agmina tanquam praedatorios globos post terga trahentes. he goes on to relate how these followers are marshalled like an army§ 17 totum promiscue servitium cum otiosis plebeiis de vicinitate coniunctis etc. Chrys. hom. in 1 Cor x 5 σὺ δέ, εἰ μὴ πολλὰς περιφέρεις ἀνδραπό δων ἀγέλας, αἰσχρὸν εἶναι νομίζεις ; . . . τί βούλεται τὰ σμήνη τῶν οἰκετῶν; καθάπερ γὰρ οἱ προβατοπώλαι καὶ οἱ σωματοκάπηλοι, οὕτως ἐν βαλανείῳ, οὕτως ἐν ἀγορᾷ περιίασιν οἱ πλουτούντες . . εἰ δὲ πολλοὺς συνάγεις, οὐ φιλανθρωπίας ἕνεκεν τοῦτο ποιεῖς, ἀλλὰ θρυπτόμενος . . . . τί γάρ σοι βούλεται τὸ σοβεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς; μὴ γὰρ μεταξὺ θηρίων περιπατεῖς, ὅτι ἀπελαύνεις τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας; μὴ φοβηθῇς· οὐδεὶς δάκνει τῶν προσιόντων καὶ πλησίον σοι βαδιζόντων τί δὲ καὶ παῖδας ῥαβδούχους ἔχεις, ὡς δούλοις κεχρημένος τοῖς ἐλευθέροις, μᾶλλον δὲ αὐτὸς παντὸς ἀτιμότερον οἰκέτου ζῶν; καὶ γὰρ παντὸς εὐτελέστερος οἰκέτου ὁ τοσοῦτον περιφέρων τῦφον κ.τ.λ. 285 AENEA LAMPAS a lamp of Corinthian bronze and costly workmanship. The candelabra of Herculaneum and Pompeii are almost all of bronze, a few only of iron. Special slaves were employed as torchbearers or lampbearers Suet. Aug. 29 servus praelucens.. Orelli inscr. 2845. 2930 lampadarius. Cic. in Pis. § 20. Orelli 6292 lanternarius. VM. vi 8 § 1 lanternam praeferre. cf. Petron. 79. MARQUARDT. Mart. vIII 75 6-7 ingenti domino servulus unus erat, | tam macer, ut minimam posset vix ferre lucernam. .... 287. CANDELAE Mart. XIV 40-44. a candle or torch of rope dipped in wax, tallow or pitch. Varr. 1. 1. v § 119 candelabrum a candela; ex his enim funiculi ardentes figebantur. Serv. Aen. 1727. Donat. ad Ter. Andr.. 1 88 quibus [candelabris] delibuti funes pice vel cera infiguntur. Plin. h. n. xvi 70 (37) scirpi fragiles palustresque. ...e quibus detracto cortice. candelae luminibus et funeribus serviunt, where the wick is of rush. That the candela was little valued in comparison with the lucerna or lampas, appears from Mart. 1. 1. cf. Plin. xxxiv 6 (3) nec pudet tribunorum militarium salariis emere [candelabra], cum ipsum nomen a candelarum lumine impositum appareat. DISPENSO TEMPERO I husband and check from burning too fast.. 288 CONTEMNIT V 102. PROOEMIA V 26. xv 51. properly the prelude of a performer on the lyre, then of orators Quintil. Iv 1 § 1 seq. Lucian somn. 3 fin. when an apprentice to his uncle, a sculptor, broke a board which he was given to carve; on which his uncle fogged him, ώστε δάκρυά μοι τὰ προοίμια τῆς τέχνης. cf. Hemst. ad l. 289 Ter. ad. 210-4 SA. numquam vidi iniquius | certationem comparatam, quam haec hodie inter nos fuit: | ego vapulando ille verberando usque, ambo defessi sumus. | Sv. tua culpa. SA. quid facerem? Sv. adulescenti morem gestum oportuit. | Sa. qui potui melius, qui hodie usque os praebui? Luc. v 533-4 nulla secuta est | pugna, sed hinc iugulis, hinc ferro bella geruntur. 290 Hes. op. et d. 210—1 ἄφρων δ ̓ ὅς κ' ἐθέλῃ πρὸς κρείσσονας ἀντιφερίζειν, | νίκης τε στέρεται πρός τ' αἴσχεσιν ἄλγεα πάσχει. STAT CONTRA Mart. 1 53 12 stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina 'fur es.' 292 seq. Vibius Gallus ap. Sen. contr. 30 non ambulabis, inquit, eadem via qua ego, non calcabis vestigia mea, non offeres delicatis oculis sordidatam vestem. cf. the whole controversia. ACETO vinegar mixed with water (posca) was a usual drink of the soldiers and common people, St Matt. 27 34. Spartian. Hadr. 10. Pescenn. 10. codex XII 38 (37) § 1 repetita consuetudo monstravit expeditionis tempore . . . milites nostros ita solere percipere . . . uno die vinum, alio die acetum. 293 CONCHE XIV 131. Mart. vII ... 