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The following Table exhibits the number of Votes given in each Ward of the Northern Liberties, for

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1831.1

CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

CENSUS OF THE U. STATES.

271

The following Table has been formed by the union of two tables, lately published in the New York Observer, and another New York paper-both compiled from the aggregate returns of the Marshals' of the U. S. by clerks in the State Department at Washington.

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398,255 1,207
268,910 623

399,468 33,898

269.533 10,391

603,C08

7,006

610,014 16,575

93,631

3,565

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885

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8,064

96,540 151,719 228,705 298,335
141,899 183,762 214,360| 244,161|
378,717 423,245 472,040 523,287|
69,110 69,122 77,031 83,059
238,141 251,002 262,042 275,289) 289,624
85,416 154, 465 216,713 235,764 279,794
340,120 586,756 959,049 1,372812 1,868,382 45,080
184,139 211,949 245,555 277,575 300,226 18,307
434,373 602,365 810,091 1,049458 1,309,296 37,990
59,096 64,273 72,674 72,749
319,728 311,548 380,546 407,350
14,098 24,022 33,039
748,308 880,200 974,622 1,065379|
393,751 478,103 555,500| 638,829
249,073 345,591 415,115 502,741
82,548 162,101 252,433 340,987
73,077 220,555 406,511 564,317
35,791 105,602 281.727 422,813
45,365 230,760 581,434
4,375 24,520 147,178
8,850 40,352 75,448
12,288 55,211
76,556 153,407

57,605 15,829
291,093 52,942
27,635 6,163
694,439 47,103 469,724
472,433 19,575 246,462
257,878 7,915 315,665
296,614 2,483 217,407
518,678 4,816 165,350
537,930 4,513 142,379|

446,913

9,712

39,858 20,639

1,211,266 13,069

738,470 15,592

581,458 15,657

516,504 51,472

688,844 22,056

684,822 62,044

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'1,929,827(5,305,925 7,289,314 9,638,131|10,526368|319,467 2,010,572 12,856,407
Increase per cent. from 1820 to 1830.

ALUM.

Sir-If you think the following communication will interest your readers, you are at liberty to insert it in

the Observer.

J. R. RIDDELL.

Average per cent. 32,392.

This saline product then, is a mixture of the sulphate of alumina (native, or crude alum) and sulphate of iron (copperas.) The sulphate of alumina, though very similar in some of its properties to the alum of commerce, is yet essentially different, inasmuch as the latter contains pot-ash, which does not enter into the composition of the former. From the experiment of Dr. Johns, we may regard the two salts I have mentioned as constituting rather more than one half the weight of the mineral matter as it occurs in the earth. The remaining insoluble portion is chiefly (aluminous earth, derived from the disintegration of what once was un questionably a continuous and solid rock.

In examining the rocky strata in this vicinity a few days since, in quest of fossil relics, I discovered a peculiar saline incrustation near the banks of a small creek, I gave little attention to it at the time, presuming from its situation and appearance, that it was quite limited in extent. Dr. Johns has since shown me a specimen of the same substance, brought from the banks of a creek, four miles from this place, near the lake shore; where it is said to form extensive beds, Now if this saline matter occurs in such abundance, twelve or fifteen feet in thickness. When tasted, it I have no doubt the best of alum might be manufacimparts the sweetness and astringency of alum, with tured from it with advantage. I think the most eligi something of the peculiar taste of copperas. Unwilling to ble method of modifying and extracting it, would be to rely upon the sense of taste alone, I submitted it to the make a mixture of the crude ore with a sufficient quandecisive indications of chymical re-agents. After diffus- tity of newly burned wood-ashes, put the mixture in ing some of it in a tumbler of water, and waiting two large leach-tubs, allow water to filter through it, and or three hours for the earthy matter to settle, the clear thus obtain its strength by lixiviation. The potash of solution was poured off, and examined first for the sub- the ashes will retain the iron, and convert the sulphate stances which I supposed were contained in it. 1st. of alumina into the alum of commerce. The liquid A few drops of muriate of barytes caused a dense, may be transferred to shallow wooden cisterns, and as white, cloudy precipitate of solid matter that rapidly the water spontaneously evaporates, the alum will fall settled to the bottom, indicating the presence of sul-down in crystals. About 60 lbs. of potash will be rephuric acid. 2d. Aqua ammonia obscured the transpa- quired to make 500 lbs. of alum. rency of the liquid, by producing a gelatinous substance, indicating alumina, the basis of alum and clays. 3d. The prussiate of pot-ash introduced, gave a faint blue precipitate, from which the presence of iron may be inferred; though in a proportion much smaller than the alumina and acid. The usual tests for a variety of other mineral substances were introduced, but their presence could not be detected.

