six months of 1910 the total permits were $1,657,131, with $600,000 more for the University of Saskatchewan. Two years before Saskatoon had one line of railway and two passenger trains daily; in 1910 there were eleven railway lines, including branches, radiating from the town with 16 passenger trains every day. It claimed to be the centre of a district-the manufacturing and distributing centre-comprising 45,000 square miles of rich arable soil with 200 thriving towns and villages. The Assessment of the City in 1910 was over $10,000,000; in 1905 it was $705,000. The plan of governing by Commission was adopted during the year.

This Province was the busy centre of Western development in the way of new villages, growing towns and ambitious "cities." Melville, for instance, called after one of the G.T.P. President's Christian names, was in 1910 two years old with a situation about equal in distance from Winnipeg, Saskatoon and Regina, the centre of a rich grain country, the chief divisional point of the new Railway. It boasted, during this year, of the first Union Church (three Denominations) erected in Canada; it built a fine skating rink, established two newspapers, devoted time and money to sports, municipal improvements and attempts at encouraging local industries. From Melville, also, there was being constructed branch lines to Regina and Hudson's Bay. In this general element of "hustle," growth, construction of buildings, advertisement elsewhere as a coming centre, and of growing grain shipment, Waldron, Nokomis, Ituma, Raymore, Scott and Landis, Watrous and Biggar-along the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific-were very similar. Many of them were only one year old, all of them jumping in population from hundreds to thousands in twelve months or little more.

Biggar, being on the C.P.R. branch as well as a divisional point of the G.T.P., made special progress. Wainwright, another divisional point, was the trade centre of 100,000 acres of the most productive soil in Saskatchewan, the distributing centre for a still larger district and of several important industries. Though only two years old it had 1,000 population, property assessed for taxation at $750,000, half-a-mile of cement sidewalks, an $18,000 brick school, two brick-yards, a substantial business block, with residences of which many were constructed from home-made brick, two big hotels, and all the various lines of business that go to make up "a a live, hustling town." On the Canadian Northern in the same Province similar conditions of municipal expansion prevailed. Maidstone, Paynton, Delisle, Harris, Morden, Tessier, Kindersley, Rosetown, Zealandia-most of them on the Goose Lake branch of this Railway-were all towns in the making and illustrative of the "over night" development of a marvellous country. Lloydminster, an older settlement, a largely English town, bore in its progress the unique distinction of resting on the border line

of two Provinces, with part in Alberta and part in Saskatchewan, with municipal interests managed by two separate Councils and Boards of Trade. With 1,500 people and activity in every line of construction and business the growth of Lloydminster during 1910 was marked.

On or near the old-established Canadian Pacific, as a result of inflowing population and new branch lines, the same development was apparent. Arcola, Asquith, Lipton, Weyburn, Abernethy, Lemberg, Neudorf, Redvers, Maryfield, Carlyle, Wawota, Welwyn, Stockholm, Windthorst, Forget, Kennedy, Gainsborough, Kisbey, Heward, Elstow, Grayson, Esterhazy, Rocanville must be mentioned. Weyburn was a railway centre with keen expectations of 10,000 people in the near future; Wilkie (called after the President of the Imperial Bank) was a growing place; Cupar, Sheho, Govan, Strassburg, Bulyea, Balcarres, Viscount and Guernsey, Foam Lake and Theodore, were rising settlements; Wynyard was a divisional point on the C.P.R.; Lanigan was another important divisional point. Little, at first, these places were rapidly growing and promised still greater growth in the future. Amongst the larger towns of Saskatchewan Moose Jaw seemed, in 1910, to be possessed of unlimited municipal energy. It claimed to have

13,000 people, its enrollment of school children in 1909 was 1,600 and its teachers 31; its C.P.R. pay-roll $100,000 a month and the 1909 Assessment $10,981,000 as compared with $896,000 in 1902; within a radius of 25 miles the wheat product aggregated 4,000,000 bushels. At the close of 1909 the Winnipeg Free Press said of this City's environment: "To the south-west of Moose Jaw there is a vast expanse of territory that has been for 30 years regarded as the exclusive preserve of the rancher. How sparsely settled it was may be judged from the fact that three years ago mails left Moose Jaw only once a month. Now, however, the land has been surveyed and placed at the disposal of homesteaders with the result that they are pouring into it at a rate that has not been equalled in the history of the West's settlement. There is no question of the character of the land."

Prince Albert was another place of marked growth. The work of the Canadian Northern, the influx of settlers into the surrounding country, the fact of a splendid harvest, were amongst the causes. With a population estimated at 8,000, Building permits 400 per cent. greater than in 1909, an assessment of over $10,000,000, a surrounding country said to have not had a crop failure in 26 years, its 4 active lumber mills with a yearly capacity of 150,000,000 feet and employing 3,000 men at $100,000 a month, its 5 chartered Banks and 7 hotels, the coming of the G.T.P. from Watrous and the C.P.R. from Lanigan, the position of the place was assured.

