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The works of Antonello appear to be very scarce; the edition of Boschini's work Pitture della Città di Venezia, &c." of 1733 mentions only one, in Venice, and that was in the supreme chamber of the Council of Ten, -a dead Christ supported by Angels, and it has since disappeared, but how is not known. There is one of the same subject in the gallery of Vienna. There is only one by him in the Venetian academy, and that is the Virgin reading. In the gallery of Berlin there are three pictures by Antonello; and there is or was, according to Dr. Waagen, one in Devonshire house in London, a head of Christ. His works are not more numerous in Italy than they are in other countries, which, considering his long and industrious life, is very remarkable. It can be accounted for only by the supposition that he was not in the habit of always putting his name to his works, and from the similarity of his pictures to those of Van Eyck, many of the paintings in the various galleries of Europe, vaguely designated as of the school of Van Eyck, may have been executed by the hand of Antonello. Gaetano Grano, the author of the "Memoirs of the Painters of Messina," says that his works were confounded with those of the best masters of his time, and that, at the time of the publication of his work, 1792, all that remained of Antonello in that city were twelve small pictures around an old mosaic of the Madonna, in the monastery of San. Gregorio.

R. N. W.

ANTO'NI, ALESSANDRO VITTORIO PAPACINO D', a celebrated officer in the Piedmontese artillery, who was born May 17th, 1714, at Villa Franca in the county of Nice. It is said that the name Papacino was derived from that of an illustrious family in Spain, and had been borne by one of his ancestors who, in the seventeenth century, held the rank of admiral in the navy of that country. Both his maternal uncle and his brother were officers in the regiment of artillery; the former died having only the rank of captain, and the latter rose to that of lieutenant-colonel.

Being probably ambitious of following the steps of his relatives, he entered, in the eighteenth year of his age, as a volunteer in the same regiment, and he served with it for a time in the capacity of a private soldier : the military career of young men belonging

to good families not unfrequently, in that age, began in a similar manner. At the sieges of the citadel of Milan, the fortress of Pizzighettone and the city of Tortona, he gave such proofs of his courage and skill that the king of Sardinia, Charles Emanuel, made him, in 1734, sub-lieutenant; and at the action of Parma in the same year he held the post of adjutant of the regiment. He became a lieutenant in the artillery in 1741, and on the renewal of the war at the death of the Emperor Charles VI., he had many opportunities of distinguishing himself: while snow lay on the ground, he was employed in conveying the artillery through the defiles and over the heights of Savoy; at the action of Madonna del Olmo he withdrew in safety the artillery of the left wing of the army to the camp at Fossana; and, as captain of the miners, he advanced in two places under the ramparts of Savona. He was made captain-lieutenant in 1743, and full captain two years afterwards: in the beginning of 1747 the king gave him the rank of major with a sum of money; and, on the peace being concluded, he was sent to Piacenza, Pavia, and Milan, for the purpose of treating with the Austrians and Spaniards concerning the restitution of the artillery agreeably to the treaty of Nice in 1749 in which mission he acquitted himself to the satisfaction of all parties.

During the intervals of leisure which his military duties afforded, Antoni employed himself in the cultivation of literature and science; and, in order to prosecute the study of physics with advantage, he obtained introductions to the professors of the university of Turin: he also succeeded in acquiring the esteem and friendship of G. J. Bertola, the director of the college of engineers, which had been founded in that city in 1739. With these learned men he was engaged in the performance of experiments relating to the strength of gunpowder and the practice of artillery; and he distinguished himself so much by the extent of his attainments that, in 1755, he was chosen to succeed his friend as director of the college above-mentioned.

At this time, Antoni began to collect materials for a work which might be used in the college for the purposes of instruction in the different branches of the military art; and, in carrying out this plan, he confided the parts relating to arithmetic, algebra, and geometry to his friends Martino, Tignola, and Rana, reserving for himself those which relate to artillery, fortification, and tactics. The works on these last subjects, in the order in which they were published, are as follow:1. "Esame della Polvere," 8vo. Turin, 1765; this work has been translated into English, French, and German. 2. "Istituzione fisicamecchaniche per le regie Scuole d' Artigliería e di Fortificazione," &c. 8vo. Turin, 177374 this work must have been written in or before 1765, for it is cited in the "Esame della

Polvere," and it has been translated into French and German. 3. " Architettura Militare per le regie Scuole," &c., Turin, 1778, 6 vols. 8vo. This is divided into six books, of which the first treats of regular fortification; the second, of the attack and defence of fortresses; the third, of defensive fortification; the fourth, of irregular fortification; the fifth, of the mechanics and physics of fortification, or the construction, &c. of works; and the sixth, of field fortifications: the second book is said to have been written by Bozzolino, a major-general of engineers. 4. "L'Uso dell' Armi da Fuoco," 8vo. Turin, 1780; and 5. "Il Maneggiamento delle Macchine d' Artigliería," 8vo. Turin, 1782.

