date for the presidency of the United States in opposition to Mr. Buchanan at the presidential election of 1857. His principal work is entitled "Colonel John Charles Fremont's Explorations" (1859), which contains an account of all his expeditions, with annotations and additions by several of the most eminent men of science. An account of his life and explorations by C. W. Upham (Boston, 1856), had a remarkable success, 50,000 copies having been sold as soon as it was issued. intrepid pathfinder was raised to the a reward for his eminent services to rank of brevet-captain, and the Victoria science. Mr. Fremont was a candimedal of the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain was awarded to him. Captain Fremont now entered upon an exploring expedition, intended to give an uninterrupted view of the route from Missouri to the west coast of the American continent. This expedition was crowned with a success fully equal to his former enterprise. The task occupied many months, during which he completed a circuit of 12 degrees in diameter north and south, and 10 degrees east and west, having travelled some 3,500 miles. So soon as this FRERICHS, FREDERIC THEODORE, second exploration was completed, Cap-a German physician, was born at Autain Fremont started on a third survey. rich, in Hanover, on the 24th of March, The enterprise was one of peculiar 1819. He proceeded in due time to difficulty, but at length every obstacle Göttingen, in order to study medicine, was surmounted, and he reached Cali- and the natural sciences. Being adfornia, where he found the United States mitted a physician in the ordinary course, and Mexico were at war. Captain he successively visited Berlin, Prague, Fremont accordingly gave his country his energetic services. When these services were no longer needed, he became mixed up in a miserable quarrel between Stockton and Kearney, the military but eventually settled down at Götcommanders, was tried by a courtmartial, and deprived of his commission. Feeling keenly the injustice done him, he retired into private life. Having arranged to proceed to California, Fremont collected a strong party, and started in 1848 across the Rocky Mountains. So great were the difficulties of this last expedition, that even its stouthearted commander began to quail. His mules were dead, his men began to droop ten had perished amidst the deep snows of Sierra San Juan. Only after a series of unprecedented struggles, manifesting the most unconquerable energy and the sternest resolution, did the shattered remnant of his followers reach New Mexico; thence they proceeded to California. Fremont was afterwards sent as representative to Congress, and also received the Prussian gold medal as and Vienna, devoting his attention specially to the study of pathology and anatomy. He afterwards resided for a time in Holland, Belgium, and France, tingen. A Fellow of the School of Medicine, and attached to the Physiological Institute of Rodolph Wagner, he opened a course, which soon became one of the most popular of the University. In 1851 he was invited to Kiel, to direct the Polyclinical and Academic Hospital; but having taken a part, though it does not seem to have been an active one, in the dispute between Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein (1852), he found it necessary to return to Germany, and was almost immediately appointed Professor of Pathology and Therapeutics in the University of Breslau. In 1854 the King of Prussia conferred on him the order of the Red Eagle, and the King of Bavaria the order of St. Michael. He contributed actively and extensively to the "Physiological Dictionary" of Wagner; to Liebig's "Dictionary of Chemistry," and to the "Supplement" and Satyrs," which was exhibited at of 1850-52, as well as to other publi- Westminster Hall, and its success seems cations of cognate character. In 1858-9 to have induced him to devote his efforts he went to Berlin, and succeeded to the to the higher branches of art. Amongst chair of Clinical Medicine on the re- his most noted productions are "Sabritirement of Schönlein; to whose large na," 'Nymphs Dancing,” “Diana surpractice he has also in some measure prised by Actæon,” a Bacchanalian succeeded. He is the author of a work Dance, "Chastity," "The Graces," &c. on "Morbus Brightii," published at He has painted a great variety of picBrunswick, in 1851; and of another, tures, mostly illustrative of classical on "Diseases of the Liver," published subjects, and has been highly successful at Brunswick, in 1859, on which his re- owing to the perfect execution and putation as a physician and pathologist is finish which he exhibits in all his promainly formed. It is now being trans-ductions. lated for the New Sydenham Society. He was chosen Associate of the Royal Academy in 1846. FRITH, WILLIAM POWELL, R. A., a GARIBALDI, JOSEPH. This dispainter, was born at Studley, Yorkshire, tinguished general, so well known by his in 1819; and, like Lawrence, was the efforts in the cause of Italian freedom, son of an inn-keeper. His picture of was born at Nice, on the 4th July, 'Malvolio before the Countess Olivia," 1807. His father being a seafaring man, gave evidence of a future successful Joseph early followed the same calling, career being in store for him. This was and soon became distinguished for his succeeded by picture after picture, all of bravery and coolness in danger. Having which rose in estimation and value. His read a history of Rome, and afterwards composition is excellent, and his colour visiting that city, he felt a deep interest admirable. He throws into his works, in the ancient glory of Italy, and these occasionally, sly touches of humour, incidents seem to have laid the foundawhich produce a greater effect than he tion of those attempts which he has probably intends. Cervantes, Shaks lately made in rendering his country peare, Goldsmith, Addison, and the once more free. He first