lator than one of coals. Still, in our climate, with its manifold and sudden changes, it is so essential to have a source of heat constantly at hand that it is difficult to banish the furnace register from any living room. Therefore, while recognizing the disadvantage of furnace heat, in that it makes the air too dry, it is well to supply the nurseries with both means of heating, using the open fire in moderate weather and the furnace only in the presence of severe cold.

In my experience, where the nurseries are so situated as to receive direct sunlight through ample windows, there is rarely any need of furnace heat except in the early morning, before the servants have time to make up the wood or coal fire.

Care must be taken to guard every open fireplace with a high fender, one that can neither be knocked down nor climbed over by an active child.

Ventilation. In addition to furnishing ample space in the nurseries, it is necessary to provide a constant supply of fresh air by ventilation.

By all odds the best ventilator is an open fireplace in which wood is burnt. Such a fire, by creating a draught up the chimney, carries off the impure air, and there are few doors and windows so closely fitting that they prevent the entrance of fresh air to supply the place of that so removed.

Should this not prove sufficient, one of the win

dows may be utilized, the upper sash being slightly lowered and the lower sash slightly raised, the openings being sufficient to allow of the entrance and exit of air, but not enough to cause a current or draught in the room.

When the rooms are heated by a furnace or stove, some permanent ventilator must be used. For the egress of foul air an opening may be made in the chimney at a convenient distance from the floor; this may be guarded by an ordinary adjustable register, such as is used to regulate the entrance of heated air from the furnace flue.

The same purpose may also be accomplished by making an opening in the upper part of the door; this should be guarded by a movable sash, or by one of the ventilating appliances to be mentioned later.

To allow of the free entrance of pure air, one of the glass lights may be replaced by a plate of tin having a multitude of minute perforations, or a ventilator made to fit the window may be used.

The best of these are shown in the four following figures.

One apparatus, Fig. 8, consists of two pieces of board, one of which slides upon the other, so that it may be readily adapted to any breadth of window frame. Each portion has a circular opening to which is fitted a tin or sheet-iron pipe, eight

inches long by four inches in diameter, and having a slight upward bend. These pipes are provided with a solid diaphragm, Fig. 9, readily moved by a

WINDOW VENTILATOR IN PROFILE, SHOWING damper.

handle, and intended to regulate the quantity of air admitted. When in position, the pipes, of course, project inward.

The wheel window ventilator, Fig. 10, consists of a movable diaphragm and a revolving wheel, the whole varying from six to eight inches in diameter. When placed in position, which is readily done by cutting a circular hole in a window pane or in the door, the difference in temperature between the interior and exterior of the rooms will create a cur

rent, and cause the wheel to revolve noiselessly. The revolving wheel, while it prevents a draught, allows of the passage of two currents, that of fresh air inward and foul air outward, and the diaphragm enables one to control the supply of air.

An admirable domestic arrangement for ventilation consists of a board eight or ten inches in

height placed across, and close to, the window sill, as in Fig. 11.

This, when the lower sash is raised, as indicated by the dotted lines, allows of a free entrance of air without a draught, the current being directed upward (as shown by the arrows).

Together with the above careful provision for constant purification of the atmosphere, it is essen

FIG. 11.

BOARD VENTILATOR IN PLACE.

tial to "air" thoroughly both of the nurseries through widely opened windows. With the day nursery this must be done whenever the child leaves it for any length of time, care being taken to close the windows, and get the temperature to the proper degree before his return. The night nursery should be aired after the children leave it in the morning, and after the midday nap.