In 1759, Antoni received the cross of Sti Maurizio e Lazzaro; in 1766, he was made lieutenant-colonel; and he became full colonel in 1771. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier in 1774; and in the following year he was further distinguished by having conferred upon him the rank of adjutant-general of the army. He was made major-general in 1780; and finally, lieutenant-general in 1784. Many men of talent are, during their lives, less honoured in their own country than abroad; but Antoni was one of those fortunate persons to whom the observation does not apply, for he enjoyed the satisfaction of being highly esteemed by his sovereign, and his merit was acknowledged by all the learned men of Europe who were engaged in pursuits similar to his. In 1763 he was appointed to give military instruction to the young Duke of Ciablese; and five years afterwards, the Prince of Piedmont became his pupil. The "Esame della Polvere " is highly spoken of by Templehoff; and Denina, writing from Berlin, stated that the works of Antoni were then used as text-books by the professors of the military sciences in that city. Some of the books on military architecture were published at the particular request of the King of Spain.

Antoni possessed a sound constitution, and he appears to have enjoyed good health till he had nearly attained his seventy-third year, when, after a short illness, he died on the 7th of December, 1786. He was much beloved by his friends, by the officers and by the private soldiers of his regiment: the latter always found him ready to advise and assist them; and he established a particular school in which they might acquire the information necessary for an efficient discharge of their duties as artillerymen, and even qualify themselves for promotion.

Two sisters survived him; and on these ladies, who lived in retirement at Villa Franca, the King of Sardinia conferred a pension.

Almost immediately on the publication of the "New Principles of Gunnery" by Robins in 1742, a great interest was excited both in this country and on the continent respecting

the expansive force of gunpowder, the initial velocity of shot, and the resistance of the atmosphere on military projectiles; and the Italian engineers particularly distinguished themselves by their researches on these subjects. In 1764 Antoni, with a revolving drum, which twelve years previously had been invented by J. F. A. Mattei Ginevrino, determined the initial velocities by the distance through which a point on the convex surface of the drum had moved while a shot was passing through the latter in the direction of a diameter; and the general formula which he obtained differs little from that at which Dr. Hutton subsequently arrived from the experiments made at Woolwich.

The arms which Antoni employed in his experiments were muskets and wall-pieces; and he found that at elevated stations the ranges of the shot, with equal charges of powder, were more extensive than in valleys, while the initial velocities were less the former circumstance may be conceived to arise from the smaller resistance of the atmosphere at the superior levels, and the latter is ascribed to the air within the barrel acting less favourably, from its smaller density, in promoting the expansion of the fired gunpowder. He also found that the velocities were greater when the atmosphere was dry than when it was moist; and that, in like states of the air, the velocities increased when the length of the fire-arm was greater.

Antoni showed how the initial velocities might be computed, either from the depths of the penetration of the shot in homogeneous butts, or by firing it against a butt at different distances from the gun, the latter being laid in a horizontal position: in this second method, the distances of the point struck from the fire-arm were to be measured, and also its vertical depressions below the axis of the latter. He ascribes to the wadding some efficacy in increasing the strength of a charge, and the same opinion has been maintained by some engineers in this country: on the other hand Dr. Hutton states that the wadding produces no such effect.

In the treatise on gunpowder, Antoni lays down a theory respecting the inflammation of that material; he then investigates the initial velocities of projectiles, and states the results of his experiments on the resistance of the atmosphere. In the treatise on firearms, having described the metals employed in their construction, he makes observations on the figure, length and windage of guns, and on the methods of proving them: he compares the effects of howitzers and fieldpieces, and he gives a chapter on the firing of shells. In the tract on the employment of artillery, he begins with the attack of fortresses, the construction of batteries, and the formation of mines: he then explains the manner of disposing artillery during an action in the field; describes the construction and

ANTO'NIA, the elder of the two daughters of CAIUS ANTONIUS HYBRIDA. She was married to her cousin Marcus Antonius the triumvir. In the year B. C. 44 her husband alleged publicly in the senate an intrigue with Publius Cornelius Dolabella, consul in B. C. 44, as a reason for his having divorced her three years before. It seems more probable, however, that his own intended espousal of Fulvia, the wealthy and powerful widow of Lucius Piso, and Publius Clodius, tribune of the Plebs in B. c. 58, was the real motive of Marcus Antonius for dismissing Antonia. (Cicero, Philippic. ii. 38.; Plutarch, Antonius, 9.) W. B. D. ANTONIA, the younger of the two daughters of CAIUS ANTONIUS HYBRIDA, who married Caius Caninius Gallus, tribune of the Plebs in B. c. 56. It is not, however, certain which was the elder and which the younger of the two daughters of Antonius Hybrida. Glandorp in his "Onomasticon " (p. 86.) supposes that Hybrida had only one daughter, who married first C. Caninius Gallus, and afterwards her cousin, the triumvir Antonius. (Valerius Maximus, iv. 2. § 6.)

