and Fenn, was distinguished by its simplicity and unity. The Quaker has but one word, the INNER LIGHT, the voice of God in the soul. That light is as reality, and therefore in its freedom the highest revelation of truth; it has kindred with the Spirit of God, and therefore merits dominion as the guide to virtue; it shines in every man's breast, and therefore joins the whole human race in the unity of equal rights. Intellectual freedom, the supremacy of mind, universal enfranchisement-these three points include the whole of Quakerism, as far as it belongs to civil history. Quakerism rests on the reality of the Inner Light, and its method of inquiry is absolute freedom applied to consciousness. NORTH AMERICA. North America comprises all the country lying north of the isthmus of Darien, in lat. 8°; and extends from Davis's straits on the one side, to Beering's straits on the other. Its length, from northeast to southwest, is 5,000 miles; and its greatest width, from east to west, 3,800. It is bounded on the north by the Arctick ocean, and Baffin's bay; on the south, by the isthmus of Darien; on the east, by the Atlantick ocean; and on the west, by the Pacifick. The principal rivers of North America are the Mississippi, Missouri, St. Lawrence, Columbia, Mackenzie's, Severn, and the Rio del Norte. The principal gulfs are those of St. Lawrence, Mexico, and California. The bays are those of Honduras, Baffin's, and Hudson's. The principal mountains are Auhuack, and Sierra Madre, in Mexico; the Rocky, the Ozark, in Arkansas and Missouri; the Allegany, and the White mountains. The principal lakes of North America, which are the largest collections of fresh water in the whole world, and besides being navigable for large ships, are subject to storms as violent as those on the ocean, are lakes Superiour, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario, Winnipeg, lake of the Hills, Slave lake, and Great Bear lake. The islands of North America are the West Indics, situated between North and South America; the Bermuda isles, Newfoundland, the Alleutian islands, and several in the Gulf of Mexico, and along the coast. gland, and were subject to the laws of the British The present political divisions, therefore, of North UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The United States extend from 23° to 49° north latitude, and from 60° 50' to 124° 25' west longitude; the length of this tract of country is about 2,850 miles, and its breadth about 1,380. It is bounded on the north by the British and Russian possessions; on the east by the Atlantick ocean; on the west by the Pacifick; and on the south by Mex ico. The climate is very temperate, but in the northern parts the winters are severe; generally speaking the temperature of the country is colder than that of the same latitudes in Europe, and about equal to that of latitudes ten degrees further north. The soil in general, is productive, and on the banks of the Mississippi very exuberant. The principal rivers of the United States are the Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Arkansas, La Plata, Red river, Tennessee, Cumberland, Columbia, Mobile, Appalachicola, Connecticut, Hudson, Potomack, James, and the Savannah. The lakes are Superiour, which is 340 miles long, and 150 broad; Michigan, of the same length, and 75 miles in breadth; Huron, 240 miles long, and 150 broad; Erie, 200 miles long and 60 broad; the last are 512 feet above the level of the sea, and connected with each other by navigable channels. Between lakes Superiour and Huron, there is a fall of twentythree feet; but the waters of these lakes, and several smaller ones, fall 320 feet into lake Ontario. The cataract of Niagara, where these waters pass over a perpendicular descent of 160 feet, is a remarkable natural curiosity, and is viewed with admiration by travellers from all parts of the world. Lake Ontario is 150 miles long. Champlain, Winnipiseogee, Sunapee, and Moosehead, are smaller lakes. At the time when Columbus discovered this new world, it was very thinly peopled by an uncultivated race of men, divided into numerous tribes and nations. The northern regions, from Labrador to Beering's straits, were inhabited by a distinct savage race, called Esquimaux. Since that period, many settlements of Europeans have been made, which have rapidly increased in numbers, and their descendants now occupy a great part of the continent, and form the greatest portion of the present population. Several of the native tribes, who are called Indians, have become extinct, and their present numbers, in North and South America, are estimated by Baron Humboldt at 8,610,000. The coloSome years ago, some gentlemen went on a nies of the Europeans that occupied the eastern which divide Virginia from Kentucky. They es hunting excursion to the Cumberland mountains coasts of North America chiefly belonged to En-tablished their camp in a wild, secluded valley The principal mountains are the Rocky moun tains, the Ozark, the White, and the Allegany. The greatest elevation of the Rocky mountains 15 12,500 feet. ADVENTURE IN THE CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS. and made preparations for a week's capital sport. I would spring upon him, and in his rage and ago. But on the first day's diversion, Captain Stanwood, ny tear him limb from limb. a brave and athletic officer in the army, strayed They journeyed on in this way for a distance of away from his companions in quest of game-and two or three miles-whenever Captain Stanwood after wandering about for some hours, was obliged stopped, his enemy on the ledge above him would to entertain the very unwelcome opinion that he also stop and lie down, with his huge paws prohad lost his way. But accustomed to a back-jecting, cat-like, from his breast, as if ready for woods life-and armed with a good rifle, a toma- a sudden spring. At length Captain Stanwood hawk and hunting-knife, he did not regard the found himself approaching the termination of the event in so serious a light as many would have rocky ledge, and was anxious to bring the affair done and indeed, if he had been provided with provisions, he would not have suffered a moment's uneasiness about the matter. As the shades of night began to fall, he struck a light with the fireworks he carried in his pocket, built a good fire with the dry wood, which he found in abundance around him-placed his arms in such a manner that he could seize them in an instant if necessary, then stretched himself on the ground, and, overcome with the fatigues of the day, slept soundly until morning. He then arose, and resumed his attempt to find his way back to the camp. He soon came to a portion of this unexplored wilderness, where the trees were not large, but where there was a dense growth of underwood-and after he had been with much labour striving to make his way through it, for about an hour, he became aware that some wild animal was following in his footsteps. He could distinctly hear the cracking of the bushes-and could now and then catch a glimpse of the creature through the bushes at a distance-yet he was unable to ascertain the species of animal, which seemed so kindly determined to cultivate an acquaintance. He, however, looked to the priming of his rifle, loosened his knife in the sheath, and prepared himself to make a desperate struggle, if attacked. to a crisis, before he entered the wood-where the advantage would be altogether on the side of his grim adversary. Besides, the panther had been gradually lessening the space between them, and was now within a distance of not more than sixty or seventy yards. He stopped-the panther also stopped-Captain Stanwood looked to his flint-and primed his rifle with fresh powder. He also took his hatchet and knife from his side, and placed them on a rock, breast high, against which he was standing, that he might seize them at once if his rifle should fail him, and he be compelled to grapple hand to hand with this fiercest and most dreaded of the inhabitants of the wilderness. He then put the rifle to his eye and directed it toward the white spot on the panther's breast, which was visible from the spot where he stood. It was an anxious moment, and he fancied for a moment that his nerves trembled. He knew that his life, perhaps, depended on the accuracy of his aim-and he resolved to suspend operations a minute, for his nerves to acquire their wonted rigidity. He then again coolly raised his rifle, put it to his shoulder, and the sharp report reverberated from the sides of the mountain. He saw, through the smoke, that the catamount sprung upward six or eight feet, and then fell motionless on the rock. CapIt was not long before he emerged from the tain Stanwood reloaded his rifle, and then ascendthick growth of underwood, and found himself on ed the side of the mountain, until he reached a the side of a barren mountain-where the rocks spot above where his enemy lay extended-he were disposed in platforms or shelves, one over the fired another shot at his head, but the animal other, and extending apparently to a great dis-moved not-and he was convinced that it was tance. He stepped out on one of these platforms, dead. He then found, on examination, that the and commenced walking off rapidly, with the in- first shot had pierced his thorax, and perforated tention of putting as much space as possible be- his heart. tween him and his prowling enemy-occasionally looking back to learn if he was followed. He had not gone more than a hundred and fifty yards, before he saw creeping out of the thicket, with a stealthy pace, an enormous panther, or catamount, which took a ledge above him, and followed after him, apparently resolved that they should not part company until they had become better acquainted with each other's merits. Captain Stanwood went on his way, rejoicing that he had so fortunately escaped. He entered the forest before him, and pursued a direction which he thought would take him to the camp. He was fatigued and hungry-but late in the afternoon a black bear crossed his path-and uttering a half stifled growl, seemed inclined to dispute his further progress. A bullet from the Captain's rifle, however, put an end to the conCaptain Stanwood, although brave and inured to test before it had hardly begun—and in a few perils by flood and field, well knew the character minutes the bear was flayed, and our adventurer of his cunning but ferocious companion, and did proceeded on, carrying on his shoulders the shagnot feel quite so much at his ease, as if a deer, gy skin of the animal, and enough of his flesh to or even a wolf or bear, had come out of the thick- serve him for a good supper and breakfast on the et. He knew that he should not get rid of the pan- following day. He came, about sunset, to a rocky ther until after a combat, which must result in ledge, in which there was a cave, where he had the death of one, perhaps both. He was a good some idea of passing the night-and was about marksman-but he well knew the consequence of gathering some materials for a fire, when he cononly wounding his antagonist-and resolved not cluded to proceed on his way as long as the twito fire at him until he could be sure of lodging a light lasted. He soon reached the banks of a ball in his heart-otherwise the ferocious beast | small stream, which he could not ford-and which he knew was but a few hours' walk from the camp -and concluded to return to the cave, cook some ANCIENT FORT IN BUTLER COUNTY, OHIO. supper and take up his lodgings for the night- In the number of the Family Magazine for May, and in the morning, resume his journey. 