ORAL ARITHMETIC BY GRADES BOOK ONE DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF CLASSES IN THE SECOND, PUBLIC SCHOOL COURSE BY ALFRED KIRK AND A. R. SABIN NEW YORK .:. CINCINNATI CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY MOS ELDEN L. WENTWORTH SEP 13 1941 COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. OR. AR. ONE. Printed by William Tvison New York, U. S. A. PREFACE. FOR the presentation to the public of a new work on Oral Arithmetic, no apology is needed - no apology is offered. The recognized importance of the subject as a disciplinary study, and its value in the practical computations of every-day life and as a preparation for an intelligent apprehension of the higher phases of mathematics, are ample justification for submitting this work for public use. This work is prepared in two parts, Books No. 1 and No. 2, and is offered confidently to the favorable judgment of teachers, who are conscious of the obvious fact that not all that is desirable, or even possible, is being gained from the study of Arithmetic in the schools of to-day. The study of the underlying principles, and the recip rocal relations of like quantities as expressed in numbers, is seemingly ignored to the extent that this department of mathematics has lost its virility. No thought power is gained, nor is there acquired an ability to reason to legitimate conclusions. It is believed that the time has come to call a halt along these lines, to readjust our forces, and to substitute more intelligent methods of procedure 3 |