I cannot conclude this account of a mineral so useful, and so rare in its native state, without noticing the probable cause of its formation. As far as I have been able to examine, the horizontal rock that forms the basis of this region, and the permanent boundaries of the lake margin, is of that formation considered by geologists as the highest and most recent in the series of rock strata. It is denominated by some, the third graywacke;

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others call it the pyritiferous rock, because it always
contains more or less of the iron pyrites, (native sul-
phuret of iron,) a beautiful mineral that bears a delu-
sive resemblance to gold. The soft and slaty parts of
the rock contain the sulphuret of iron in greatest abun-
dance. Now the pyrites consists of sulphur and iron,
and when air and moisture can have access, the sul-
phur is changed to sulphuric acid, and the iron becomes
an oxide.
The oxide of iron unites with one half of
the acid, (experiment proves it can unite with no
more,) forming copperas, while the remaining half of
the acid is left to act upon the alumina of the rock,
which results in the production of crude alum. The
weight of the copperas found, at first is more than equal
to that of the alum, but the former is easily washed
away by water, while the latter being much less solu-
ble, mostly remains. From the circumstance that the
presence of air is necessary to the spontaneous forma-
tion of the sulphate of alumina, I should much doubt-
whether it were equally abundant a few feet from the
surface. Although if that should prove to be the case,
the interior of those banks must still be regarded as
valuable beds of alum ore, capable, by a less simple
process, of yielding that salt in abundance.-Erie Obs.

FRESHET.

POTTSVILLE, Oct. 15.

[OCTOBER

by. On Wednesday afternoon, a passenger arrived in Easton with the intelligence, that a tremendous breach has been made by the water in the Lehigh Canal. We have as yet heard of no injuries on the Delaware canal. Muncy, Pa. Oct. 11.

THE LATE RAINS have caused a considerable rise in the river; and we understand that it has injured much of the work along the line of canal. The repairs of the Muncy dam, together with a portion of the old struc ture, have been swept off. The loss to the contractor must be great; besides, it puts a quietus to the hopes of having the navigation extended to that place for the present season.

SCHUYLKILL NAVIGATION-We have learned that the resolution has been adopted to abandon that section of our navigation which has been the fruitful source of former obstructions and embarrassment, passing through a limestone region, in the vicinity of Reading, and to substitute the medium of transportation, provided by nature, in the channel of the river. It is a well-known circumstance, that much money has been unavailingly expended, and labour employed, to afford permanent solidity to the section in question, and the conviction of the utter improbability of accomplishing such an object, has given rise to the contemplated abandonment. The important advantages which result to the whole line are too obvious to require detail. While on this subject, it may be proper to remark that the heavy expense incurred in the construction of the double locks,

the active exertions which have been and continue to

disposition evinced to afford every facility and accommodation to trade, compatible with the interests of the company, demand our tribute of commendation. The additional sum required to be appropriated for the intended alteration in the course of the canal will, we understand, amount to $65,000.

Mr. GEORGE DUNCAN, of this neighbourhood, who is favourably known to the public, has undertaken the above improvement. He left this place on Wednesday last, to enter upon the duties of the contract.—Miner's

Journal.

Since the recollection of our oldest inhabitants, this portion of the country has not been visited by so considerable a freshet as was witnessed in the early part of the week. It is no less remarkable that the loss of pro-be made, in improving the navigation, and the sincere perty sustained by this accumulation of the waters has proved, so far as is ascertained, entirely disproportioned to the general apprehension-another proof of the pervading strength and solidity of the results of enter prize. The rain has fallen copiously during several days and nights preceding Tuesday, on which day it subsided, exhibiting its effects in the accumulated torrents which rolled down the declivities of our mountains. Many of the low grounds were involved in inundation. The Schuylkill rose to an unusual height. A portion of the main highway, near Major Kepner's, was overflown-travelling in carriages was checked, and the mail, from that point, was conveved to our bo- PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO RAIL-ROAD.-We have just rough on horseback. The Schuylkill Navigation dam seen a letter from an intelligent gentleman at New Lisin this vicinity received some damage, which was re-bon to his friend in this place, which states that Mr. paired speedily, and at an inconsiderable expense. Several coal wharves at PortCarbon were somewhat injured, by the removal of a part of the structure supporting them. Several boats were swept from their moorings, and a fine litter of pigs, "dulciter moriens," perished in the irresistible rush of the waters. Mr. Crowley, the owner, with difficulty preserved his dwelling house, by erecting in front a strong stone barrier four feet in height, from the devouring flood-his barn, however, was carried away. On the whole, the freshet has been much less destructive than was generally feared, and the above comprises the extent of the damage thus far ascertained. The Schuylkill Navigation seems to have resisted the shock as far as Hamburg uninjured-from a greater distance below we have not heard the result. Our rail-roads are all safe. Excavations were scooped out in one or two places on the Mount Carbon Rail-road, beneath the upper structure. The injury was trifling, and has already been repaired.