1839, page 331, mention is made of a fort in Butler It was quite dark when he reached the cave. county, and a diagram of it was promised. But, af He entered it, placed his rifle against the rock, ter long delay, I was disappointed in obtaining the and was about gathering some dry leaves with which the floor of the cave was covered, when, proper instruments for taking the angles and measurmuch to his astonishment and horror, he grasped ing the distances, and was compelled to resort to the a man's foot! He sprang back and caught up expedient I had used thirty years ago, viz: meahis rifle at the same time he heard the individ- suring by steps and taking the angles by a tape line. ual, whose slumbers he had thus unceremonious- The accompanying diagram is the result of the process. ly interrupted, jump up and seize his arms. Stan- Mr. McBride, of Hamilton, in his map of Butler wood yelled out in a voice that must have alarmed all the wild beasts within earshot, "Who's there? county, has given a small one, but I like mine better Speak quick, or I fire." The occupant of the cave hastily answered, "A friend! don't fire, Stanwood! I'm glad I've found you at last." Stanwood recognised the voice of Captain Wilson, an old friend and companion in arms, who had made one of the hunting party-and who, it appeared, had started that morning alone, in quest of his friend, who, he rightly imagined, had lost his way. He had hit upon his track in the afternoon, and followed it to the spot where lay the carcass of the bear-and continued on until he came to the cave, where, finding that Stanwood had gone on, Wilson, worn out with fatigue, resolved to abide till morning. He had thrown himself down on the leaves, and had just fallen into a sound sleep, when he was aroused by Stanwood seizing him by the leg. The friends struck a light-made a rousing fire, roasted and ate some huge slices of "bear's venison"--and passed a comfortable night in the cave -and the next morning returned to the camp without meeting with any further adventures. OSAGE ORANGE.-Maclura Aurantiacie. Mound G A, C. Gateways-distant from each other ninety rods. Distance from C to G, thirty-two rods. A, A, A. Embankments of crescent form for defending the em- C, C, C. Pits of two or three hogsheads' capacity each. The phitheatre. THE Osage orange is a native of Arkansas and Missouri, where it rises in elegant proportion to the brasure. height of sixty feet. The tree is deciduous and B, hardy, as it has endured the rigours of the last seven C, winters, near Boston, and is one of the most orna- D. mental of all our native trees. The leaves are oval, lanceolate, of a beautiful shining green, and bear a striking resemblance to those of the orange, and the This fort is situated, as will be seen, between two wood like the orange, is armed with long sharp spines. The trees are diœcious, or some male and ravines, and, consequently, on the ridge between some female, therefore requiring more than one tree them. It certainly (the triple vallum notwithstandfor the production of fruit; but these, however, can- ing) was not a position of great strength; for an ennot be distinguished when young. The fruit is emy of any bravery at all, only armed with spears, beautiful, but not eatable, of the size of a large orange, might have passed along the gentle slope from B to of a golden colour, and the trees when laden with D, out of bow-shot, and entering the part undefended, the fruit are splendid. The wood produces a fine would have enfiladed the besieged by occupying the yellow die. It is valuable for furniture, as it receives the finest polish. It is remarkably tough, strong, higher ground in their rear, within the fort. The and elastick, and is therefore called bow-wood, being peninsula, on the south of E, seems as if it might preferred by the Indians to all other wood for bows. have been cultivated. But the work may have been It is also supposed to be the most durable timber in but an outpost for the defence of their cornfields on the world, and for ship-building is esteemed prefer- the Miami bottoms, contiguous. There is another work, much less perfect, south-westerly from the On the best authority, I am assured, that the trees of the Osage orange, when set at the distance of above, as may be seen on Mr. B's map, but I have fifteen inches asunder, make the most beautiful as not had leisure to examine it particularly. well as the strongest hedge-fence in the world, through able to live oak. which neither men nor animals can pass. N. CROOKSHANK. CHIVALRY IN EARLY AMERICA. THE history of heroism and chivalry, even from the days of the warlike Benjamites, to the battle of Waterloo, furnishes us with no records of prowess or valorous deeds, exceeding in interest and romance, the chronicles of early chivalry in America. The remark may seem hazardous; since, if we do not concede to the Egyptians, the Arabians, and the Greeks and Romans, that superiority which the Caucassian claims over the Mongul race, both in intellectual and physical organization, we not only exclude the primitive inhabitants of the New World, from the concomitant advantages, but deny their chivalry the interest associated with the refinement of an enlightened and classic people. That the condition of man, however, in the earliest efforts of civilization in America, was favourable to deeds of chivalry and high and honourable sentiment; and that their mental capacities have been greatly underrated by modern historians, may be gleaned from the works of many of the Spanish clergy, whose province it was to give futurity an accurate estimate of the aboriginal cha racter. cas, succeeded the Foltecas, but were neither as distinguished for their knowledge or cultivation as the latter. On the ruins of the Foltecas the Chechecnecas founded a nation far superior to their own originally. Nopaltzin, son of their king Xotol, married the Foltecasian virgin Azcasochell. Exclusive of his partiality to the sex, he was the very mirror of chivalry; and at the rejoicings by which his wedding was celebrated, he distinguished himself in the athletic sports-wrestling, boxing, running, and fighting with wild beasts. The race of royal warriors who ascended the throne successively after the death of Xotol, were Nopaltzin, Hotzin, Quinatzin, Techotlalla and others, nearly all distinguished for their love of glory, heroism, and chivalry. Of the different races dwelling on the bounds of Mexico, and frequently in the great lake, the Mazahuas, Tarascas, Meztecas, Chipanese, Cohuscas and Nahuallascas, the most renowned in arms were the last-named -a tribe, however, second in importance to the Hascallans, from their warlike bravery, jealousy of honour, chivalry, and association with American history. the carcasses of their enemies, and tinged the waters of the lake with their blood." From this period to the reign of Montezuma, was almost entirely a succession of cruel wars, military enterprizes and intrigues, and was the most brilliant era in the history of chivalry. The potent emperor Montezuma, was doomed to witness a terrible and memorable reversion in the condition of his country. It was presaged by astrologers, conjurors, mystic spirits and boding phantoms, that the downfall of the Mexican empire and her chivalry was at hand. Cortes with his Spanish forces soon appeared off the coast, and fulfilled the prophecies. The memorable battle of Tescuco was fought by this tribe, and is thus described by the Abbe ClavieAcosta, Garces, Zummagua and the Abbe D. Fran- gero :-"They first settled in a petty district on the cisco Saviero Claviegero, unite in classing the an-eastern shore of the lake, which, becoming too straight cient Mexicans among the most enlightened people for their numbers, they endeavoured to enlarge; and of their time; and that they were chivalrous even by this effort drew upon themselves the enmity of to the highest degree of etiquette, may be deduced their neighbours, who entered into a confederacy from historical records of their heraldry, codes of ho- against them. A battle ensued, the most bloody and nour and national pursuits. Their courage was un-memorable in Mexican history; in which the Hasdoubted; their skill in fortification and warfare, callans proved victorious, and covered the fields with evincing a thorough knowledge of military tactics and engineering;—yet, under the chivalrous tendency of their laws, their native ferocity and love of bloodshed, were never degraded by unnecessary carnage. They were magnanimous to their enemies, courteous to their rivals, adhesive to their friends and humane to all. "The bravery of a warrior," says Gordon, "was not estimated so much by the number of foes he slew in battle, as by the number of captives he made." It is related, however, of a neighbouring tribe, the Colhuas, that after a sanguinary engagement, they presented themselves before their general with their prisoners, and called upon the Mexicans to exhibit similar proofs of their courage; but the latter, having After several efforts at negotiating a commercial taken four prisoners only, whom they did not pro-intercourse between the inhabitants, Cortes" for the duce, were reproached with cowardice. Whereupon second time," says Gordon, "set forth from the they brought forth many baskets filled with the ears of island of Cozumel on the 4th of March. Having the enemy, and said, "Judge from these witnesses doubled the cape of Cutochu, Cortes, instigated by how many captives we might have made, had we been some soldiers who had been with Cordova and Guinclined. But we chose rather to employ our time jalva, was disposed to land and chastise the inhabiin the destruction of our enemy than to waste it in tants for their resistance to these captains, but was binding them." During the four centuries of Mexi- deterred by the remonstrances of his pilots and the can monarchy, commencing 667, to the destruction unfavourable position of the wind. Thence he proof the Foltecas, chivalry was in high repute. The ceeded to the river Tobasco, attracted by the friendneighbouring races, living on the boundaries of the ly conduct of the inhabitants towards Gujalva, and Mexican empire, among whom were the Chechecne-by the quantity of gold he had obtained there. Cor tes, however, was surprised to discover, that from some | Virginia." The Powhatan tribe was one of the unknown cause the disposition of the people was total- most powerful and formidable in Virginia during the y changed. A large force resisted his descent with early wars with the English. The great chief himarms, turning a