The

was best in the past, that on the most general question he was judicious and penetrating. His sagacity and persistent adherence to what he believed to be best were of great value in many emergencies. He loved the College and gave it his best, his time, his money and his sons. present prosperity of the institution he greatly contributed to securing, and never were his counsels more valuable or more influential than during the last two years. He had a sympathy with all human feeling, but guided by his legal training worked for the good of all, not for the advancement of personal interests or cliques. He was broad and loving at the same time; just and tender in the same act. I can not, my dear Sir, overestimate his services or express my sense of his loss. He never omitted a duty that he could perform for the College. He went out of his way to secure any good influence for its advance. His genial humor, his kindly presence were so large a part of the meetings of the board, so large a part of every gathering for the College that he could attend, that no one, after Dr. Hopkins's death, can be missed more widely than he.”

He was President of the board of trustees of the Worcester Free Public Library from 1882, President of the Worcester County Horticultural Society, President of the Rural Cemetery Corporation, President of the board of trustees of the Old Men's Home, President of the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Williams College, and a trustee of several philanthropic institutions. He was also President of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad and President of the Mechanics Savings Bank. He was also a director of the Mechanics National Bank, and for years was active in the support and management of the affairs of All Saints Parish (Episcopal). Judge Dewey was comparatively inactive in politics, but he had served in both branches of the city government. He was in the State Senate in 1856 and 1869, acting as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee in both years.

Judge Dewey was twice married: his first wife was Frances A., daughter of John Clarke, Esq., of Northampton, to whom he was married in 1846. She died in a few years, and in 1853 he married Sarah B., daughter of Hon.

George A. Tufts, of Dudley.

children.

They have four surviving

Judge Dewey possessed a rare combination of kindliness of manner, quick apprehension and sagacity, excellent judgment and uncommon business capacity, and in all the walks of life he was considerate and courteous. He was prompt in his decisions and took a leading part in all important deliberations. He held himself in great control and constantly acted as a peace-maker on occasions of excited controversy. Modest and quiet in his demeanor, he was accessible to all and inspired warm attachment among his associates. He had a great natural love for flowers, and a knowledge of their varieties which he had acquired from personal attention to their cultivation. The Worcester County Horticultural Society has recorded his faithfulness to its interests and to the culture of flowers and fruits during his long connection with it of forty-five years. For the society of children Mr. Dewey always manifested a marked predilection, which increased as he advanced in years, and they responded to his kindly attentions by an intuitive appreciation that was noticeable.

Judge Dewey was elected a member of this Society in October, 1869, and was constant in his attendance and interest at its stated meetings. By his will he provided for a Fund for the purchase of books, declared in the following language: "I give and bequeath to the American Antiquarian Society the sum of two thousand dollars, the same to be invested and the income thereof to be applied to the purchase of the biographies and the miscellaneous writings of distinguished judges and lawyers." Judge Dewey died December 24, 1887, after an illness of only two days duration.

Prof. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D., was born in Westfield, Massachusetts, September 7, 1829. Early in life he went to Ohio and graduated from Oberlin College in 1850. He studied medicine at the

Albany Medical College, and obtained his degree in 1853. At once he was sent by Prof. James Hall, State Geologist, of New York, to visit the Bad Lands of White River, Dakota, to make collections of the cretaceous and tertiary fossils of that region. This was the beginning of his explorations of the West, which continued with little interruption for more than thirty years. The collections he made furnished the data for profitable scientific investigation; and the researches then begun mark the commencement of the geological investigation of the great West. The attention of the officers of the Smithsonian Institution was attracted to Dr. Hayden's labors, and in 1856 he was employed by Lieutenant G. K. Warren of the United States Topographical Engineers to make a report on the regions he had explored. He was appointed the same year geologist on the staff of Lieutenant Warren, who was then engaged in making a reconnoissance of the North-west. In 1859 he was appointed naturalist and surgeon to the expedition for the exploration of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers. He continued in this service until 1862. The results of his work in his expeditions to the West were published by the scientific and philosophical societies of Philadelphia, and the earlier collections that he made he divided between the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and that of St. Louis.

Dr. Hayden was appointed acting assistant surgeon of volunteers in 1862, became full surgeon in 1863, and in 1864 he was sent to Winchester, Va., as chief medical officer of the army in the Shenandoah Valley. He resigned in 1865, when he was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel for meritorious services during the war.

He was elected Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania in 1865, a position which he held until 1872, when increasing duties in connection with the geological survey of the territories induced him to resign. From 1867 to 1879 the history of Dr. Hayden is

the history of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, of which he was the geologist in charge and to the success of which he devoted all his energies during the twelve years of its existence. In this time more than fifty volumes together with numerous maps were issued under his supervision. One of the results of his surveys, and the one in which he took the greatest interest, was the setting aside by Congress of the Yellowstone National Park. The idea of reserving this region as a park or pleasure ground originated with Dr. Hayden, and the law setting it apart was prepared under his direction.

In 1879 Dr. Hayden became geologist on the newly organized United States Geological Survey. He continued these scientific labors until 1886, when he resigned on account of failing health after twenty-eight years of active service as naturalist, surgeon and geologist. To the general interest in science excited by the enthusiastic labors of Dr. Hayden in his geological explorations is due, in a great degree, the existence and continuance of the present United States Geological Survey.

Dr. Hayden was elected a member of this Society in October, 1873. In 1886 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the University of Rochester and by the University of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and of many other societies throughout the country, and he was honorary and corresponding member of a large number of foreign societies. He was genial in character and sincere and enthusiastic in his desire to forward the cause of science, and a great part of his work for the government and science seems to have been a labor of love. Dr. Hayden died in Philadelphia, December 22, 1887, after an illness of more than a year.

For the Council,

STEPHEN SALISBURY.

EARLY BOOKS AND LIBRARIES.

BY STEPHEN SALISBURY.

CIVILIZATION has received no greater impetus than that given to it by the discoveries of the fifteenth century. Not only was the Western Hemisphere added to the known world, but the art of printing was invented, and in the latter part of the century was born the great leader of the Reformation, an agency most powerful in its influence upon human progress, whose initial movement was to a great degree occasioned by the invention of the printing press and the consequent revival of learning. Without that aid to the diffusion of knowledge and the impulse given to individual thought, it is not at all probable that the system of religious government which actually prevailed, or any which might have been instituted, would have been seriously menaced, still less powerfully interfered with and reformed. Although nothing new may appear in treating, somewhat at length, the gradual steps in the evolution of the printed book, from the early hieroglyphic sign scratched upon stone, bark or papyrus, still it may not be useless to repeat facts. known to all, but infrequently considered.

Man in different parts of the world has shown a remarkable coincidence in practical phases of development from savagery into civilization, when called to devise a means of intercommunication by written or spoken language or to organize for social purposes, for protection, or in most of the lines of intellectual growth. So that it is by no means surprising when the investigator of to-day shows us that a new luxurious appliance is a crude approach to something that was better understood in an Egyptian civilization of