ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED SINCE OUR LAST ISSUE. lettered, unless otherwise expressed. The Prices in this List are for cloth Adams, Rev. C. (D.D.) Life of Samuel Johnson. With 25 illustr. 16mo, pp. 345. N. Y. Carlton & Lanahan.$1.25 ADDITIONAL AND SELECTED HYMNS (THE), from "Hymns Ancient and Modern" and " Hymns for Church and Home." Prepared at the request of several of the Bishops, by Two of their number. 18mo, pp. 345. N. Y. Dutton & Co...... .....60 c. AGNES GRAHAM. A Novel, by Filia. 8vo, pp. 121. Phila. Claxton, R. & H. Pap... D'Aligny, Henry F. Q: Beet Root Sugar and the Cultivation of the Beet. Being a History of the Sugar Beet and its Manufacture into Sugar, the Machinery used in the Manufacture, and the Statistics of various Sugar Producing Countries. Illustr. by wood engravings and colored lithographs. 16mo, pp. 300. Washington. Philp ..$3.00 ..75 C. & Solomons. Ainsworth, W. H. The Miser's Daughter. An Historical Romance. 8vo, pp. 396. Phila. Peterson. Pap. $1.00. Allen, W. F. & J. H. Manual Latin Reader. 16mo, pp. 513. Boston, E. Ginn.. $2.50 ALLERTON HOMES. A Book for Boys. By the Author of ...50 c. Ansted, D. T. (M.D.) The Earth's History; or, First Lessons in Geology. 16mo, pp. XV. 214. (London). Phila. Lippincott.... . $1.00 Arlt, Prof, Retinitis Nyctalopica. From the German by J. F. Weightman, M.D. 12mo, pp. 30. Phila. Lindsay & Blakiston. Pap.... Arthur's Rainbow Series. 6 vols. 12mo. (Containing: After the Storm; Light on Shadowed Paths; Out in the World; Our Neighbors in the Corner House: Nothing but Money: What Came Afterwards.) Phila. J. E. Potter & Co. Each vol AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A SHAKER. See Evans. ......25 C. .$1.50 Illustr. 16mo. $1.50 Bardsen, Ivar. Sailing Directions of Henry Hudson, prepared for his use in 1608, from the Old Danish. With an Introduction and Notes, also a Dissertation on the Discovery of the Hudson River, by Rev. B. F. De Costa. Roy. 8vo, pp. 102. Albany, Joel Munsell.. ..$2.00 Barham, R. H. Ingoldsby Legends. Globe Edition. 16mo. N. Y. Widdleton. $2.25 ..$3.00 Barnard, Prof. Education and Schools in the District of Bell, J. B. (M.D.) Homeopathic Therapeutics of Diar- Benedict. See United States Reports. Bent, Silas. Address on the Thermometric Gateways to the Polc. St. Louis, R. P. Studley & Co., Prs. Pap. 25 c. Berry, Mrs. M. E. Carolina, the Hotel-Keeper's Daughter. 16mo, pp. 400. Boston, Am. Tract Soc. $1.25 BIBLE. Pictorial Family Bible. 4to, pp. 1500. Phila. Potter & Co. By subscr.. Biscoe, Ellen L. Katharine's Experience. 378. Boston, Am. Tract Soc.... .$10.00 16mo, pp. $1.50 Biscoe, Ellen L. Mrs. Thorne's Guests. 16mo, pp. 400. Boston, Am. Tract Soc.. .$1.504 Blatchford. See United States. Boardman, Rev. W. E. "He that Overcometh ; or, a Conquering Gospel. 16mo. Boston, Hoyt.......$1.50 Boyd, Rev. A. K. H. Works. New and cheap ed. 1. The Every-day Philosopher; 2. Leisure Hours in Town; 3. Autumn Holidays. 4, 5. Graver Thoughts, 2 vols. 6. Counsel and Comfort. 16mo. Boston, Fields, O. & Co. Each vol.. ..$1.25 Brayton, Mary C., and Ellen F. Terry. Our Acre and its Harvest. An Historical Sketch of the Soldier's Aid Society of Northern Ohio. 8vo, pp. 511. Cleveland, Cleveland Herald Off...... ..$3.00 BREAD FROM GOD. Ten colored Lithographs with Text. Phila. Am. S. S. Union.... ..$1.50 Brightly, F. O. Annual Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania, 1862-1869. Completing Brightly's Pardon's Digest to the Present Time. 8vo. Phila. Kay & Bro. Pap. $2.00 Brooke, Rev. Stopford A. Life and Letters of F. W. Robertson. New ed. 12mo, pp. xxii, 352, 359. Boston, Fields, O. & Co. $1.50; half calf...........