became mixed British Classics, have been the well-up with political matters about the year springs of his inspiration. "Coming of 1832, and fled his country from the fear Age," and "Life at the Sea-side," are among his best known works. In 1853 Mr. Frith was elected a Royal Academician. In 1855 he sent to the Paris Exhibition his picture of "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme," with several others, for which he received a gold medal. In 1858 was produced the "Derby Day," for which he received three thousand pounds. FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD, was born at Wandsworth in 1810. He early studied as an artist, and soon distinguished himself by gaining prizes at the Royal Academy. His first remarkable picture was "Prometheus Bound," and in 1843 he gained a premium for his cartoon of "Una alarmed by Fawns In that his name had been included in a means of obtaining a bare subsistence. | cumstances, Garibaldi now proceeded to His restless spirit ill brooked this state the United States and South America, of matters, and in 1837 we find him and after remaining there some years fighting for a Republican movement returned to Europe in 1854, and took before Monte Video, where he was the command of a small merchant seriously wounded and cast into prison. steamer, plying between Nice and MarAfter various fortunes he found a solace seilles. The opportunity which Gariin his troubles in marrying a young baldi had long waited for was now lady named Annita, to whom he was approaching. Sardinia was menaced by devotedly attached, and who afterwards the Austrians, and France hastening to shared all his dangers and privations. her assistance, a general war in Central After remaining some time in South Italy commenced in the early part of America, and showing great energy in 1859. Victor Emanuel, the King of the popular cause, he embarked for Sardinia, hastened to avail himself of Italy in the hope of engaging in the Garibaldi's services; and at the head salvation of his country once more. of a choice band of volunteers, GariHe offered his services to Charles Albert, baldi left Turin on the 20th of May, who, however, acted evasively, and ready to meet his old and detested eventually declined to employ Garibaldi, enemy. In the whole of the campaign, who thereupon went to Milan and was it is difficult to say which of the two speedily engaged in hostility to the Aus- characteristics showed by him are most trians. He repaired to Rome after the to be admired, his courage or his strataPope had fled to Gaeta, and thence he gem. Never found by the Austrians, he was ordered to defend a position en- was incessantly falling on them, and by dangered by the army of the King of a guerilla warfare harassed them in Naples; but soon had to return to op- every possible direction. His band was pose the French army which was pro- constantly increasing; his name became ceeding to invest the Roman territory. a proverb of strength and success; he A battle succeeding, Garibaldi at last was, in fact, the terror of his enemies. drove the French from the field, and On the hasty conclusion of the war, gained a complete victory over them. Garibaldi received high rank in the He was equally successful against the Sardinian army; but being dissatisfied Neapolitan army, but the French being with the slight results obtained towards reinforced again attacked Rome, which the freedom of his country, determined eventually fell into their hands, and to make war on his own account, and Garibaldi and his brave volunteers took being assisted with money, muskets, their departure by night, unknown to and men from Sardinia, France, Great the besieging forces, and safely arrived Britain, and America, he started from at Tivoli on the ensuing day, July 3rd, Genoa in the early part of the summer 1849. of 1860, and landing near Palermo, in Sicily, took that town with a mere handful of men. His volunteers soon increasing in number, and assistance flowing in on all sides, he next succeeded in taking Messina, which the Neapolitan troops evacuated, and crossing the straits he landed in Calabria, and is now progressing rapidly towards Naples. The Neapolitan army is continually After enduring great hardships, many of his followers surrendered to the Austrians, and Garibaldi with his wife barely escaped with their lives. His greatest misfortune had yet to come: chased by the Austrians, he and his wife were completely exhausted; and in a few days, from the fatigues she had undergone, she expired in a hut by the wayside. Worn out by adverse cir losing by desertions to his ranks. The paper-money. He continued to hold navy stands in a similar position, and various places in the government until the King of Naples is preparing to he lost his seat in the Assembly, when fight a kind of forlorn hope, or to take he retired into private life, with an flight from the kingdom which he has unsullied reputation. He is now acso miserably and cruelly governed. In tively engaged in preparing a History Garibaldi there are united all the quali- of the Revolution of 1848." ties of a skilful general. He is bold GASKELL, MRS. L. E., a novelist, yet cautious, rapid yet prudent, in all was born in 1822. At the age of twenty his plans; his courage and energy are she married a Unitarian minister, in astonishing, and his successes almost Manchester. She is the writer of sevewithout parallel in the history of any ral works which have attained to popucommander. Since the above was writ-larity; among which the most remarkten, the following telegram has been able is "Mary Barton," a novel which received :-"Naples, Sept. 9th. Gari- aims not only at the delineation of the baldi has entered Naples. Great enthu- joys and sorrows, the loves and hatreds siasm prevails." of our common humanity, but which GARNIER PAGÈS, LOUIS ANTOINE, also attempts to give a picture of the a French journalist and statesman, a habits and