Since the above has been in type, we understand that eighty feet of embankment on the Girard Canal was swept away by the late freshet-the damage, however, can be repaired in a few days.-Miner's Journal.

Malin had just completed a survey of the route of a rail road from N. Lisbon to Canton, and ascertained the distance to be thirty-eight miles and three and a half chains. The route is represented to be highly favorable. The whole distance is stated to present no deep cuts or embankments, properly so called by engineers. From Canton to Massillon is less than ten miles, and from New Lisbon to the mouth of Big Beaver, by the route formerly surveyed by Major Douglas, is forty, making the whole distance from the mouth of Beaver, to the Ohio canal at Massillon eighty-eight miles. From Pittsburgh to the mouth of Big Beaver, by the route of the canal, as measured by Major Douglas in the year 1827, the distance is 25 miles and 52 chains. So that a rail road of 113 52-80 miles will connect the Ohio canal with the Pennsylvania canal at Pittsburgh. The esti mated distance of the committee who reported to the meeting held in this city some time ago was 125 miles. Pittsburgh Gazette.

cil held on Tuesday, in the Common Council Chamber, At a joint meeting of the Select and Common Counof the City of Philadelphia, for the ensuing year. BENJAMIN W. RICHARDS, was unanimously elected Mayor

Printed every SATURDAY MORNING by WILLIAM F. GED

Easton, October 13. GREAT FRESHET.-On Saturday morning last, it com- DES, No. 9 Library Street, Philadelphia; where, and at the PUB menced raining, and continued to do so almost without of the Post Office, (back room) subscriptions will be thankfully reLICATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second door back intermission, until Tuesday evening. The Delaware ceived. Price FIVE DOLLARS per ani, payable annually and Lehigh rivers rose in consequence thereof to a by subscribers residing in or near the city, or where there is an great height and much injury has been sustained there-agent. Other subscribers pay in advance.

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HAZARD'S

REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA.

DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF EVERY KIND OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESPECTING THE STATE.

EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD.

VOL. VIII.-NO. 18. PHILADELPHIA, OCTOBER 29, 1831. NO. 200.

INDIAN AFFAIRS.

mies. Yet this being the proper business of those then concerned in the administration of the government, we It is well known that the Friends have always felt a waited the event of their proceedings, having just deep interest in the welfare of the Indian tribes-and grounds to hope, that the knowledge some of them had especially in the early periods of the province, took a of several matters which might probably have contributed to this unhappy rupture, together with the repeatvery active part in promoting and preserving peace with ed applications of the Assembly of the Province, would them-and of sustaining that character for integrity have excited them to pursue every rational method, of and fair dealing with the aboriginal inhabitants which making such an enquiry, and obtaining an amicable adthe proprietary had established among them. Among the justment of all differences with these Indians, and of thereby averting the melancholy consequences of conPemberton MSS. which have been placed in our hands, tinuing to expose them, immediately to the artifice of we find the "MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE the French, who would not fail to take advantage of our misunderstanding with them. But the spring of anothPEOPLE CALLED QUAKERS IN PHILAD. TOWARDS REGAIN. er year returned, and the public remained unacquaintING AND PRESERVING PEACE WITH THE INDIANS BY PA-ed with such means being pursued: great military preCIFIC MEASURES." We commence in the present num-parations were indeed made, and forts erected in many ber-making some extracts from them, which shall be parts of the frontiers; but the desolation and distress of continued from time to time-as we notice any of their the Province increased, and the sanguine expectations of the people, who had at first hoped by these means to proceedings which we deem of public interest. We defend themselves, were remarkably disappointed. do not know that these have before been made public. Governor MORRIS, nevertheless, determined to issue a Declaration of War, against the Delawares and Shawnese-many of the people called Quakers, residing in Philadelphia, met together, and after several weighty conferences, being deeply affected with the present melancholy circumstances of the Province, agreed on the following Address to the Governor:

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Minutes of the Proceedings of the People called Quakers in Philadelphia, towards regaining and preserving Peace with the Indians, by pacific measures.