deaf ear to every amicable overture self was as proverbial for his haughty dignity and which he made them, by means of Aquilar, who per- martial demeanor, and devotion to chivalry, as for his fectly understood their language. After an obstinate cruelty and severity. His renowned brother, Opecombat, the Spaniards made good their landing; and chancanough, was also a high-minded warrior, and though Cortes did not desire to commence his con- one who played a conspicuous part in the terrible quests here, nor to be delayed in his course, he massacre of 1622. The Indian mode of warfare is deemed it indispensable to reduce their confidence, seen to advantage in Thatcher's description of the and chastise the presumption of his present enemies." massacre. "A certain hour was agreed upon to ensure This, however, was easier meditated than executed. a simultaneous assault in every direction. The va He had to deal with as brave and intrepid, though rious tribes engaged in the conspiracy were drawn not as skilful, a people as his own. The sequel will together and stationed in the vicinity of the several show: "Cortes drew out his army from Tobasco, places of massacre, with a celerity and precision unand placed it in an elevated and advantageous posi- paralleled in the annals of the continent. One by tion, where he awaited the approach of the enemy. one they followed each other in profound silence, Confident in their numbers, which the Spaniards treading as nearly as possible in each others' steps, have given at forty thousand, the Indians rushed impetuously upon the lines, regardless of the discharge from the crossbows and arquebuses, and by a close conflict, rendering these weapons less available; but they were unable to withstand the keen and enduring edge of the Spanish sword, the overwhelming charge of the horses, and the sweeping desolation of the artillery; and after a short but severe contest, this immense army was put to rout, with the loss of eight hundred killed and many more wounded." To follow the far-famed warrior and emperor Montezuma through the varied vicissitudes of his life-to note individually his chivalrous deeds in defence of his country-to do justice to his character as an orator, a noble and a hero, and to give even a cursory sketch of the instrumentality of himself and his tribes throughout the entire Spanish war, in endeavouring to resist the infringements of foreign embassies would occupy more time and research than our present task admits of: let us rather refer the reader to the history of that brightest ornament of ancient chivalry. and adjusting the long grass and branches which they displaced. They halted at a short distance from the settlement and waited in death-like stillness for the signal of attack." The issue is one of those appalling events so frequent in Indian warfare. In one hour fell three hundred and forty-seven men, women and children: yet we are not to estimate by this calamitous effort of the Indian warriors, either their courage or their chivalry. They fought for liberty; they were a persecuted race; and their codes of honour, though differing from those of the English, were not violated by any advantage they thought proper to take. An instance of this uncompromising jealousy of power, is related of the chief Opechan canough, who after the massacre took not the least trouble to conceal his hostility. "He returned a haughty answer to the first demand made upon him for the redemption of the English captives; and trampled under foot the picture of the English monarch, which was sent to him as a compliment." The occasion of the massacre is no less characteristic of the Indian than the terrible event itself. A murMeantime the discoveries and adventures in ano- der was committed on a trader named Morgan by ther quarter of the infant country, were fraught with the celebrated war-captain Nemattanow, a character interest and romance. Captain Smith had been pro- reputed among his people as protected by the Deity secuting vigilantly his researches in Virginia, where himself, having in all his skirmishes with the Enghe met with his extraordinary reverses of fortune with lish, escaped without a wound. "From this acci the Powhatans. His capture, and release through dent," says Thatcher, "seconded by his own ambithe interposition of the immortal heroine Pocahon- tion and craft, he obtained at length the reputation tas, are too well known to need repetition. That of being invulnerable and immortal." Having been generosity and gratitude were as characteristic, how- taken prisoner for the murder of Morgan, and causever, of the North American Indian, as high and ing his captors infinite trouble in his passage to a chivalrous sentiment, may be seen from the follow- neighbouring settlement, they shot him down. "In ing extract" Smith, while a prisoner, suffered his last moments" continues the biographer, "he greatly from the excessive coldness of the weather, most earnestly besought of them two great favours— and would have suffered more but for an unexpected never to make it known that he was killed by a bulrelief. An Indian named Mocassator, brought him let; and secondly, to bury him among the English, his goune-as Smith calls it—perhaps a fur mantle that the certain knowledge and monument of his or blanket, and gave it to him professedly in requital mortality might still be concealed from the sight of of certain beads and toys which Smith had given his countrymen." him at Jamestown, immediately after his arrival in Throughout the entire struggle with the English |