversy, and replied to Bellarmine's Matthæus Tortus in his Tortura Torti. Our author adduces a multitude of Romanists who denied the Pope's deposing power; John of Paris, James Almain, Johannes Major, Cardinal Zabarella, Alberic de Rosate, Antony de Rosellis,' the Doctors of the Sorbonne in 1561 and 1591, the Jesuit James Bosgrave, Blackwell the arch-priest, and others. He follows Bellarmine through all his evasions, as that the Pope cannot as Pope by his ordinary jurisdiction depose princes, but as a spiritual prince. He refutes Bellarmine's pretence that to deny the Pope's deposing power is to deny his power to excommunicate. The former is not included in the latter, and so not one with it. Theodosius was under the censure of Ambrose eight months, but none of his subjects withheld their allegiance to him on that account. Henry the Fourth

1 Tortura Torti, p. 23.

2 Ibid. pp. 24, 25.

3 Ibid. p. 40.

1

2

of France had been lately crowned, and the oath of allegiance taken by his subjects, whilst he was under the Pope's excommunication. By the greater excommunication instituted by Christ in those words, " If he hear not the Church, let him be to thee as a heathen man," (Matt. xviii.) that power is entrusted to the Church, not to St. Peter only. "As an heathen man" has its limits. It is not lawful to despoil an heathen of his goods, or to disinherit him, much less to take from his crown. Heathen kings are certainly exempt from this power of deposition, but it is absurd that Christian princes should be in a worse condition. Church censures are founded on the law of charity, and must not be destructive of it. Many, too, are the exceptions allowed amongst Romanists by which the Papal excommunication itself is nullified. So the Venetians took no notice of the Pope's censures, and the Council of Tours in 1510 cleared King Louis the Twelfth of them.*

3

As to the threefold command to Peter, "Feed my sheep," both Cyril and Augustine teach that the intent of our Lord appears to have been, by Peter's threefold confession, to wipe off as it were the stain of his threefold denial." Nor is it safe to insist upon the Pope's succession from St. Peter; neither was the office of feeding Christ's sheep committed to him alone. The form of election, too, has been repeatedly varied, and is not sanctioned by Christ himself. And certainly "Feed my sheep" is not the same as "slay the leaders of my sheep, drive my sheep out of the fold, scatter my sheep, let their pastures be trodden down and their waters troubled." 'Receive the keys of the kingdom of heaven,' and with them shut out from the kingdoms of the earth' whatsoever thou shalt bind,' that is, whatsoever part of guilt or of treason thou shalt bind the more closely; 'whatsoever thou shalt loose,' that is, whatsoever bond of law, duty, faith, and oath thou shalt loosen. There is a great gulph betwixt these.'

Our prelate then shews the inconsistency of the Cardinal,

1 Tortura Torti, p. 40.

3 Ibid. p. 47.

6 Ibid. p. 52.

2 Ibid. pp. 41-43.
5 Ibid. pp. 50, 51.

+ Ibid. p. 49.

7 Ibid. p. 52.

who in one place denies that King James is a Christian, and in another affirms that he belongs to the Pope's fold, for neither is he a judge of kings, says Bellarmine, but as they are Christians.1

From the Pope's binding he proceeds to the Pope's loosing power, that is, as the Cardinal himself has it, his power of dispensing with censures, laws and oaths, vows, sins, and punishments. And here again he wittily exposes his confusion of words and things. "For sin, censures, and penalties are wont to be loosed, but laws, oaths, and vows to be bound, and to be more closely bound; and if the Pope looseth these also, what is it that remains for him to bind? Men have no need to be loosed from their duty, nor from the bond of their duty; but they are loosed from their duty when they are loosed from law, and from the bond of their duty when they are loosed from their oath. Nay, what is more wonderful, he looses in the same way the law itself and offences against the law, and both with the like facility. Be it law or be it an offence against the law, it is all one with him. It is as easy a thing with the Pope to loose laws as sins. But it can scarcely be that with one key both these doors, the door of the commandment and the door of sin, can be opened. Perchance then there are two keys; one for opening sins, penalties, censures; the other for opening laws, vows, oaths. But certainly both these cannot be the keys of the kingdom of heaven. But if the keys for the loosing of sins are the keys of the kingdom of heaven, it behoved that the keys of hell were given for the loosing of laws and the commandments of laws." So no man can be under any obligation either to God or man, but the Pope may forthwith loose him from it! "On this ground what shall be sure upon earth? what shall become of all compacts, treaties, bonds of society whatsoever? how shall we ever be hereafter sure of any man's faith or promise?" Then with a pun does Bishop Andrewes loosen the whole fabric of Jesuitical casuistry, saying, "Potestas hæc quidem solvendi dicenda non erat, sed dissolvendi

1 Tortura Torti, p. 53.

3 Ibid. pp. 54, 55.

2 Ibid. p. 54.
4 Ibid. p. 55.

omnia." "But surely Bellarmine," says Bishop Andrewes, "intended to limit the Pope's power of loosing laws. He did not intend a power to loose the laws of nature upon which yet the duty of civil obedience is founded; nor the laws of the ten commandments, which are, according to Aquinas, indispensable; nor yet the evangelical laws, of which that of St. Peter is one, Be ye subject to the King as supreme: for this is the will of God. What does your Pope in this case? Does he loose this law of Peter, and say, 'Be not subject to the King, although he is supreme; for this is the will of the Pope'? I conceive not. He will not put Paul the Fifth on a par with Peter.'

"But as to oaths David said, I am sworn and am steadfastly purposed to keep Thy righteous judgments. Peter, if he had lived at that time, could he have absolved David of this oath? Suppose any one binds himself by oath to keep the seventh commandment, not to commit adultery, can any Pope absolve him of this oath? But if a man in like manner bind himself under the fifth commandment to civil subjection, what power has the Pope to absolve him in the one case more than in the other? The Popes dissolve obligations to fealty, but not to treason; they loose what ought to be bound, they bind what ought to be loosed. They acted the part of jugglers in Queen Elizabeth's reign, playing fast and loose with their own bulls. In the eleventh year of the Queen's reign Pope Pius the Fifth published a bull excommunicating and deposing the Queen, and cursing all those who should yield any obedience to her. Before that time the Romanists had attended the Protestant service, but now they absented themselves, and open rebellion broke out in the northern counties. Now truly,' said Sir Edward Coke at the trial of the traitor Garnet, 'most miserable and dangerous was the state of Romish recusants in respect of this bull; for either they must be hanged for treason in resisting their lawful sovereign, or cursed by the Pope for yielding due obedience to her Majesty. But of this Pope it was said by some of his own favourites, that he was a holy and 1 Tortura Torti, p. 56. 2 Ibid. p. 57. 3 Ibid. p. 58.