78 2 et, bene si cenas, conchis inuncta tibi est. v 39 10. x 7 conchis faba. si spumet rubra conchis tibi pallida testa, | lautorum cenis saepe negare potes. TUMES OV. med. fac. 70 inflantes corpora frige fabas. SECTILE PORRUM XIV 133. Mart. x 48 9. Hor. s. 1 6 115. porrum (leek) was either sectivum or capitatum Mart. III 47 8 utrumque porrum. when intended to be sectile, it was sown thickly, and the blades were cut (secabantur) as they shot up, like asparagus. Nero used to eat this kind of porrum in order to clear his voice Plin. xix 33 (6). The reveller abuses his victim for his foul breath Mart. XIII 18. 19. Marquardt v 2 35. 294 SUTOR Iv 153 n. Cerdo. etinum. 5 3. x 41 4. VERVECIS Mart. XIV 211 caput ari295 NIL MIHI RESPONDES Mart. v 61 7. vi CALCEM by a kick Nero, the model of these grassatores, killed his wife Poppaea Tac. xvI 6. Suet. 35. 296 EDE 74. 121. Ov. m. 111 577-8 o periture.... ede tuum nomen. UBI CONSISTAS 'where is your stand? whether for begging or for selling cf. vi 123. QUABRO IV 130 n. Plaut. trin. 1062 quid ago? id. capt. 479. Ter. Andr. 315. Heins. on Aen. x 675. Cic. n. d. 1 § 90 Schömann. Petron. 13 quid ergo facimus, aut quo iure rem nostram vindicamus? VFl. v 286 quibus addimur armis? ib. VIII 66. PROSEUCHA Ewald 1v2 272 the Jews might, wherever a sufficient number defrayed the cost, erect prayer-houses, as they were called in Egypt, or, as they were usually named elsewhere, assembly-houses (synagogues), in order to their edification by means of common prayer and instruction out of the scripture... The name proseuche in Philo and in the decree of the Halikarnasians in Ios. ant. xiv 10 § 23 cl. 24-synagogue.' Conybeare and Howson life of St Paul 11 315. Kleomed. meteor. II 1 § 91 p. 112 Bake тà dè àñò μéons τîs πрooευχῆς καὶ τῶν ἐπ' αὐταῖς προσαιτούντων, Ἰουδαϊκά τινα καὶ παρακεχαραγμένα καὶ κατὰ πολὺ τῶν ἑρπετῶν ταπεινότερα. Orelli inscr. 2525. The proseuchae were either in the open air or buildings. In what Jewish oratory shall I find you?' is equivalent to calling bim a proselyte, a class numerous at Rome (XIV 96 seq.), and despised for their superstition Hor. s. 19 69 seq. Pers. v 180 seq. 297 seq. whether you answer or silently retire, it is all one, they assault you, and then, as though they were the aggrieved party, bind you over to appear in court. 300 ADORAT here also worships.' Phaedr. v 1 4-5 ipsi principes | illam osculantur qua sunt oppressi manum. Sen. de ir. II 33 § 2 an old courtier, when asked how in a court he had lived to old age, replied iniurias accipiendo et gratias agendo. id. de ben. II 12 § 1 si dat, qui non aufert. Cic. Phil. II § 5 l. 7 n. DCass. XLVII 13 thanks to the triumvirs. 300-1 PULSATUS ROGAT, UT LICEAT PAUCIS CUM DENTIBUS INDE REVERTI XVI 8-10 ne te pulsare togatus | audeat, immo etsi pulsetur, dissimulet nec audeat excussos praetori ostendere dentes. 301 XVI 10. 302-314 beside riotous nobles, thieves are to be dreaded who infest our streets and fill our prisons. Tibull. 1 2 24 seq. [Albinov.] eleg. in obit. Maecen. 27 seq. num minus urbis erat custos et Caesaris obses? | num tibi non tutas fecit in urbe vias? | nocte sub obscura quis te spoliavit amantem? quis tetigit ferro, durior ipse, latus? Hor. s. 1 2 43. Ov. am. I 6 14. 303 NON DERIT II 168 pueris non umquam 304 shops and houses were barred derit amator. 305 FERRO COMPAGO the fittings of the folding-doors. SUBITUS GRASSATOR AGIT REM x 22-3 n. Suet. Aug. 32 nam et grassatorum plurimi palam se ferebant succincti ferro quasi tuendi sui causa; et rapti per agros viatores sine discrimine liberi servique ergastulis possessorum supprimebantur: et plurimae factiones titulo collegii novi ad nullius non facinoris societatem coibant. igitur grassatores dispositis per opportuna loca stationibus inhibuit; ergastula recognovit: collegia praeter antiqua et legitima dissolvit. on those days on which great spectacles were exhibited ib. 43 custodes in urbe disposuit, ne raritate remanentium grassatoribus obnoxia esset. App. b. c. v 132. Plin. h. n. vIII § 144. Petron. 