1831.]

REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA TEMPERANCE SOCIETY.

then in use the rock is primitive granite and quartz. There is nothing peculiar to be seen on the surface which might indicate the existence of the rich treasure below. Smooth, gently-sloping fields, bearing luxuriant vegetation, are all around you; a blacksmith's shop, a small building for the horse power and pumps, and a drum head tackle for drawing up the mineral, are before you; you step into either of these buildings, and look down a shaft upon utter darkness. (Mr. Manson, the intelligent proprietor, residing in Smithfield, will accompany you any fair day, and make you pleased with his company.)

165

diffused and pernicious variety, ardent spirit, is the only sure guaranty against drunkenness and its horrible accompaniments; a few benevolent individuals in the eastern section of our country, agreed, not many years ago, to form a Temperance Society. They agreed to desist themselves entirely from the use of this liquor; and, adding precept and remonstrance to example, they did their utmost to induce their fellow-citizens to adopt a similar course. The appeal thus made to the good sense of the country, in favour of its best interests, has been nobly responded to; and at this time, some hundred thousand freemen of these States, have entered their From this dark place, of so unpromising aspect, is solemn protest against the use of ardent spirit. The drawn more wealth, in proportion to the labor employ- sincerity of these reformers, members of Temperance ed than perhaps any other in the world. Within three Societies, is best proved by the fact of their acting, themyears, with the imperfect drainage we have mentioned, selves, up to the principle which they urge on their the labor of from three to six hands, and one horse, the fellow-citizens at large, for adoption. They recommend present lessee has raised twenty five thousand dollars abstinence from ardent spirit, and they give force to this worth of the mineral. An expenditure of a sum suffi- recommendation by abstaining from it themselves. The cient to set up and keep in operation a steam engine of example of temperance, is not,as in times past, limited to two, or at most four-horse power, would easily enable scattered individuals, who have been always found in him to double or treble this amount; but as his lease every district of our country, nor to people in other cliwill shortly expire, and he is engaged in an extensive mates: it is now set by numerous and powerful associawhale fishery, this will not now be done. We under- tions--entire communities, including all religious perstand that Mr. Manson will be willing to raise a compa-suasions, and every political party. To his personal conny for the purpose of making improvements, and work-viction of the blessings of sobriety, a member of a Teming the mine more advantageously. The investment of perance Society adds a public pledge that he will exert considerable capital in this enterprise would certainly himself to insure and diffuse them. Standing alone, a be profitable. The mine is situated in a rich and pop- man might have allowed himself in a moment of easy ulous neighbourhood, within five or six miles of the good nature, or for fear of ridicule, to become the victim Delaware, and not more than 15 from Philadelphia. of the hour, and to sacrifice his feelings to the urgencies The Plumbago of this mine is said to be the purest of thoughtless and boisterous companions-but in his known, except that of one mine in England. It is uni- new relations, he is bound not to peril the reputation of formly barrelled up and sold as delivered from the pit's his associates and the cause,by such ill-timed concessions. mouth, at from fifteen to forty cents per pound, accord- In this point of view, it is in the power of every inhabiting to quality. It is sometimes found in large masses; ant of the United States, to strengthen himself, and give one block of pure plumbago was raised a year or two strength to others in the support of temperance; and since, weighing nearly four hundred pounds. The on this ground, is it not the imperative duty of every veins improve in quality as they descend to greater man who is aware of the evils of strong drink, and who depths; but the explorations downward have been pre- suffers from its use either in his own person, or in his vented from being extended on account of the difficulty relation to others, as a father, a son, or a brother, to of draining by the power in use. Should a more per- enter his solemn protest against the practice, by becomfect mode be adopted, as is proposed, we should expect ing a member of a Temperance Society? He will thus very beneficial results. secure himself from the dread poison, and give the strongest lesson of dehortation from its uncalled for and pernicious indulgence by others; while, at the same time, he will exert a more powerful moral suasion on his family and connexions, than by the most pathetic appeals, or by the severest censures and penalties against intemperance. Is he a father, who, satisfied with his own discretion in the moderate use of ardent spirits, yet views with anxiety and mistrust, the beginning fond ness for it of a favourite, perhaps an only son, whom he hopes will be the staff of his old age-how shall he teach this young man caution? how persuade him to be satis

With many thanks to the warm-hearted proprietor, and his hospitable family, for their polite attention and readiness of information, we tender him our best wishes for success in his desire of making this concern a source of profit to himself, a mine of wealth to the neighbourhood, and highly advantageous to the country.