$3.00 - Sermons. Preached in St. James Chapel, London. 12mo, pp. viii, 323. Boston, Fields O. & Co...$2.00 Brooks, N. C. (LL.D.) Scripture Manual; or, Religious Exercises for the Morning and Evening of each Day in the Month. For Academies, Schools, and Private Families. 18mo. Phila. Claxton, R. & H... ......75 cts. - Sabbath School Manual; or, Religious Exercises for the Morning and Evening of each Sabbath in the Year. For the Use of Sabbath Schools and Private Families. 18mo. Phila. Claxton, R. & H..... ......75 cts. Bryant, Wm. Cullen. Letters from the East. Notes of a Visit to Egypt and Palestine. 12m0, pp. 267. N. Y. Putnam & Son. ..$1.50 Buck, Mrs. Carey. Sunday Echoes in Week Day Hours. 16mo, pp. 456. N. Y. Dutton & Co........ ....$1.50 Burdett, C. Kit Carson's Life and Adventures. Revised edition. 12mo. Phila. J. E. Potter & Co.....$1.75 Burns, R. Poetical Works. With a Memoir by W. Grennyon. Globe edition. Illustr. Sq. 12mo. Phila. Lippincott..... ....$2.00 Burt, W. H. (M.D.) Characteristic Materia Medica. 12mo, pp. 460. Phila. A. 7. Tafel, $3; half mor. $3.75; interleaved ..$5.00 CALIFORNIA. Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of CALIPHS AND SULTANS, being Tales omitted in the usual ......50 C CAROLINA, THE HOTEL-KEEPER'S DAUGHTER. See Berry. Child, Maj. J. New England's Jonas Cast up at London. (London, 1647.) Reprint. With Introduction and Notes. By W. T. R. Marvin. Sm. 4to. Boston, W. R. Lunt. (Edition, 150 copies,) $2.50; large paper ed. (edition, 20 copies) .$5.00 Clarke. See New York Reports. Colbert, E. Astronomy Without the Telescope: A GuideBook to the Visible Heavens. With maps and illustr. For Schools. Sm. 4to, pp. 104. Chicago, G. & C. W. Sherwood. Bds... .$2.00 Coleridge, Rt. Hon. Sir J. T. Memoir of the Late Rev. John Keble, M.A., Vicar of Hursley. With photogr. 2 vols. 12mo, pp. 649. N. Y. Pott & Amery......$4.00 CONTRADICTIONS; or, High Life at Edgerton. By A. K. D. ($500 Prize Series.) Boston, Lothrop........$1.50 Cook, Eliza. Poetical Works. New ed., containing her Recent Productions. 12mo, pp. xviii. 392. Phila. Claxton, R. & H. $1.75; turkey ant... $4.50 COUNTESS GISELA. See Marlitt. COUNTRY PARSON'S (THE) WORKS. See Boyd. COUSIN DEBORAH'S STORY; or, The Great Plague. 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First Trip on the Pacific Railroad; Two Days and Nights with the Mormons; with Scenes and Incidents. 8vo. Hartford, W. C. Hutchings, Pr. Paper....40 c. INDIANA. Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Indi- .5 c. ana. Vol. 29. 8vo, pp. x1, 686. Indianapolis, Douglas James, Henry. The Secret of Swedenborg; being an $1.25 JENNY'S GERANIUM; or, The Prize Flower of a London JUBILANT VOICES. A Collection of New Hymn Tunes, $1.50 .$3.00 Keckeler, Mrs. T. H. (M.D.) Thaleia: Woman: Her $15.00 Kolbe, Rev. F. W. The Vowels: Their Primeval Laws and Bearing upon the Formation of Roots in Herero, a Dialect of Southwest Africa. 8vo, pp. 32. (Capetown, J. C. Juta.) N. Y. B. Westermann & Co..........75 c. Lange's Commentary on the Holy Scriptures. Vol. VII. contains: The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. By J. P. Lange, D.D., and the Rev. F. R. Fay. From the German by J. F. Hurst, D.D., with additions by P. Schaff, D.D., and the Rev. M. B. Riddle. 8vo. N. Y. Scrib ner ..$5.00 LAURE. The History of a Blighted Life. By L. C. H. 16mo, pp. 371. Phila. Claxton, R. & H.........