ARTICLE VIII.

Trieste-Mixed Population-American Shipping-Austrian Lloyds-The Greeks the Richest Merchants-Griot and Chiozza-Eleven Hours to Laiback-The Quicksilver Mines of Idria-Annual ProductionLaiback to Grotz-Rock Cuttings-Wonderful Engineering Difficulties overcome-Grotz to Vienna-Arrive in time to Visit the Celebration of the Order of Maria Theresa-Vienna full of Strangers-Receive Invitation to the Entertainment-Midnight Serenade -Review of the Austrian Army-Magnificence of the Spectacle— The Pageant at the Theatre-Russian Nobility-Diamonds-Excitement of the Audience-Tableau seen but once in a Hundred Years-Devotion of the Nobles to the Imperial Family-Lord Seaton and Admiral Moresby, of England, present-Commodore Breeze of the United States Navy, and the Emperor-Tomb of the Hapsburgs-Maria Louisa, and her Son, Napoleon Second-Brighter View of Austria and the Austrians since the Change of the Passport System-National Education-Hospitals-Miss Dix-Crédit Mobilier, and the Concordat-Embarrassed State of the Austrian Finances-Deficit after Deficit calls for Loan after Loan-Bullion in National Bank lying Idle-The Jesuits-Emperor's Visit to Italy and Hungary-Death of his Child-America sees Europe through English Eyes-The Emperor Nicholas the First Mind of Europe.

VIENNA, July 25th, 1857.

MY DEAR SIR-Trieste, like Venice, is a free port. Planted just under a range of mountains at the head of

the Adriatic, it grows in prosperity, and some day will rise to importance, for it is the only outlet on the south for the commerce of Austria and Germany.

When the Emperor Charles VI., in 1719, removed all port charges, the population was but four thousand, now 'tis eighty-one thousand, made up of all nations—merchants from every land, Saxon, Swiss, English, French, Bavarians, Swabians, Rhinelanders, Greeks, Romans, Neapolitans, and Levanters-are all represented by their respective consuls. I believe there are but one or two Americans, although I counted eleven American ships turning out tobacco and cotton, under the guns of the frigate "Congress," on her way to Constantinople. Some sixty or seventy American ships bring cargoes yearly to Trieste, and find some employment in return.

Here is the depot of the Austrian Lloyd's, the steam line that keeps pace with the French and English companies. Many of the steamers were built in Scotland. Freiherr Von Bruck was the founder of the enterprise, which has been one of the most successful in Austrian commerce. Last year the imports and exports of the port, in round numbers, ran up to $50,000,000, and when Austria branches out to India and China, as she is desirous of doing, Trieste is well situated to increase her trade. The inner harbor will accommodate but fifty ships, but outside there is room to anchor a

navy. The canal in the city is very handy; you can tip the goods from the boats into the doors of the warehouses. As I before remarked, Trieste contains all the manyfeatured, many-costumed merchants of the Levant. In such a Babel of tongues, Elihu Burrett would almost require a dragoman.

England, Brazil, the isles of the Mediterranean, and Alexandria, supply the commerce, Great Britain, as usual, taking the lead; but New-Orleans does considerable in cotton and tobacco. Saltpetre, gunpowder, salt, and tobacco, continue government monopolies. Trieste boasts a Tribunal of Commerce, a School of Navigation, and Imperial Dockyards. The Mole is some sixty feet in width, and extends from the end of the town some twenty-two hundred feet into the Adriatic, entirely built of stone-a splendid piece of masonry. Trieste is to the Austrian Lloyd's what Marseilles is to the Imperial Mail Line, and Southampton to the Peninsular and Oriental Company.

The Greeks, as usual, are the most active among the merchants. With houses in New Orleans and Manchester, they manage cotton and cotton goods, regulate exchanges, and grow rich. M. Chiozza's soap factory is worth a visit; 'tis the largest in the Empire. Griot and Chiozza live in palaces built with soap! Carciotti

commenced with a bale of Yankee cotton, and died leaving millions.

Eleven hours diligencing over cultivated mountains and sterile plains, rocky, desolate hills and fertile val leys, brought us to Laiback. A month later you can go by rail; as it is, I made the journey last year from Trieste to Liverpool in less than a hundred hours. When the road is opened, the express will run through to Trieste from here in eighteen hours, a distance of 336 miles. Our baggage was checked through, but over twenty pounds weight is extra. The highlands overhanging Trieste, with the active bustle of a seaport city at their base, looking out along the Dalmatian and Italian coasts, present a scene unsurpassed for natural beauty-wildness and sublimity everywhere around. The table-land along the post road is as barren as the Indian hills, and the rocks about the old castle of Lueg are honeycombed with caves like those at Inkermann. Not far distant, nature opens a mammoth cave, the most wonderful grotto in Europe, that at Adelsburg, and close at hand you step down some 757 steps, hewn out of solid rock, into the quicksilver mines of Idria, one hundred and forty fathoms deep. These celebrated mines have proved nearly as rich as those of Almada, in Spain. Six hundred tons a year

could be produced, but the Austrian Government re

strict it to one hundred and fifty, most of which is consumed by the American gold and silver mines. It finds its way over the Atlantic in cast-iron bottles, while bags of skin, steeped in alum, take the balance to Vienna.

The twenty thousand people that compose the population at Laiback, are anticipating joyful times when the Emperor goes down next month to inaugurate the opening of the railway.

From Laiback to Gratz, our track seemed to be a continual cutting of rock, a road where tunnels and viaducts were the chief characteristics. From Gratz to Vienna, the scenery opens with a classic grandeurtowering cliffs, sharp defiles, deep cuttings through the mountains of rock, abrupt precipices, interspersed with artificial forests, and ripening fields of grain, foretelling a good harvest in Austria.

At Serumering the tunnel is cut 4,600 feet through a solid rock, 2,893 feet above the ocean-the highest railway in the world. The turnpike road is 400 feet above this!

The precipices of Weinzettelwand have had three tunnels cut through them. Then comes more engineering; the viaducts of Gampelgraben and Jägergraben, the Klam tunnel, rivers crossed, deep gullies bridged, mountains undermined, splendid forest trees in the dis