Coming to the Pacific Coast it may be said that Vancouver boasted a population of 100,000 or an increase of 304 per cent. in 10

years, with an assessable property stated at $72,680,540 in 1909. Early in 1910 Prof. G. C. Pidgeon described its position as follows: "As a business centre Vancouver's location is ideal. We have spoken of its fine harbour. Here rail and sail must meet. It is 120 miles nearer the Canadian wheat-fields than any other existing or possible shipping point on the Coast. The Dominion Government is beginning to improve the harbour. The C.P.R., G.N.R. and N.P.R. are making extensive additions to their Vancouver terminals. The Canadian Northern, Grand Trunk Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railways have announced their intention to enter Vancouver. Adjacent to the City is the Fraser Valley, one of the most fertile agricultural and fruit-bearing districts in the world. Earl Grey has, also, stated that Vancouver is now the recognized gateway between the East and the West, the gateway through which the double streams of commerce between the Occident and the Orient, between Great Britain and the selfgoverning nations of New Zealand and Australia, will flow in everincreasing volume. Vancouver will become, perhaps, the first and most important port in all the world." Lord Strathcona's prediction that it would be a city of 500,000 people in less than five years was frequently quoted. During the year Vancouver received from its Street Railway Co. $47,419 or four times as much as in 1906; the Bank clearings were $444,000,000 as against $287,000,000 in 1909; the Building permits were $13,150,000 or an increase of nearly $6,000,000 over 1909. In November the electors voted against the Board of Control system for their municipal government by a small majority. Meanwhile South and North Vancouver grew into flourishing towns although in reality suburbs of the City itself.

Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, was only half the size of Vancouver but it showed distinct evidences of growth in 1910 and had behind it all the wealth and resources of Vancouver Island. It had underway, in this environment, the Alberni and Cowichan extensions of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway; the development of electric power by the B.C. Electric Railway at an expenditure of $1,500,000 with the extension of the Company's lines in the City itself; the establishment of Esquimalt (two miles away) as a Canadian Naval base and the improvement of the Harbour; a large increase in the number of passenger steamers plying to the City. Its estimated population was 50,000 although the official figures were a good deal less: even then the increase had been 125 per cent. in ten years; its Assessment (1909) was $28,326,120. Of this place the New York Herald correspondent wrote (Apr. 24): "Victoria is essentially beautiful. It has wealth, dignity, repose and a leisure class. It is old, as Pacific American ports can go, and it is unquestionably the most typically English town on the continent, not excepting Halifax. In the course of

more than 60 years of municipal life Victoria has acquired luxuries, traditions, perspective, social discriminations and a population of self-satisfied residents."

Prince Rupert was, however, the centre of the swiftest Civic development on the Pacific Coast during 1910. To this city of three years' growth fine steamers were running early in the year from Tacoma, U.S., and Vancouver, B.C.-the latter including the splendid new Grand Trunk Pacific steamers-the Prince Rupert and the Prince George; in the 12 months prior to May $1,000,000 worth of permanent buildings had been erected and the Assessment stood at a total for, 1909 of $15,330,166-of which the G.T.P. was responsible for $7,728,450; in September, 1909, the population was 2,000 and in April following was estimated at 3,500. Besides the prosperity certain to come from the G.T.P. and its own great harbour facilities Prince Rupert had back of it a splendid newly-opened country in Northern British Columbia thronging with enterprising Americans, and some Canadians, staking lands and mines and acquiring timber limits; near it also were the Queen Charlotte Islands with their wealth of coal and other resources. In May the first municpal election took place when Fred Stork, formerly Mayor of Fernie, B.C., defeated William Manson, M.L.A. On Sept. 16th the License Commission granted the first liquor licenses issued in the City. With a beautiful site, splendid surrounding scenery, bright sunshine for part of the year, with almost Italian softness of atmosphere, and a booming, rushing population, the town had in 1910 started upon its ambitious career of becoming" the greatest centre on the Pacific Coast." Away down south from Prince Rupert, and close to Vancouver, the thriv ing city of New Westminster made distinct progress during this year while, in the interior, Fernie recovered from its disastrous fire and strike and was estimated to have a population of 6,000. The following were the Mayors elected in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia for the year 1910:

Boards of

Trade Organizations during 1910

Name.

Nanaimo
Revelstoke
Kamloops
Nelson
Rossland
Trail
Sandon
Phoenix

Grand Forks.
Cranbrook

J. T. Brown.

E. W. Day.

W. W. Douglas.

J. J. Scott.
Alex. Cameron.

Place.

..A. E. Planta.

Dr. J. H. Hamilton.
J. T. Robinson.
Harold Selous.
John Martin.
..G. F. Weir.

Dr. W. E. Gommin.
D. J. Matheson.
..Fred Clarke.

..J. P. Flink.

There was a tendency in the West during this year to form Associations or Boards for various distriots as well as for a group of the Provinces. In the East the Maritime Provinces Board of Trade met at Chatham, N.B., on Aug. 17-18 with President W. B. Snowball in the chair and an address of welcome from the Lieut.-Governor of New Brunswick (Mr. L. J. Tweedie). Resolutions of a wide and varied character were submitted by the Boards at Albert, P.E.I., Berwick, N.S., Moncton, N.B., Halifax and Amherst, N.S., Yarmouth, N.S., Summerside, P.E.I., Port Hood, N.S. The St. John Board, owing to differences at the previous meeting, sent no delegates. In his inaugural address Mr. Snowball described this annual Convention as the Parliament of