Bucks Co. Republican.

PENNSYLVANIA TEMPERANCE SOCIETY.

ANNIVERSARY REPORT

Of the Managers of the Pennsylvania Society for discour-fied with a certain measure of liquor? Will it be by

citing his own example? Alas! no. The son may natuaging the use of Ardent Spirits. Read on the 27th of rally be expected to allege, in reply to admonition, that May, 1831, and ordered to be published by the Society. personal experience will finally apprise him, as it did The anniversary of a Temperance Society, is an event his father, of the quantity which he can take with imcalculated to elicit expressions of honest pride and joy punity. What is, however, the result to be dreaded? from every true patriot and philanthropist. It does not This young man associates with those of his own age, call upon us to rejoice at the triumph of the strong over joyous and thoughtless like himself. They drink as the weak, nor for victory with the expense of much their fathers drank before them: but mutual incitements blood and treasure. Far nobler purpose! It is to com- and bantering, uttered in idleness or in accidental dis memorate the success of reason and sound morals, over cussion, are made the pretext for emptying an additional brutalizing impulses and debasing habits. On an occa- bottle. Without intending it, they have now passed the sion like the present, we may well eulogize that higher limits-they are intoxicated-the midnight hour has arwisdom which guides the efforts of the numerous volun- rived, and they sally out to wander amidst the haunts of tary associations throughout the land, for the promotion the vicious and depraved-they form new and unholy of Temperance, and which teaches men to avoid temp-connexions, and lose in one short hour the ingenuous tation and to shun danger, rather than causelessly to encounter ills from which so few escape unscathed or dishonoured.

Acting on this principle, and taught by the history of human habits, that abstinence from the seductive poison of strong drinks, and above all, of that most generally

innocence which had hitherto distinguished them. The scenes of this one day are renewed, if not on the next day, yet in the next week-it may be the next month; but renewed they will be, because the same provocative to stormy passions, the same stupifier of the judgment, is had recourse to in the form of intoxicating drink, at

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REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA TEMPERANCE SOCIETY.

[SEPTEMBER

their next convivial meeting. Frequent repetitions of County Temperance Societies, we cannot give the numsuch acts, eventually become a habit-the moral sense ber of members at present in the state. In spite, howis depraved-conscience, still troublesome in its admo-ever, of some untoward circumstances, we have evidence nitions, is deadened at last by stronger alcoholic pota- of their marked and continued increase. tions; and the wretched young man finds himself degraded and an outcast from a community, which once looked up to him with fond hopes of his future usefulness and fame. Who now shall plead in mitigation of the censure lavished on him by every tongue-who intercede for him at the bar of justice, where he may have been summoned to answer for crimes committed during one of his drunken fits? Will it be a father, worn down with sorrow and much weeping; but still a father, who refused to set that example of temperance, which would have prevented all the subsequent misfortunes and mis-about as many dollars, and being a falling off of more eries of his son.

In our sister state, New York, the extent and success of the Temperance reform, have gone even beyond the hopes of the intelligent and patriotic part of her popu lation; who, by their zealous, and wisely concerted, and untiring efforts, have mainly contributed to so glorious a result. It appears from the "Second Annual Report of the New York State Temperance Society," that in the year 1830, "the diminution, in the quantity of foreign liquors, passing through the New York market for domestic consumption, has been 1,471,718 gallons, costing

than fifty-three per cent. Of domestic spirits, it has been about 2,000,000 of gallons, worth, at first cost, about $500,000-the whole making a saving to the community of nearly TWO MILLIONS OF DOLLARS.

If, again, it should be a son, who is desirous above all things of arresting his father in the downward course to destruction, through intemperate drinking, how shall he most sensibly impress his wayward parent with his own, This is the estimate at the wholesale price-at the and public opinion in favour of sobriety? Advice he can retail price, as sold in the dram shops, and taverns, and seldom more than timidly offer-warm, passionate re- hotels, the lessened expenditure must be vast." Such monstrance and intimidation, even if of any avail, are is the estimate of pecuniary saving: but who can calcu forbidden him. There remains then no other means so late the gain in the health, morals and religion of a vast powerful and convincing, as for bim to become a mem-population, from whom such an amount of destructive ber of a Temperance Society, and thereby to display in drink has been withheld. his own person, the comfort, serenity and health which comes from observing its regulations. He may not always work an entire reform of his father--but he will prevent many an excess—and save himself, and perhaps a beloved mother, from many an agonizing hour. This will at least be the only kind of monition, which, under the circumstances, could be properly given or patiently received.

