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Greek dative. Mittes you shall offer. Letheaa papavera. 98 See note on line 78, page. 42.

552-566. Induxerat, had ushered in. Con. 554. Monstrum, prodigy. 555. Aspiciunt, i. e. Aristaeus and those with him. As. Per, through. Toto utero, from the entire abdomen. 556. Stridere apes bees buzzing; in apposition with monstrum. 557. Nubes, clouds, i. e. swarms of bees. Arbore, sc. in. 558. Uvam demittere, letting down a cluster, i. e. hanging down like a cluster of grapes. As. 559. Virgil gives a brief recapitulation of the subjects of the Georgics. 560. Caesar - Olympo. From this we learn that Virgil concluded the composition of the Georgics after the battle of Actium, about 30 B. C. 562. Olympo, to Olympus, i. e. imperishable renown; poetic dat. for ad Olympum. 564. Studiis, in the pursuits. Ignobilis, of inglorious; in comparison with the glory to be acquired in war. 566. Virgil thus, in the last four lines, claims the authorship of the Bucolics and Georgics.

15-E. & G.

NOTES

TO THE

MORETUM.

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INTRODUCTION.

THE MORETUM is one of Virgil's minor poems. It was intended to trace the employments of the agricultural laborer through the entire day; but it describes only the commencement of them, and the preparation of a dish of garden herbs, called moretum, consisting of eight different ingredients. It contains an ingenious description of a cottager's garden. The successive movements of Simulus are minutely traced from the moment of his rising till the preparation of the moretum and his loaf of bread, after which he goes out to commence his rustic toil.

99 1-12. Bis quinque horas, i. e. ten hours of a long wintry night. 2. Excubitor ales, the sentinel bird, the cock. Cantu, i. e. by crowing. 4. Venturae lucis, i. e. of the approaching day. 5. Demissa, lit. let down=lying. Grabato, sc. in. 6. Manu explorat shows that Simulus rose while it was yet so dark that he had to feel his way. 7. Laesus, injured, after being hurt; he may have run his hand against a live coal. 8. Exusto stipite has the force of though the log was burned up. 9. Obductae, of the covered; the live coals were covered with ashes to prevent the fire from burning too rapidly. 10. His, i. e. the live coals covered with ashes. Pronam, inclined forward. Submissa, with stooping. 11. Stupas, the flaxen wick; which being hard and dry, needed to be loosened with a needle. 12. Excitat et et excitat. Simulus uses his mouth for a bellows to revive the drooping fire. 13-25. Concepto fulgore =a light having been made. Concipere ignem to take fire. 14. Defendit ab aura seems to prove

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that Simulus had now passed into the open air. In that case, 99 casulae in the next line must refer to a little outhouse containing the grain; or the order of lines 14-15 should be reversed. 15. Quae praevidet, which he sees before him, quae referring to ostia; i. e. which stands opposite his dwelling. Clavi, ablat. 16. Terra, sc. in. 17. Hinc, from this heap. Patebat-contained, would hold; lit. extended. 18. Octonas, eight, i. e. eight in every case of such a measure. Excurrit, extends. Pondere, ablat. of specification. 19. Molae, here a hand-mill. Tabella, sc. in, shelf. 20. Servabat, kept. 21. Lumina, i. e. lucernam, line 10. Veste, ablat. of separation. 22. Cinctus - caprae, i. e. with a sheepskin apron. 23. Cauda= with a brush, made of the tail of some animal. Silices, the stones of the mill, further explained by geminumque molarem, and the double millstone, i. e. two stones placed one upon the other- the lower one stationary, the upper one made to revolve upon the lower and thus crush the grain. 24. Partitus, sc. manus, distributing them. 25. Laeva, sc. manus, the left. Ministerio, to (on) supplying, i. e. in pouring in the grain. Labori, that of turning the upper stone.

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26-44. Haec, sc. dextra. Orbem, i. e. the upper millstone. 27. 100 Ceres, i. e. grain. 28. Fessae sorori, its tired sister, i. e. the right hand wearied with turning. 29. Vices, the reciprocal services; parts, duties. 31. Cybalen, the housekeeper. The description of her, as given by Virgil, shows that the characteristic features of her race have undergone no essential change since the poet's time. Unica, his only. 32. Genus, by birth; accus. of specification. 33. Torta curly. Tumens thick. The student may observe how the ablat. of specification here interchanges with the accus. of specification, in Afra genus, torta comam, labro tumens, pectore lata, etc. 34. Jacens, flabby; hanging loosely. 35. Spatiosa agrees with planta. 36. Continuis, with виссеввіvе, e. numerous. 37. Arsura, i. e. for burning, the participle expressing purpose. 38. Adolere to boil. This word is peculiar to sacrificial language. Cf. Aen. I., 704. 39. Order: postquam versatile opus implevit justum finem. Opus versatile the work of turning. Justum finem, its proper purpose. 40. Inde, i. e. from the mill. Transfert fusas: transfert et fundit. 41. Summo dorso, in a ridge on the surface. 43. Lēvi. Observe the quantity. Illam, the cleaned flour or meal. in. Super, upon it.

