tilizers, and at the same time polluting the water into which it is carried. This may be characterized rather as a monumental misuse than as a use of water." As to water powers and their possibilities he was explicit:

The waters of Canada are at the moment, apart from the soil, our greatest and most valuable undeveloped resource. They are more valuable than all our minerals, because properly conserved they will never be exhausted; on the contrary, they can be increased. In great areas of our country they are capable, when fully developed, of supplying our entire urban population with light, heat and power, operating our tramways and railways, and abolishing the present methods with their extravagance, waste and discomfort. The time when this dream will be realized need not be, and probably is not, far distant. What are to be the conditions under which this development will take place? Is this great national boon to be handled in such a way that the people shall forever continue to pay tribute and interest upon the continually growing unearned increment of value, or is the development to take place under conditions that will insure due economy, full utilization, reasonable rates and a participation by the people in the profits. The subject is comparatively new in Canada. Few vested rights exist. The field is, therefore, comparatively an open one for intelligent Legislative effort.

The importance of the water wealth of Canada had many aspects which may, perhaps, be summarized under the heads of drink, fertilization, transportation and power. The last element supplied the 100,000 people of Vancouver from Coquitlam Lake 18 miles away, with light and the operation of electric railways, etc. It also supplied New Westminster and other places. The Kootenay River at Bonnington Falls provided power for mine haulage, hoisting, pumping, &c., to Phoenix, Grand Forks, Greenwood, Rossland and Trail and for lighting and municipal purposes to those centres and to Nelson in British Columbia. In Alberta irrigation from the St. Mary and Bow Rivers was doing a great work. The Winnipeg River provided Winnipeg with power for the local Street Railway and transportation purposes and Kenora for flour-milling, &c. The St. Lawrence River, the Shawinigan and Richelieu Rivers, supplied power to Montreal for various requirements; the Kaministiquia River gave Fort William and Port Arthur power for their great milling and other industries; Sault Ste. Marie depended upon Lake Superior and its waters for industries and existence; the Spanish and Vermilon Rivers fed the Sudbury Mining district; Niagara Falls was the great coming force in Ontario's industrial development; the tributaries of the St. Lawrence below Quebec fed that city with power for many purposes; the Grand Falls Power Company was preparing to supply Woodstock, Fredericton and St. John, in New Brunswick, with power from that River; the Chaudière Falls, on the Ottawa River, supplied great industries in Hull and Ottawa with electric energy.

It was expected that the Georgian Bay Canal would greatly increase the power resources of the Ottawa; it was announced in 1910 that the Conservative Commission would give much attention to

the protection of not only water supplies and sources and the prevention of water pollution and waste, but also to national and Provincial rights of control, and aim at such regulation of the country's hydraulic and power wealth as to economize it, get the largest possible returns from it, make it an increased source of public revenue and of increasing value to industrial development. The Committee of the Commission having Water and Waterpowers in charge was as follows: F. D. Monk, M.P. of Montreal; Hon. Jules Allard, Quebec; Hon. Frank Cochrane, Toronto; Hon. Price Ellison, Victoria; Hon. W. C. H. Grimmer, Fredericton; Mr. C. A. McCool, Ottawa.

Canadian Trade Development in 1910

In 1870 the total trade of Canada was $148,387,829; in 1880 it was $174,401,205; in 1890 it was $218,607,390; in 1900 it had advanced to $381,517,236; in 1910 it had leaped to $693,211,221. These figures were of the fiscal years; for the calendar year 1910 the total was $742,000,000. the growth of trade that the Speech from the Throne at So pronounced was Ottawa in November contained a reference to "the ever-growing prosperity of this favoured land" and to its continued trade expansion. Some of the points of interest in Canada's trade at this time were (1) the fact that about 86 per cent. of it was done with the United Kingdom and the United States; (2) that the remainder was transacted with 70 countries; (3) that 49:70 per cent. was carried on with the United States and 36.16 per cent. with Great Britain; (4) that France which came third on the list of customers bought largely of wheat and oats, canned salmon and lobsters, agricultural implements, spirits, fruit and wood-pulp; (5) that Germany, the next in importance, took, chiefly, grains, dried apples, salmon and lobsters and sent to Canada four times its importation-in woollen and silk goods, hosiery, gloves, machinery and metal goods, glass, paper; (6) that Canada imported largely of molasses, bananas, sugar and spices from the West Indies; (7) that in the fiscal year 1909-10 the trade of Canada with the whole British Empire was $277,000,000 as compared with $349,000,000 with the United States; that per head of the population in 1909 the highest percentage of trade was that of Britain with $105.25 as compared with Canada's total of $92.42 and that of the United States $35.59.* In the ten years ending 1909 the increase of Canadian trade was 88 14 per cent., that of the United States 55 19 per cent.; that of Great Britain. 37.81 per cent.; the only country in the world above the Canadian record was the Argentine with 164 88 per cent.