"Enough information has been collected," by the executive committee of the New York State Temperance Society, to justify them "in estimating the whole number of members in the state, as high as 100,000. The number of persons who have not yet connected themselves with Temperance Societies, but who practice on the principle of total abstinence from ardent spirits, probably exceeds the other number. Coupling with these 200,000 persons, the children and labourers under their control, and it is evident, that the whole number in this state (New York) brought directly under the temperance reformation, exceeds half a million."

In all the relations which each member of a family has with another, the advantages of temperance must be freely admitted; and with this admission, is implied the plain duty of every member taking an active part in the support of our cause! Still further-we are safe in affirming, that to barely desist from opposing, or to coldly assent to the usefulness of Temperance Societies, will not discharge a freeman from the more active and vigilant performance of a duty, which he owes to his fellow-vation of character. Nor are the benefits of the reform citizens and the government under which he is so proud to live.

From nearly all parts of the Union, the most flattering evidences are received of the people awakening to a sense of their danger; and devising, in the formation of Temperance Societies, means of safety and renewed ele

confined to our western hemisphere. The noble work has been begun, and is in successful progress in Irelaud and Scotland, and is advancing vidently, though slowly, in England. It may well be a source of justi- fiable pride, that the blessed change which those islands are now undergoing, was begun by Americans. The debt of gratitude has been felt and warmly acknowledged by our trans-atlantic brethren. Long may such sentiments be interchanged between them and the citizens of this republic!

It was under the influence of these views, that "the Pennsylvania Society for discouraging the use of Ardent Spirits, was formed, and it is to give them force and effect that it continues its labours. Since the last anniversary report of the Society, its agent, the Rev. Sylvester Graham, has visited different parts of the state, and by his zeal and ability, has been instrumental in rousing the people to duly appreciate the importance of the cause, by forming numerous Auxiliary Temperance So- The history of Temperance Societies has confirmed, cieties. In the suburbs of Philadelphia, especially in beyond the possibility of cavil, a fact constantly and disthe Northern Liberties and Kensington, the addresses tinctly affirmed by physicians in all ages, amidst every delivered by this gentleman have produced a powerful change of medical theory, that abstinence from intoxieffect. Manufacterers and mechanics in the city, are cating drinks, exempts from numerous distressing malanow making the same salutary discovery as the farmers dies, promotes health, and increases the probabilities of in the country, that labour of all kinds is better perform-long life. Various opinions, usually the offspring of naed during entire abstinence from intoxicating drinks; tional prejudice, rather than the result of careful obserand that order, economy and health are best promoted vation, have been held respecting the comparative corby the same means. The journal of Mr. Graham con- dial and invigorating effects of different liquors, whether tains many exceedingly interesting facts, tending to the product of the still or of fermentation-some giving show the progress of reform, and the beneficial effects preference to what they call pure spirit diluted with thence resulting to all classes of society. Bodily infir- water, others extolling wine-these malt liquors, those mities of long standing, rheumatic and other pains, and cider and perry. But we have the irrecusable testimony disorder and feebleness of the senses, have been shown of careful observers, from the earliest period down to to be removed with a promptitude and permanency, the present day-physicians, and writers on dietetics, which would have added to the reputation of the most the personal experience of religious and other recluses, distinguished professors of the healing art; if the applica of philosophers and hardy warriors, in favour of the ention of their skill could be attended with the like results. tire fitness and salubrity of water as the exclusive drink The diminished consumption and distillation of do--that liquid, which, whether in the shady spring, or mestic ardent spirit in the state of Pennsylvania, during the last two years has been, on an average, upwards of 500,000 gallons per annum.

Not having heard from the various Auxiliary and

the wide flowing river, or descending rain, a bountiful Providence furnishes every where to man. A small share of the skill, which is so perversely exerted to prepare a poison in the shape of intoxicating drinks, is sufficient,

1831.]

REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA TEMPERANCE SOCIETYr

under the most favourable circumstances, to render water potable, and pleasant to the taste, when, from peculiar causes, it has been stagnant and mixed with earthy matters and vegetable impurities. Our fellow-citizens cannot too often be reminded of this important truth, when prone to indulge in speculations of a hazardous nature respecting the different drinks, which it is fitting for man to use. We repeat it-expeditions, inland and maritime, labour in the field and the factory, during summer's heat and winter's cold, have all been successfully performed, with no other beverage than simple water. Let the most sceptical on this subject, refer to the journals devoted to the history and support of Temperance Societies, and the means of preserving health, and he cannot fail to receive entire conviction, if facts without number, and the most authentic and various details are

used.

167

and which are drunk in the United States. The difference of strength in regard to the proportion of the alcoholic element, between our imported wines and those used in southern Europe, is too great to allow of any argument being deduced from the use of the latter, which shall apply to the use of the former. But while touching on this question, we ought to be aware, that the inhabitants of that section of the old world, though so superior to the people of this republic, in an infinitely greater avoidance of drunkenness, and consequent exemption from much physical and moral debasement, are not strangers to intemperance, nor to many diseases, the direct result of the abuse of wine. The observations of travellers; and still more, official hospital reports, furnish, unhappily, evidence too clear and conclusive on this head.

capable of producing this effect, From the same quar. In recommending to their fellow-citizens, abstinence ters he will learn, that cheerfulness, despatch, and re- from intoxicating drinks, the Managers of this Society gularity, under the reformed system, are advantageously wish to be understood as, in a more especial manner, contrasted with the boisterous mirth, alternating with fits deprecating the manufacture, sale and drinking of arof sullenness, riot, and uncertain fulfilment of engage-dent spirit,which they regard as the embodied Apollyon, ments, when intoxicating drinks have been allowed and among the material agents for man's destruction. In discouraging the habitual use of fermented liquors, they Not only are the rational enjoyments of a people act, it is believed, in accordance with the principles of clouded, but the supply of substances necessary for genuine philanthropy, not less than of sound political their food is diminished, by the manufacture of ardent economy. On this subject, evidence is being daily acspirit. The political economist, who regards abundance cumulated, and will ere long be so generally diffused, and cheapness of wholesome food,as a prime element in and so clearly set forth, as to enable the people to arhis calculation of the circumstances under which a pop-rive at a satisfactory conclusion for themselves. It will ulation becomes most numerous and thriving, cannot be the duty of this Society to aid in the dissemination of fail to point out the impediments to the increase of our all the material facts connected with so important a species, caused by converting nutritive grain,when it is question. barely adequate to meet the home demand, into a liquid But, while thus protesting against the perverted poison-as occurs in the process of distilation. There display of human ingenuity, by which matters calculatis here not merely an abstraction of food, but a worse ted to nourish, and refresh, and invigorate, are convertthan loss a conversion of it into a demoralizing and ed into enfeebling and deleterious drinks, Temperance destructive drink. This condemnation does not require Societies, ought not for a moment, to be considered as us by any principle of dietetics or rule of logic, to pre- inimical to rational enjoyment, still less, as desirous of sent in laudable contrast that other conversion of grain making man a gloomy ascetic. On the contrary, their by the process of fermentation into malt liquors. The great object is to enable him to avoid much bodily dismajor evil must not, by its enormity, blind us to the comfort and mental disquietude, and at the same time to minor one, especially when we reflect on the addition-preserve his functions in that well balanced state, by al fearfulness which this latter assumes, by the noxious which the productions of nature for his sustenance and articles so largely employed in the arts of brewing. health, and the works of art for his instruction, shall be But not alone are our nutritive grains converted into most keenly relished and longest enjoyed. The tempotent alcoholic drinks-the juices of the sugar cane, perance reform obstructs no channel of laudable imthe grape, the apple, and the peach are made to under-provement, interferes with no means of innocent recrego a similar change, and to whiskey and gin are added ation: it, rather, increases the former and multiplies the on the black list, rum and brandy. It has been impi- latter. Were its principles adopted, we should no lonously asked, whether man is answerable for this exer- ger see the revolting contradiction of the husbandman cise of his ingenuity, on materials furnished by creative and the gardener, after gathering the grain and fruits of wisdom-as if such querists can be ignorant, that the earth, present us with one hand a portion for nourman's free agency to do what he listeth, implies re-ishment and refreshment, and with the other, a portion sponsibility for the consequences of his acts; and who changed into a liquid poison, rife with disease and shall consent to be responsible for converting whole- death. some and highly nutritious food in the one instance, and Each region of the earth has its fruits. In one, the the refreshing and sweet savoured fruits of the earth in date and the tamarind-in another, the fig and the pomthe other, into the vehicle of disease, and shame, and egranate-here the orange and the lemon-there the sin. clustering grape. Nature has not been niggardly in this That milder product of the juice of the grape, sub-particular to our country: the apple, the pair, the peach, jected to fermentation, and constituting wine, so long the cherry and the plumb of the orchard, and the strawand so much used in various parts of the world, still, berries, raspberries, currants, and other small fruit of shows in its composition, its alliance to ardent spirit. the garden, and the juicy melons, attest the liberal Like this latter it contains, though in less quantity, the share which we have received in the distribution of her denounced poison alcohol. The resemblance in this gifts. Commerce, ever active in promoting exchanges respect between vinous and spirituous liquors, is unof the products of the soil, not less than the works of happily made still greater by the universal practice of man's skill, brings us, at stated periods, some of the adding ardent spirit usually brandy, to wines, which are fruits of remote regions, whilst horticulture continues put aside for keeping, or which are intended to be ex- to successfully domesticate others in our own soil, and ported. The trade in wines necessarily, therefore, make them a part of our national possessions. When keeps up the trade of distillation-even supposing the we look around and behold this beauteous display of matemperance reform to be carried so far as to exclude tured fruits, at once adapted to convey nutriment, to aid from common use, spirit in its raw state or diluted with in the restoration of lost health, and to minister to the pleasures of taste, by quenching thirst and gratifying the palate, is it, we may exclaim, conformable with the designs of nature, can it be an acceptable thing to nature's God, for us to turn away thankless and heart