W. B. D. ANTO'NIA was the daughter of the emperor CLAUDIUS by his first wife Ælia Petina, of the family of Tubero, and was born before her father's accession to the empire. She was married first to Cneius Pompeius Magnus, and secondly to Faustus Cornelius Sulla, consul in A. D. 52. Both the husbands of Antonia came to violent ends. Pompeius was put to death by Claudius, and Faustus Sulla by assassins at Marseille, by command of the emperor Nero, in a. D. 63. Tacitus, on the authority of the lost history of Pliny the elder, relates that in the conspiracy of Piso (A.D. 66) Antonia was to have been produced in the Prætorian camp as a genuine Cæsar in opposition to Nero, who was only a Cæsar by adoption. He discredits the story, however, because it presupposed that Piso would marry Antonia, whereas his wife was living, and his affection for her was well known. After the death of Poppaa Sabina, and probably during the second widowhood of Antonia, Nero wished to marry her. On her rejection of him he caused her to be accused of treasonable designs, perhaps on the ground of her alleged share in Piso's conspiracy, and she was put to death. (Tacitus, Annals, xiv. 57., xv. 53.; Suetonius, Claudius, 27., Nero, 35.; Dion Cassius, lx. 4.; Seneca, Apolocyntosis or De Morte Claudii Cæsaris.) W. B. D.

ANTO'NIA, daughter of MARCUS ANTONIUS the orator. Soon after her father's triumph over the Cilician pirates in B. c. 102, she was carried off by a band of freebooters, and ransomed for a large sum. (Plutarch, Pompeius, 24 W. B. D. ANTO'NIA MAJOR, was the elder of the two daughters of M. ANTONIUS the tri

| umvir and the younger Octavia, sister of Augustus Cæsar. She was born in B. c. 39, and betrothed in her third year, during the interviews of Augustus and Antonius at Tarentum in B. C. 36, to L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whom she had three children, Cneius Domitius, father of the emperor Nero by the younger Agrippina, Domitia, and Domitia Lepida. [AHENOBARBI.] After the death of Antonius, Augustus divided a portion of the triumvir's personal estate between Antonia Major and her sister. Tacitus (Annals, iv. 44., xii. 64.) makes L. Domitius Ahenobarbus to marry Antonia Minor. The time of her death is unknown. (Dion Cassius, xlviii. 54., li. 15., liv. 19.; Plutarch, Antonius, 33. 87.; Velleius, ii. 72.; Suetonius, Nero, 5.). W. B. D

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ANTONIA MINOR, was the younger daughter of M. ANTONIUS the triumvir and Octavia. She was born about B. c. 36, and died in A.D. 37-8. She married Claudius Drusus Nero, the younger son of the empress Livia by her first husband, Claudius Tiberius Nero. On the death of Drusus, in B. C. 9, Antonia was left with three children, Germanicus, the husband of the elder Agrippina, Livia or Livilla, who first married Caius Cæsar, the son of Agrippa, and after his death (B. C. 9) Drusus, son of the emperor Tiberius; and Claudius, afterwards peror. Antonia was prevented by Tiberius and Livia from appearing at the funeral of Germanicus (A. D. 9), that the spectacle of her sorrow might not increase the popular excitement. The prudence of Antonia, her beauty, her long widowhood, unattacked by rumour or suspicion even at the court of Tiberius, and her abstinence from political intrigue, procured for her universal esteem, and even soothed the jealous temper of Tiberius. According to Josephus (Jewish Antiq. xviii. 8.) she was the first to apprise him of his danger from Sejanus. On the discovery of the conspiracy to which Drusus, the son of Tiberius, had fallen a victim, Livilla, who, at the instigation of Sejanus, had poisoned her husband (A. D. 23), was given into the custody of her mother, Antonia, who shut her up in her chamber till she died of hunger. The death of Germanicus and the crimes of Livilla were not compensated to Antonia by her surviving son Claudius. His stupidity made her regard him as a monster, and when she would designate any one as a blockhead she compared him to Claudius. Antonia educated her grandson Caligula and his sisters, the orphan children of Germanicus. But her care of them was fruitless, and she was the witness of their early and general depravity. With his wonted caprice Caligula, when emperor, procured for his grandmother from the senate all the honours which Livia, the widow of Augustus, had enjoyed, and shortly afterwards, by his open neglect, his express command, or by even more direct