In the spring of the year 1755, soon after the first accounts were brought of the mischief done by the Indians, on the frontiers of Virginia, some of the people called Quakers residing in Philadelphia, seriously considering the fatal consequences of losing that interest and friendship our predecessors had obtained by their upright dealing, and hospitable treatment of the Indians, in the first settlement of this Province, and apprehending the too general neglect which had for some time been obvious, more especially of the Delaware Indians, who were the native inhabitants of the first settled parts of this Province, and of the Shawnees many of whom were settled among and incorporated with them, would terminate to the public disadvantage, determined to improve every future opportunity of manifesting some regard to them: and several companies of Indians of dif. ferent tribes, coming to this city on divers occasions, they were visited by some of us, invited to our houses, and on their going away, presented with some small matters necessary for them in their way of living; and the grateful manner in which they received these instances of regard, and the lively remembrance they appeared to retain of the friendship, which subsisted between their ancestors and the first settlers of this Provine, afforded us real satisfaction, and some ground to hope our good intentions would not be disappointed.

To ROBERT HUNTER MORRIS, Esq. Lieutenant Govern. or, and Commander in Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania:

The humble address of some of the people called Quakers, residing in the city of Philadelphia, on behalf of themselves and many others:

With hearts sorely distressed, and deeply affected with the calamities of our fellow subjects, and painfully apprehensive of the impending desolation consequent of an Indian war, we address the Governor, and earnestly intreat thy favourable attention, on this solemn and important conjuncture, in which the lives and liberties of the people of this Province, are so nearly concerned.

We have with the most sensible concern and pain of mind, observed the sorrowful alteration in the state of this late peaceful Province, now become the theatre of bloodshed and rapine, and distress'd by the cruel devastations of a barbarous enemy, which justly excites the most aggravating reflections, in every considerate mind; yet when we consider that all wars are attended with fatal consequences, and one with enemies so savage as those who have now become ours, with circumstances the most shocking and dreadful, we cannot omit beseeching, that before the resolution of declaring war against them, be carried into execution, some further attempts may be made by pacific means, to reduce them to a sense of their duty, and that a farther opportunity may be offered to such as may be willing to separate from those who had been the wicked instruments of perverting them.

During the following winter, the frequent melancholy accounts of the barbarous murders committed by the Indians, on the western and northern frontiers of this Province, filled the minds of the people in general, with a spirit of indignation and resentment against them, and no opportunity presented of publicly manifesting the earnest concern we had, to use our utmost endeavours, The settlement of this Province was founded on the in a manner, consistent with our peaceable principles, principles of truth, equity and mercy; and the blessings to prevent the impending desolation. The calamity be- of divine Providence attended the early care of the first came general, and every one was deeply interested in founders, to impress these principles on the minds of the measures taken for enquiring into the causes, which the native inhabitants; so that when their numbers were induced our ancient steady friends to become our ene-great, and their strength vastly superior, they received

VOL. VIII

35

274

INDIAN AFFAIRS.

(OCTOBER

over whom thou presidest is our sincere desire and prayer.

Which, was presented to him on the 12th day of the Fourth month, 1756, and the next day by one of his council, he was pleased to send the following answer:

our ancestors with gladness, and relieved their wants with open hearts, granted them peaceable possession of the land, and for a long course of time, gave constant and frequent proofs of cordial friendship; all which we humbly ascribe to the infinite wisdom of God, "whose hand is for good upon all them that "seek him;" and as the angelic acclamations of glory to God in the highThe Governor desired me to acquaint the friends that est, peace on earth, and good will to men, with which the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ was published, and had reassumed the consideration of the Declaration of sent him the address, that agreeable to their request, he the examples and precepts which He, as the Prince of War, and had for that purpose, summoned as full a counPeace, gave through the course of his personal appear-cil as he could get together, before whom he laid the ance on earth, have given us undoubted assurance that the day is dawning in which his peaceable reign will be exalted, and gradually become universal; we cannot, without neglect of our duty, and sacrificing the peace of conscience, we prefer to every temporal blessing, omit reviving our testimony in this time of probation, that all wars appear to us, contrary to the nature and end of the gospel dispensation, and that we, as a people still firmly believe, that on an humble and steady acquiescence with the dispensations of divine Providence, our real protection and security depends, from which no tempo. ral inconveniencies and difficulties can justify our departing.

present state and condition of the Province; the several steps taken by the government to put an end in a peac able manner, to the cruel ravages of the Indians, as well as their address, when the whole matter was fully debated and considered, and the council advised him to proceed immediately to a Declaration of War, which being agreeable to his own sentiments, he should accor dingly do as soon as the conferences with the Indians in order to make proper distinctions between our friends

and enemies were over.