water.

The alleged sobriety of the inhabitants of wine countries, cannot be adduced in favour of the general use of the vinous liquors, which we receive from them in trade,

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AMERICAN SILK.

[SEPTIMBE

this difference is as appears to me, that France most wants the former and England the latter quality of silk, for their respective manufactures. But M. Boucher tells us that England is the best market for that article, for which she pays a higher price than France. Therefore our views will probably be turned to that market. I am trying to get information from all quarters, and at any rate, if I can do no more, I shall have obtained for the country a mass of facts, which I hope will not be found useless.

I am very respectfully,

Gentlemen, your most Obedient servant.
PETER S. DU PONCEAU.

less from the proffered boon, and to convert this endless variety into a nearly homogenous fluid-the prime element of which shall be destructive alcohol? Is planting, and grafting, and pruning-does the refreshing shower give moisture, and the genial sun mature into sweet flavoured pulp and juice, the abundant fruit, in order that it should be thrown into the press, to be afterwards converted into wine or cider, or into the still, to become brandy? Was it not enough for us to have a second supply of fruit, as when we obtain, in a dried state, the grape, now raisin, the fig, and the currents, the apple, and the peach, or with the addition of sugar, the date and the tamarind, and a large class of domestic fruits, without our mischievous alchemy making farther changes, and converting the gifts of goodness into the spirit of evil? Surely he, who only seeks for Epi- From M. Boucher, to Peter S. Du Ponceau. curean enjoyment, will have more multiplyed sources PARIS, June 3. for this purpose, by preserving the purity of his taste SIR: I received on the 24th of last December, your for the successive fruits of the season, than if he were to interesting letter of the 18th November. A long sickso deaden or pervert it, by frequent potations of strong drinks, as to turn away with indifference, if not withness, of which I am now convalescent, has been the cause of my not having answered it sooner. I wish that loathing, from these rich productions. We need not ask on whose side will be the luxurious enjoyment of the letter which I addressed on the 20th of August last, to your respectable friend the Chevalier de Pougens, external nature, in all that can gladden the senses, or That friend will have sent to elevate the feelings, and minister to the intellect he may be useful to you. who preserves the delicacy, freshness, and susceptibility you some weeks ago, a pamphlet entitled "Du comof his faculties, or he who keeps them in states of al- merce des Soieries en France," (on the silk trade in ternate feverish, insane excitement, and of moody, sul-France.) This work, written by a friend of mine, Mr. Leon Teste, of Avignon, will interest you. len despondency.