82. dig. XLVIII 19 28 § 10 grassatores, qui praedae causa id faciunt, proximi latronibus habentur; et si cum ferro aggredi et spoliare instituerunt, capite puniuntur; utique si saepius atque in itineribus hoc admiserunt; ceteri in metallum dantur vel in insulas relegantur. cf. ib. § 15. AGIT REM goes to work." 306 x 29 n. Suet. Tib. 37 in primis tuendae pacis a grassaturis ac latrociniis ... curam habuit. stationes militum per Italiam solito frequentiores disposuit. Prop. IV=III 16 5-6 quid faciam? obductis committam mene tenebris, ut timeam audaces in mea membra manus? TENENTUR I 13 n. Hor. s. 1 6 116 cited on 204. ARMATO CUSTODE 307 POMPTINA PALUS Palude Pontine, a marsh about twenty-eight miles long and eight broad, on the coast of Latium between Circeii and Terracina. It derived its name from an old town, Pontia. All attempts at draining it, from the construction of the canal of Caesar and Augustus (Hor. s. 1 5 4 seq.) down to the French occupation, have been fruitless. : GALLINARIA PINUS near Cumae Cic. ad fam. Ix 23. Strab. v p. 243 ἐν δὲ τῷ κόλπῳ τούτῳ [the Cumanus sinus] καὶ ὕλη τίς ἐστι θαμνώδης, ἐπὶ πολλοὺς ἐκτεινομένη σταδίους, ἄνυδρος καὶ ἀμμώδης, ἣν Γαλλι ναρίαν ὕλην καλοῦσιν. Near this wood was Liternum, the retreat of Scipio Africanus the elder, who fortified his house against robbers VM. 11 10 § 2. cf. Sen. ep. 86 § 3. Both the marsh and the wood, as uninhabited, and affording places of concealment, were well adapted for robbers. 308 VIVARIA IV 51 n. the Fr. vivier=πapádeloos Scipio Africanus minor in Gell. II 20 §§ 4-6. a park, warren, or preserve Hor. ep. 1 1 79 excipiantque senes quos in vivaria mittant. Columell. Ix 1 when beaten out of their usual haunts the thieves flock to Rome, where all can be satisfied. 309 the regular order would have been qua f., qua inc., non gr. cat.? 310-1 UT TIMEAS, NE VOMER DEFICIAT, NE MARRAE ET SARCULA DESINT xv 165-8 ast homini ferrum letale incude nefanda | produxisse parum est, cum rastra et sarcula tantum | adsueti coquere et marris ac vomere lassi nescierint primi gladios extendere fabri. 310 TIMEAS, NE I 97 in the same place trepidat ne. 312 on the innocence of olden times cf. XIII 38 seq. PROAVORUM ATAVOS Plaut. Pers. 1 2 5 pater, avus, proavus, abavus, atavus, tritavus. 313 FELICIA SAECULA, QUAE II 38—9 TRIBUNIS as 314 UNO, felicia tempora, quae te moribus opponunt. representatives of freedom opposed to reg. CONTENTAM CARCERE ROMAM the carcer Mamertinus, as it was afterwards. called, was built by Ancus Martius in the middle of the city, overhanging the forum Liv. 1 33. Servius Tullius (according to the Roman etymologists, but see Burn Rome and the Campagna 80—1) added a subterranean dungeon (Tullianum Varr. 1. 1. v § 151. Liv. XXIX 22), in which Iugurtha was starved to death (Plut. Mar. 12), and Catiline's accomplices strangled (Sall. Cat. 55). It remained the state prison for the execution of great offenders Cic. in Catil. 1 § 27. Tac. ann. III 51. Afterwards the carcer Lautumiarum was added, of which we find mention 210 B. C. Liv. XXXII 27. The Tullianum is still to be seen on the Capitoline hill, to the right of the ascent from the forum Schwegler 1 602 2. 607 seq. Becker 1 262 seq. 315-322 Umbricius takes leave of his friend. 315 POTERAM Madvig § 348 1. Verg. ecl. 1 79. Burm. on Ov. m. 1 679. 317 VIRGA ANNUIT VIII 153 n. 318 VALE NOSTRI MEMOR Hor. c. 111 27 17 et memor nostri, Galatea, vivas. 319 TUO AQUINO Iuv. was a native of Aquinum (Aquino), a municipium (Cic. Phil. 11 § 106 frequens m.), or colony (Plin. h. n. 111 9 [5]), in Latium on the via Latina, near the river Melpis Strab. v p. 237. The soil was fertile (Paullin. Nolan. natai. 