$1.50 Laurence, Rev. J. Genealogy of the Family of John Laurence. Third Edition, revised and corrected to the Present Time. 8v, pp. 332. Boston, Nichols & Noyes....... .$4.00 ..$1.50 Lawrence, Annie M. Light from the Cross. ($500 Prize and Notes. 8vo. London and N. Y. Macmillan. $3.50 : LITTLE DROPS OF RAIN. By the Author of "Nellie's Mis- ..$4.00 McKeever, Harriet L. Rupert Lawrence; or, A Boy in $5.00 ..75 C. May, Rev. Sam. J. Some Recollections of Our Anti-Slavery Conflict. 16mo, pp. viii. 408. Boston, Fields, Osg. $1.50 ....Co مربع Menault, E. The Intelligence of Animals. With Illustrative Anecdotes. From the French. With 54 illustr. ("Illustr. Library of Wonders.") 12mo. N. Y. Scrib ner. $1.50 With S Meredith, Owen. Lucile. Red Line Edition. MISER'S DAUGHTER (THE). See Ainsworth. .$5.00 Morse, Prof. A History of Telegraphy and Telegraphic ....30 C. MOTHER GOOSE'S MELODIES. Illustr. Sq. 12mo, pp. 96. N. Y. J. Miller. Pap. 30 c.; flex. cl. 60 c.; cl....go c. Nampon, Rev. A. (S. J.) Catholic Doctrine as Defined by the Council of Trent. Proposed as a means of Reuniting all Christians. 8vo, pp. 750. Phila. P. F. Cunning .$3.50 ham.... NEIGHBOR'S HOUSE. See Shaw. NEW YORK. The Act authorizing the Formation of Corporations. Passed Feb. 17, 1848. With all Amendments to May, 1869. With Notes, Forms, and Index. 16mo, Pp. 52. N. Y. Baker, Voorhis & Co. Pap......50 c. NEW YORK. Reports of Chancery Cases in the Eighth Circuit of New York. By C. L. Clarke, Reporter. Neza edition. With Notes and References. By N. C. Mork. Evo, pp. xiii. 710. Albany, W. C. Little. Shp..$7.50 given in the next number.] PUTNAM'S MAGAZINE OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE, ART, AND NATIONAL INTERESTS. VOL. IV.-DECEMBER-1869.-No. XXIV. SOVEREIGNTY OF THE SEAS. An idea extensively prevails that the contest for supremacy on the ocean was virtually closed with the victories of Trafalgar and the Nile. After the destruction of the French fleets in the Mediterranean, it was indeed evident enough that no single nation, nor all the maritime powers in the world combined, could successfully cope with Great Britain on the sea. Throughout the waters of the globe the British ensign waved triumphantly, the undisputed and unquestioned symbol of sovereignty. Down to the time when the wars of Napoleon ceased, the naval arm was used more as an auxiliary to contending armies, battling for dominion on the land, than as a means of controlling the commerce of the world. As an agent for crippling the strength of an adversary, the navy has always been employed; while the lust for gain has stimulated an active crusade against private property in aid of a more direct, national aim. Even now, when commerce is so much extended, and the interests of all countries and all peoples are so blended as to be inseparable, every effort to abolish privateering fails, and, when nations resort to war, merchant-ships, doubtless, will continue to be the prey of the national cruiser and privateer alike. The purpose of this article, however, is not to consider the "usages of war," nor the abuses to which war gives rise. Friend and foe have taught the United States a lesson in this regard that will not soon be forgotten. It is our aim, rather, to show in this paper, that supremacy on the ocean, in the interest of commerce, was not so directly sought, nor so effectually gained, by the vast and costly armaments of Great Britain in the wars that preceded the present century, as it has been by the more peaceful and inexpensive method steadfastly pursued by that country during the last thirty years. Or, without undertaking to show, what