44. Tabula, sc.

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45-64. Contrahit, he draws together, and so works into dough. 46. Transversat durata, lit. he turns the mover hardened=transversat et durat he turns them over and hardens them, the water and the meal. Observe that durata agrees in the neuter with fontes and farinas, because they are of different genders. Liquido coacto, the liquid (i. e. water) being thickened, i. e. by admixture with the flour or meal. 47. Grumos, the little heaps of wet flour that have cohered. Subactum levat, lit. he smoothes (his work) kneaded subigit et levat he kneads and smoothes, by removing lumps. 48. Suum, lit. its own= its proper. 49. Impressis quadris, to facilitate breaking the orbem when baked. Simulus is making a kind of unleavened bread, since he uses no yeast. 51. Testis: with an earthen dish. Super, on it, the earthenware. 53. Vacua-in, does not loiter for an idle. 54. Neu, and that -not; non goes with grata, which then unpleasant. 55. Ceres, bread. Quas jungat=ut eas jungat. 56-57. On these lines Lemaire well remarks, "Obscura est oratio." non illi vacabant (there was not at leisure for him: carnaria suspensa (sc. de pariete) juxta focum, (neque) terga suis (a chine of bacon) durati sale truncique (and dismembered or divided). 58. Sparto, by which it hung. 59. Adstricti, of bound up, tied up. 62. Recidiva, returning, springing up again even if cut down. Calamo levi, with light stalk. The garden was hedged in with a low growth of willows and reeds. Munibat: =muniebat. 64. Deerat, sc. id. Scan de-rat. Pauperis, of a poor man. 101 65-85. Lines 65-66 have every appearance of being an interpolation. There is a manifest want of connection in them, and with the context. Locuples, a wealthy man, a neighbor perhaps. Multa, i. e. such productions, perhaps, as Simulus had and he had not. 66. Nec erat illud opus sumptus; it cost nothing to cultivate the garden. Regula curae (erat); his rule is then stated in the words si quando erat. 67. Vacuum, sc. eum, him idle, i. e. not performing his usual labor. Casula, sc. in at home. 68. Festa lux (=dies), a holiday. 69. Deponere, i. e. in the ground. 70. Norat, he knew how. 71. Apte cura= with fitting care. Submittere, to supply, furnish. 74. Capiti— debentia, owing their name to their head; their appropriate name is porrum capitatum. 75. Nocuum capiti, on account of its somniferous qualities. 76. Order: lactuca grata requies nobilium (a pleasant rest from generous) ciborum. 77. Demissa, lit. let down; growing; it widens

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downward from the stem, in latum ventrem. 78. Hic refers for- 101 ward to proventus; the words quis — illo being parenthetical; verum hic proventus non erat domini (=for the owner). 79. Sed populi, i. e. Simulus took such produce to market and sold it. Nonis diebus, lit. on ninth days=on market days=nundinis; the nundinae were the regular market days of the Romans, recurring at regular intervals of nine days according to Roman reckoning, i. e. from one nundinae to another, both inclusive, were nine days. 81. Cervice levis, because relieved of his load. 82. Order: vix umquam comitatus merce urbani macelli (of a city meat-market). 83, Secti area porri, lit. the space of the cut leek, i. e. that part of his garden planted with leeks, from which he might cut one before going "to town." 84. Nasturtiaque quae trahunt voltus acri morsu, i. e. which make wry faces with their sharp, biting taste. 85. Venerem morantem, lingering (dilatory) love.

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86-103. The narrative portion is now resumed from line 55. Tale aliquid, something such, preparing a lunch. 87. Tellure, ablat. absol. 89. Comas, leaves. 90. Filo, i. e. stem. 92. Famulam poscit mortaria. For the two accusatives, A. & S. 2 231; H. 374; B. 734; A. 52, III.; G. 131. Mortaria, poetic plur. for singular. 93. Singula capita = each of the articles which he had gathered. 94. Summis the exterior; lit. the surface of. This clause is merely an echo of the preceding. Contempta spargit contemnit et spargit. 95. Cum-bulbum, the onion with its peel, or without peeling it; he merely washes it, tinguit aqua, and drops it into the mortar (lapidis - orbem), made of stone. 97. Sale adeso, hard with consumed salt, with salt absorbed by the cheese. 98. Dictas herbas, the (other) herbs named. 99. Laeva, with his left hand. Inguina, the crotch. For the *** the MSS. give setosa. 100. Dextera, nominative. 101. Succo, their juice. 102. In gyrum, in the act of braying. Singula, the separate herbs, the individual items. Vires proprias, their own peculiar qualities or virtues; all, by mixing, have now a common mixed quality.

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103-123. Color - unus. The color of the different herbs is now 102 blended into one. E pluribus, from several. 104. Repugnant, oppose, i. e. prevent the compound from being entirely green. 105. Nitens, shining, implying whiteness. 106. Acer spiritus, a pungent breath or scent from the herbs. 107. Simo-voltu.

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