As to the trend of Canadian trade it was indicated in the fact that in 1868 the exports from the United Kingdom to Canada were 56.06 per cent. of all Canadian imports while British imports from Canada were 39.31 per cent. of all Canadian exports and

• NOTE.-The Monetary Times, Toronto, Jan. 7th, 1911.

that in 1909 (calendar year) the imports from Britain had fallen to 26:17 per cent. and the exports thereto risen to 50 34. Meantime with the United States, the Canadian imports rose from 33:77 per cent. to 57-75 per cent. and the exports fell from 49.15 to 36.87 per cent. There were some extensions in the Trade Commissioner service during the year. The death of J. S. Larke caused a re-adjustment in Australia where D. H. Ross became Commissioner to the Commonwealth; W. A. Beddoe, a well-known Yukon journalist, was appointed to New Zealand; John T. Lithgow, formerly a Yukon official, was sent to Glasgow in place of W. G. Fischer, appointed Trade Commissioner to Germany; H. R. Poussette was transferred from Durban, South Africa, to the Argentine Republic and J. A. Chesley was left in entire charge of the South African field. The following official tables give full details of Canadian trade during the calendar year 1910 as compared with three preceding years:

Immigration

and Canadian

National
Progress

$273,325,414

Upon the influx of new settlers and the incoming investments of British and United States interests or individuals turned much of the development which was so remarkable a feature of Canada's history in 1910. Like the United States Canada had commenced to boast of many things-the largest compact wheat area in the world, the largest grain mill in the Empire at Montreal, the highest commercial building in the Empire at Toronto, the largest zinc smelter in the world at Frank, B.C., the largest track-yard (the C.P.R.) at Winnipeg, the most extensive sea fisheries in the world and the greatest of all Salmon rivers, the largest pulp-wood areas of the world. She had reason also in this year to speak in high terms of her immigration and general development. The immigrants of the past five years— July 1, 1905, to Mch. 31st, 1910-had totalled 931,902 and they were estimated by the Monetary Times of Toronto (Jan. 7, 1911) to have brought with them in cash and effects $326,080,220. Of this number the British immigrants totalled 375,460 and were said to have brought in $56,319,000 of cash or settlers' effects; from the United States came 314,520 with an estimated $267,342,000; those from Continental Europe or elsewhere were 241,922 with $2,419,220 in cash. Adding this $300,000,000 to the $600,000,000 of British investment and the $220,000,000 of United States investment in Canada during these years it is not difficult to see causes for its remarkable progress. The following are the official

figures of immigration from the year 1897, when the change in the movement of population toward Canada practically began, down to 1909-10-the years 1900 and 1906 being marked by changes in the fiscal term:

Of the British migration in the years 1900-1910 the English and Welsh element totalled 418,945, the Scotch 108,985, and the Irish 34,124. Of the settlers from Continental Europe during 18971910 32 per cent. made entries for homesteads in Western Canada; 42 per cent. of the United States arrivals did the same and were stated in an official pamphlet of the Interior Department to have brought with them in 1907-8 alone more than $52,000,000 in cash and settlers' effects; of the English and Scotch settlers in1900-10 22 per cent. took up Western homesteads and 26 per cent. of the Irish. The Japanese immigrants in 1907-8 were 7,601, in 1908-9 495, in 1909-10, 271. The total immigrants debarred at ocean ports in 1902-10 were 5,318 with 27,099 held for further inspection; the intending immigrants from the United States debarred under inspection, commenced in 1908-9, were in that year 4,580 and in 1909-10 8,997. The deportation after admission in the years 1902-10 totalled 3,883 with 1,827 of these said to be liable to become public charges, 394 described as insane, and 335 as criminal. Of the immigration via Ocean Ports, between 1903 and 1909-10, 225,168 were farmers or farm labourers and from the United States in those years 261,409 were of similar occupation. In the former case 201,518 were general labourers and in the latter 35,762; the mechanics coming in were, respectively, 195,708 and 22,900; clerks and traders, 53,490 and 12,457; miners 22,463 and 5,940; domestics 45,199 and 1,242. The number of homesteads taken up in Western Canada and the total expenditure upon Immigration in 1897-1910 was as follows: