Three other tablets in the vicinity are as follows: (1) To indicate the location of John Frazier's Cabin, the first white man's cabin west of the Alleghanies, near the Edgar Thomson Steel Works. (2) To mark the location of Braddock's Spring near above. (3) On the wall of the Wallace Mansion, where Lafayette was a guest during his visit to America nearly half a century after the Revolutionary War.

fatal day remain. Grapeshot are still cut out of the trees, and the ploughman still turns up the corroded shot, and flattened bullets, and the ornaments of the British troops," observes I. D. Rupp.21

Sargent quotes from Judge Yeates as follows: "My feelings were heightened by the warm and glowing narration of that day's events by Dr. Walker, who was an eye-witness. He pointed out the ford where the army crossed the Monongahela (below Turtle Creek, eight hundred yards). A finer sight could not have been beheld; the shining barrels of the muskets, the excellent order of the men, the cleanliness of their apparel, the joy depicted on every face at being so near Fort Duquesne the highest object of their wishes. The music reëchoed through the mountains. How brilliant the morning; how melancholy the evening!" ("Judge Yeates' Visit to Braddock's Field in 1776;" VI, Haz. Reg. 104).

Braddock's battle ground was for many years an object of interest to tourists. It was visited especially as such an object by military men. Major Ebenezer Denny records, May 15, 1788: “A Mr. White, a member of Congress and some gentlemen from Pittsburgh, accompanied the General (Harmar) in the barge on a visit up the Monongahela to Braddock's Field. We viewed the battle-ground. Saw several small heaps of bones which had been collected with a little brushwood thrown over them. The bones of the poor soldiers are still lying scattered through the woods, but the ground where the heaviest of the action was, is now under cultivation."22

BRADDOCK'S GRAVE.

Braddock's grave is protected by American hands. November 2, 1871. Josiah King of the "Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette,” and J. R. Murdock carried into execution a plan for inclosing the grave with a fence and setting out trees around it. They planted an English elm, two English larches, two Norway spruces, a willow descended from one imported by the late B. A. Fahnestock from the grave of Napoleon at St. Helena, and several varieties of American shrubbery. The grave is in the field belonging to the estate of the late James Dixon, on the north side of the old National turnpike, nine miles east of Uniontown, and William A. Gather, who lives on the adjoining farm, has promised Mr. King to interest himself in the preservation of the trees, and the fence is to be repainted this spring.23

In the words of Hulbert:

The traveller at Uniontown, Pennsylvania, is within striking distance of Braddock's Road at its most interesting points. A six-mile climb to the summit of Laurel Hill brings one upon the old time route which will be found near Washington's spring. A delightful drive along the summit of the mountain northward brings one near the notorious "Dunbar's Camp" where so many relics of the campaign have been found and of which many may be seen in the museum of the nearby Pennsylvania Soldiers' Orphans' Home. Here Dunbar destroyed the quantities of stores and ammunition with which he could not advance, much less retreat. The visitor should here find "Jumonville's Grave" about a quarter of a mile up the valley, and should not miss the view from Dunbar's Knob.

21 Hazard's "Register of Pennsylvania;" Vol. VI, p. 104. Quoted by Rupp, "History Western Penna., etc.;" p. 113.

22" Military Journal;" p. 117.

23 Copy of a clipping from a newspaper pasted on inside cover of a copy of Sargent's "Braddock's Expedition," owned by James Veech; now in Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh.

Less than one mile eastward of Chalk Hill, beside a brook which bears Braddock's name, beneath a cluster of solemn pines, lies the dust of the sacrificed Braddock. If there is any question as to whether his body was interred at this spot, there is no question but that all the good he ever did is buried here. Deserted by those who should have helped him most, fed with promises that were never kept, defeated because he could not find the breath to cry “retreat” until a French bullet drove it to his throat-he is remembered by his private vices which the whole world would quickly have forgotten had he won his last fight. He was typical of his time—not worse.

In studying Braddock's letters, preserved in the Public Records Office, London, it has been of interest to note that he never blamed an inferior-as he boasted in the anecdote previously related. His most bitter letter has been reproduced, and a study of it will make each line of more interest. His criticism of the Colonial troops was sharp, but his praise of them when they had been tried in fire was unbounded. He does not directly criticise St. Clair-though his successful rival for honors on the Ohio, Forbes, accused St. Clair in 1758 not only of ignorance but of actual treachery. "This behavior in the people" is Braddock's charge, and no one will say the accusation was unjust.

There is little doubt that Braddock's dust lies here. He was buried in the roadway near this brook, and at this point, early in the last century, workmen repairing the road discovered the remains of an officer. The remains were reinterred here on the high ground beside Cumberland Road, on the opposite side of Braddock's Run. They were undoubtedly Braddock's.

As you look westward along the roadway toward the grave, the significant gorge on the right will attract your attention. It is the old pathway of Braddock's Road, the only monument of significant token in the world of the man from whom it was named. Buried once in it-near the cluster of gnarled apples-trees in the center of the open meadow beyond-he is now buried and finally no doubt beside it. But its hundreds of great gorges and vacant swamp-isles in the forests will last long after any monument that can be raised to his memory.

Braddock's Road broke the league the French made with the Alleghanies; it showed that British grit could do as much in the interior of America as in India or Africa or Egypt; it was the first important material structure in this New West, so soon to be filled with the sons of those who had hewn it.24

James Hadden, of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, says:

Washington, on his visit to the west in 1784, sought to visit the last resting place of his former commander, through respect for the same, but his search was in vain. He wrote: "I made diligent search for the grave, but the road had been so much turned and the clear land so much extended that it could not be found."

Abraham Stewart, father of the Hon. Andrew Stewart, was road supervisor, and in 1812, while repairing the Braddock Road at this place, found human bones a few yards from the road. The military trappings found with them indicated that the remains were those of a British officer of rank, and as General Braddock was known to have been buried at this camp the bones doubtless were his. These bones were carefully gathered up and reinterred at a distance of one hundred and fifty yards eastward from the place they were found, at the foot of an oak tree. Mr. Stewart caused a board to be marked "Braddock's Grave," which was nailed to a tree. This tree was broken off during a severe storm about 1868. Josiah King, editor of the "Pittsburgh Gazette," frequently spent a few weeks vacation at Chalk Hill, in the vicinity of the grave of General Braddock, and noticing the dilapidated condition of this historic spot, made arrangement to have it enclosed by a neat and substantial fence. In 1872 he procured from Murdock's nursery a willow whose parent stem drooped over the grave of the Emperor Napoleon at St. Helena and planted it over the remains of General Braddock, but unfortunately it soon withered and died. He then planted a number of pine trees within the enclosure, which still remain to indicate to the passerby the last resting place of Major General Edward Braddock.

24" Braddock's Road, etc.;" A. B. Hulbert, p. 209-210.

The British Government has never taken the slightest notice of the spot where sleep the remains of one who gave his service and his life for the English cause. The situation is on the north side, and a few yards from the National Road, and a few rods east of where Braddock's run crosses that road and bout ten miles east of Uniontown.25

Since these words were penned by Hadden, the Braddock Park Memorial Association of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, has appropriately marked Braddock's grave with a suitable monument. The ceremonies were held October 15, 1913.

In Braddock Borough the name Burton once commemorated in the street now called Library, had to go before-we may call it the force of literature. Anyhow, Burton was long dead. Not so with the fame of Mr. Midshipman Talbot, and insignificant enough he was. The town has Talbot avenue yet, and this led the Rev. G. E. Hawes of Braddock to write: "Down before the march of a building filled with books, Talbot, a child of a book, becomes a man whose name is written on lamp-posts and proclaimed from house corners. The fates must have sat down and giggled when they saw Burton unhorsed and Talbot crowned."

Burton was lieutenant-colonel of Dunbar's regiment and was slightly wounded in the battle. Talbot was killed.

The effect of Braddock's battle is well phrased by Bradley-"it was prodigious, for neither before nor since has any battle had an exact parallel in British history. Shame and humiliation was felt in England, unbounded exultation in France, while the American colonists' faith in the invincibility of British soldiers was permanently shaken."

In the words of Franklin, "The battle gave us Americans the first supicion that our exalted ideas of the prowess of British regular troops had not been well founded." There was indeed an awakening for the colonists.

In the language of Sparks in an introductory paragraph to his detailed description of the battle quoted by Albach and other writers of our Western history: "The defeat of Braddock is one of the most remarkable events in American history. Great preparations had been made for the expedition under that experienced officer and there was the most sanguine anticipation both in England and America of its entire success. Such was the confidence in the prowess of Braddock's army according to Franklin, that while on the march to Fort Duquesne a subscription paper was handed about in Philadelphia to raise money to celebrate his victory by bonfires and illuminations as soon as the intelligence should arrive."26

It has been justly observed that people at this day have very little idea of the terrible consequences of the defeat on the Monongahela. The whole line of border settlements from the north line of Pennsylvania to the Carolinas was left exposed and frightened inhabitants were obliged to flee eastward, abandoning most of their possessions. The merciless. Indian war on the borders became more merciless. Years of terror en

25"Washington's and Braddock's Expeditions;" pp. 100-101.

26"Writings of Washington;" Sparks, Vol. II, p. 77. "Works of Franklin;" Ibid., Vol. VII, p. 94.