And least the application of private persons should not have the desired effect, they immediately after addressing the Governor, agreed on the following address to the Assenibly of the Province then sitting, which was read and presented to them the next day. To the Representatives of the freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met.

The address of some of the people called Quakers, residing in the city of Philadelphia, on behalf of themselves and many others.

Yet while we earnestly desire all may attain to this happy experience, we do not presume to prescribe, but as our minds feel more than our words can express, of pain and anxiety for our brethren and fellow citizens, whose desolation we fear, will be increased and perpetuated by a hasty declaration of war; we find ourselves obliged to beseech the Governor, to resume the most weighty, serious, and religious deliberation on this melancholy occasion, that so every measure which hath been pursued, and whatever remains possible to be The mournful and desolate circumstances of our fel done, to prevent so fatal and lamentable an extremity, low subjects on the frontiers of this Province, engaging may be strictly and impartially reviewed and consider the deep concern and sympathy of every mind capable ed; that full enquiry may be made, whether some ap- of considering the distress and affliction to which they prehensions these Indians have conceived of a deviation are now subjected, and the present conjuncture appear. from the integrity of conduct towards them, so conspic-ing to us the most critical and important, the inhabitants uous in the first establishment, may not unhappily have contributed, in some degree, to the alteration of their conduct towards us; that full time may be allowed for those Indians who still remain well affected towards us, to use and report the effect of their endeavours, to reconcile our enemies, and that proper care may be taken to prevent our allies being through the misconduct or evil dispositions of any, injured in such manner as to provoke them likewise to turn their arms against us; and that the Governor's care to guard against involving the innocent with the guilty may carry so clear demonstation of christian tenderness, and aversion to shedding of blood, that an evidence may be given to the minds of the other neighboring Indians, which may engage them heartily and sincerely to assist in the desirable work of restoring peace and tranquility, towards which all the measures hitherto taken, seem to have contribuled little good effect.

We therefore, with sincerity and ardency pray, that the calamities may be averted, which will ensue on a continued war with these savages, some of the melancholy effects of which the annals of a neighboring Province, full of the most war-like people have testified; and as the fear of God, honor of the king, love of our brethren and fellow citizens, are the motives which engaged us to make this address, we hope to demonstrate by our conduct, that every occasion of assisting and relieving the distressed, and contributing towards the obtaining peace in a manner consistent with our peacea ble profession, will be cheerfully improved by us, and even though a much larger part of our estates should be necessary than the heaviest taxes of a war can be expected to require, we shall cheerfully by voluntary grants, evidence our sincerity herein.

May the mind of the Governor, be indued with that wisdom which the wisest of kings experienced to be "better than weapons of war;" and may thy councils be directed to the honour of God, and good of the people

of this Province have ever known, we hope our address to you, at this time, will obtain your serious, weighty, and deliberate consideration.

We have some time past, painfully observed the measures which have been pursued, and how remarkably they have been disappointed, and failed of the desirable end of restoring peace and tranquility; and as we are informed that the Governor hath under his consid. eration a Declaration of War against those Indians, who, contrary to the faith of their treaties, and the friendship they have heretofore manifested to us, have become our open and cruel enemies. From the strong motives of the fear of God, and love of mankind, and especially of our suffering brethren and fellow christians, we have been constrained to make our address to the Governor, (a duplicate of which we herewith deliver you) beseeching him to suspend a full determination of carrying such measures into execution, as may render all pacific measures much more difficult; and as the station in which you are placed, the trust committed to you, and the profession you make of being the disciples and followers of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Prince of peace, unite in demanding of your utmost and unwearied endeavours to be exerted for the safety, peace and pros perity of the people of this Province we intreat and be. seech you, as you tender the honour of God, the repu tation and promotion of the doctrine and fundamental principles of christianity, and the welfare of ourselves, and the people whom you represent, to exert yourselves on this solemn and important occasion.

The records of the several treaties with these Indians, and our ancestors, our own, and our neighbors experience have fully proved, that tho' they are savage, and inexpressibly cruel to their enemies, they are not void of a large share of natural understanding; have in many cases clear sentiments of justice and equity, and have from the first settlement of this Province, till a few months past, manifested their friendship to us. We therefore,

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