feelings, opinions and chamember of the Provisional Government racter, and social condition of the workand Executive Commission of 1848, was ing classes of our great manufacturing born at Marseilles, in 1803. Having towns. It is a work of very great literary settled as an accountant in Paris, M. merit. She has also written the "MoorGarnier Pagès took a part in the revo-land Cottage,' North and South,' lution of July, 1830, organizing the "Ruth," "Cranford," and a "Life of barricades in the quarter of St. Avoye. Charlotte Bronté." He was returned to the Chamber of Deputies by the arrondissement of Verneuil, and took up his seat at the ex-ist, was born of an impoverished family at treme "left," where he devoted him- Paris in 1801, and became a machine self to finance and other political ques- maker. After his day's work was done, tions. In 1844 he induced the govern- he attended the Free School of Design. ment to adopt the system of public He made rapid progress as an artist, but loans by direct subscription. did not adopt the profession, and indeed of the promoters of the Reformatory derived no profit from his work until he agitation of 1847, M. Garnier Pagès was thirty-four years of age, when he made a conspicuous figure at the ban- got employment in drawing sketches for quets. In 1848, appointed by acclama- "The Fashions;" that is to say, for new tion mayor of Paris, he became, under styles of male and female attire. Sucthe Provisional Government, Minister of ceeding in this occupation, he became Finance, and introduced reforms which manager of the journal entitled "Les obtained the general assent of all par- Gens du Monde," to which he contrities. He formed Comptoirs d'Escompte; buted an admirable series of lithographs. introduced into France the system of His best productions, however, were bonded warehouses and warrants; contributed to the "Charivari," which saved the Bank of France, by declaring indeed owes its success, in a great meathat its notes were not reimbursable; sure, to his contributions. In 1849 M. amalgamated with it the banks of de- Gavarni visited London, and contributed partments; and resisted the creation of a number of characteristic drawings to One GAVARNI, otherwise Paul Chevalier, the most popular living French caricatur the "Illustrated London News." He | studying at Paris, he returned in 1830 also published a series of sketches, illus- to Belgium, and settled in Brussels. His trative of life in its lower phases in the productions, like those of his brother, English metropolis, under the title of are more remarkable for purity than "Gavarni in London." He has illus-power. While exhibiting national chatrated a great number of works, among racteristics, they unite largeness of style which may be enumerated "Don with much grace and poetic feeling, and "The remind the critic, to some extent, of the school of Canova. He is first sculptor to the King of the Belgians, and member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters, and the Fine Arts. The most remarkable of his casts at the Crystal Palace are a monument of Count Frédéric de Merode, at Brussels; a bust of King Leopold, a Francesca di Rimini, and a statue of Rubens, at Antwerp. Quixote," "Molière's Plays," Wandering Jew" of M. Eugène Sue, and the novels of Balzac. A collected edition of his productions was published at Paris, in four volumes, in 1845, with letter-press by Jules Janin, Théophile Gautier, and Balzac. M. Gavarni has been pre-occupied for many years with an attempt to construct an aërostat, or flying-machine, on which it is said that he has expended many efforts of mechanical ingenuity. GAVAZZI, PADRE ALESSANDRO, an Italian priest, was born at Bologna, on 21st March, 1809. At an early age he distinguished himself by the vigour and liberality of his discourses, and was at all times the champion of the popular cause. During the Lombard revolution, Gavazzi, by his appeals to the patriotism of his hearers, assisted in forming a volunteer army, which fought against the Austrians. He fell, however, under the Pope's displeasure, but eventually, on the flight of the latter, held a prominent position in Rome, under the provisional government, which had then been formed. The failure of the patriotic cause compelled him to flee to England. His lectures, delivered in different parts of this country and America, have made him highly popular. The fervour of his language, and the eloquent expression of his sentiments, captivated his audiences, and drew from them that sympathy which has resulted so practically in the assistance lately given to Garibaldi, with whom Gavazzi has long been associated in attempting to obtain the freedom of Italy. GEEFS, GUILLAUME, a sculptor, was born in 1806. GEEFS, JOSEPH, brother of the preceding, born at Antwerp, in 1808, possesses no small reputation as a sculptor. Having gained the Academy's prize, he studied for some time at Rome. He is a member of the Royal Belgian Academy. Among his best productions may be enumerated his "Demon," "Adonis starting for the Chace," and "Science, Art, and Literature, paying Homage to Charles Van Hulthem.” GEORGE V., FREDERICK ALEXANDER CHARLES ERNEST AUGUSTUS, KING OF HANOVER, was born 27th of May, 1819. As Prince of the Blood Royal of Great Britain, Duke of Cumberland, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, he succeeded his father, Ernest Augustus (Duke of Cumberland in England), on the 18th of November, 1851. His majesty married on the 18th of February, 1843, the Princess Mary, daughter of Joseph, Duke of Saxe Altenburg, by whom he has a family of three children, two sons and one daughter. The eldest, heir to the throne, Prince Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederick, was born on the 21st of September, 1845. The accession of his father to the throne of his ancestors, dissolved Belgian the connexion subsisting since the time After of George I. between Britain and Hano |