A deliberate survey of the whole subject, whether we consider the extent and enormity of the vice of drunkeness, the causes which nourish it, the means best suited to banish it from our land, or the success which has attended past efforts, must convince all reflecting and patriotic minds, that the present is the time for action, for association to enlighten the ignorant, to strengthen the wavering, and to convince unbelievers by the eloquence of facts.

In so noble a cause, and for such beneficent ends, we cannot doubt that Pennsylvania, ever ready to foster all liberal plans of improvement and reform, will emulate her sister states in their present glorious efforts. Invoking the names of her Benezet-her Franklinand her Rush-she will derive new strength, and add fresh sanctity to her onward march in support of temperance, without which patriotism is blind instinct philanthropy a profitless and helpless emotion.

This report is published in a pamphlet by the Society, accompanied by an appendix, to which we refer for much interesting information on this subject.

AMERICAN SILK.

From the (Baltimore) Chronicle of the Times. To the Editors of the Chronicle of the Times.

PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 22. GENTLEMEN:-Agreeably to your request, I have the honor of enclosing to you a translation of the letter addressed to me by M. Boucher, of Paris, in answer to one in which I explained to him the experimental course which I have been pursuing during these two years, and which I shall continue to pursue until congress shall have decided the fate of the bill reported to them by their committee on agriculture, which I hope will be at the next session. I have added a number of notes to that letter to facilitate the understanding of the text: You will perceive that M. Boucher no longer considers the plan which I have proposed to the national legisla ture, as the dream of an honest man. He does not know what stuff the American people are made.

It is a remarkable fact that while that gentleman re. commends to us, to reel silk for tram, as it is called, of from 15 to 20 cocoons, my English correspondents recommend our reeling it for Organzine, from 6 to 8, which they say is only equal to the Italian 4 to 6, our silk being so much finer and stronger. The reason of

No. 3.

I have carefully examined your samples of white sewing silk. (a) It is what we call demie grenade, or rondelette. It is made of dupions (double imperfect cocoons) (b) two threads of the raw silk are twisted together, then closely united by a second twist more or less strong, and thus sewing silk is made either white or to be coloured. Our rondelettes, in the raw state, (e) are worth of 124 per cent. To this you must add one franc 25 here 15 francs per pound, avoirdupois, with a discount centimes for dyeing, 50 centimes for packing, the loss of weight after extracting the gum and dyeing, 25 per cent. and thus you have the price of dyed rondelette, 21 francs per pound. You must compare this price, deducting the freight and importation duties, with that your women get for it at home. It is a branch of industry yet in its infancy: this silk is very irregular, as well in the reeling as in the twisting. (d)

Your project for improving the filature of silk, is grand and deserving commendation; do not, however, go too fast in endeavoring to spin fine threads; you would do bad work. You will, indeed, have pupils well instructed, but the improvement of the female reelers by practice, will require years. As to the manufacturing of stuffs, it will require still longer time; and moreover it remains to be decided whether the high price of labour in your country, will not be an obstacle.

What you say of Mr. D'Homergue gives me great hopes as to the reeling of raw silk; (e) he must know how much the reelers of Alais, Anduse and St. Jean du Gard have improved their filatures, while not far from thence at Salon, the art has declined, and it is the same at Tours. (f)

(a) This was a sample of sewing silk made after the manner of Connecticut. It was a most favourable specimen.

(b) This sample was made of the best silk of the best cocoons.

(c) The writer speaks here of French sewing silk. (d) The writer gives his opinion as delicately as he can, and reluctantly at last comes to this conclusion which cannot be misunderstood.

(e) The writer seems to have at first considered Mr. D'Homergue as a mere dealer in silks, not familiar with the various processes or their manufacture.

(f) If the art of extracting silk from the cocoons were as easy as some pretend, there would not be so much difference between the raw silk made in different

The circumstances from which the appointment arose, occurred at a treaty held at Easton, previous to this time, and were thus related to me in after years, by the venerable secretary himself:-He had gone to attend (k) The word denier means literally a pennyweight, the treaty with a number of the distinguished inhabit. here it seems synonymous to grain. Denier is a techni-ants of Philadelphia of that day, not only because he cal term in the English as well as in foreign silk manufactures.