3 Fel. 73 quos fertile pascit Aquinum) and the town populous Strab. 1. 1. μeɣáλn wólis. Sil. v111 405 viris ingens. REFICI Hor. ep. 1 18 101 me quotiens reficit gelidus [cf. Iuv. 322] Digentia rivus. 320 Ceres and Diana were worshipped at AquiHELVINAM Schol. ibi namque apud Aquinum colunt numina earum dearum, quae colunt in Galliis; this seems a mere conjecture from the name of the Helvii, a tribe settled on the banks of the Rhone. The epithet nowhere else occurs. Iuv. dedicated an altar to this Ceres. num. S21 CUMIS 2 n. TITVLVS AQVINI REPERTVS d. ivNIVS IVVENALIS 322 ADIUTOR Markland (cl. Hor. s. 19 46. Faber, Rig. Gud. on Phaedr. v 5 14) takes this as a metaphor from the stage. But caligatus points out the true meaning,' adjutant.' Orelli inscr. 3462, as adiutrix is an honorary epithet of several legions; luv. was a soldier, and therefore the military use of the term would be natural to him. CALIGATUS XVI 24 n. the common soldier; I will come to do service in the ranks in your great contest;' gelidos, cl. refici 319, refreshing.' IV No vicious man can be happy; least of all the incestuous Crispinus, though his wealth be such that he can lavish the price of an estate upon a fish; an instance of self-indulgence in the parasite, which prepares us for any extravagance in the monarch, his patron (1-36). In Domitian's reign, a rhombus, large as the Byzantine, was taken off Ancona. As such a prize would else be seized by the informers, who swarm even on the coast, the fisherman destines it for Caesar and, though the season is winter, hurries with it, as though afraid it may become tainted. At the Alban villa he finds ready admission (37— 64). He begs the emperor to accept the fish, as one reserved for his times and eager for the honour of being served up at his table. Gross as this flattery is, Domitian welcomes it (65-71). But where find a dish capacious enough to contain the fish?-this is a point for a council of state to determine. A council is summoned. First comes Pegasus, the upright but too lenient praefectus urbis : next two octogenarians, the wary Crispus and Acilius, with his son, who is one day to fall a victim to the tyrant's jealousy, which he endeavours to lull by devoting himself to sports unworthy of his birth. Next, and though not marked out by noble birth for Domitian's hatred, not less alarmed, comes Rubrius, who under a bold front conceals the consciousness of guilt. Then the gourmand Montanus, the fop Crispinus, the informer Pompeius, Fuscus (summoned from the marble villa in which he plans his campaigns), Fabricius Veiento and Messalina Catullus, whose blindness and ready adulation might qualify him to gain a living as a beggar: none admires the fish so inuch as he; though indeed he turns to the left to admire, while the creature lies on his right. Veiento finds in the capture of the foreign fish, with its threatening fins, an omen of the capture of some foreign king (72-129). 'Twere a dishonour to the fish, says Montanus, not to serve it whole: let a dish be made for the purpose. This advice is followed, as its author's nice palate, trained at the table of Nero, gives him a title to be heard. The council is dismissed, having been convoked in as headlong haste as though some war had broken out (130-149). Yet it had been well for Rome, if, engrossed by such' follies, Domitian had wanted time for the murder of her nobles, whom he might have destroyed with impunity, had he not alarmed' his freedmen (150-154). From the last verses we learn that this satire was composed after the death of Domitian, Sept. 18 A.D. 96. cf. with the whole sat. Plin. ep. vIII 4 § 8 iidem prospeximus curiam, sed curiam trepidam et elinguem, cum dicere quod velles periculosum, |