it might be difficult to prove, that the contest on the ocean has not always been waged by Great Britain to advance the interests of her foreign commerce; or, admitting this to have been the ultimate aim, and open communication with her distant colonies a "sine qua non," demanding the utmost exertion of her naval power-it is still of paramount importance to mark the policy that has governed her statesmen since the cessation of the continental wars. Whether for coast-defence, or as a means of hostile attack, or to keep pace with the growing navies of other maritime powers, England steadily adds to the num Entered, in the year 1889, by G. P. PUTNAM & SON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the U. S. for the Southern District of N. Y. VOL. IV. -89 ber of her ships-of-war; never faltering in her purpose of holding, at any cost, the dominion of the sea. Let any who doubt this visit her dockyards and her channel-fleet, and behold the majestic ironclads, formidable for their size, their armor, and their armament, as well as for their great propelling power. The superiority of England in this class of vessels for purposes of attack and defence, it is not popular with us to admit. We are vain enough to assume that against armored ships of the greatest magnitude, and the most powerful batteries, our slowly-moving monitors, with two and four heavy guns, are a safe reliance. Be it so! Monitors have answered the purpose for which they were created; and it is not in the direction of her naval armaments that the policy of England demands our present attention or imitation. Were it otherwise, our naval officers are abroad: they are intelligent and observing; and we can safely leave to the verdict of their judgment such problems as only experts can solve. From 1815 to 1835 peace reigned throughout the world, affording an opportunity to all the nations bordering on the sea to enter into a friendly competition for the carrying trade of the nations. In the ensuing struggle, the United States acquired a prestige that was unexcelled, and such was the skill of our mechanics, the abundance of our material for the construction of ships, and the aptitude of our sons for the life of a sailor, that our Republic gained the command of the trade to and from Europe, and was a bold and successful competitor with Great Britain for the traffic between her own colonies and the mother-country, as well as for that from China and other portions of the East. A little later on, our clippers, out-sailing the old-fashioned vessels, became models for merchantmen; and, notwithstanding the proverbial obstinacy of the English and Scotch, they were alert enough to accept and adopt them. But what a change, since then, has taken place, commencing in 1837 and 1838, but not patent to the common eye till ten or fifteen years later on. England's maritime supremacy is so manifest now as to reflect our national humiliation! How this is come to pass, it is not difficult to explain; but the explanation is mortifying and painful. Many things have combined and worked together to produce the revolution. In the chain of events resulting in the rapid decline of our commerce, may be cited the following, viz. : 1st. A substitution of steamships for sailing vessels; this commenced about 1837-8. 2d. The use of iron instead of wood in the construction of ships and steamers. 3d. The reaction from high rates of freight, because of the vast increase of tonnage which the trade of California brought into being, the expulsion of sailing vessels from short ocean-routes, and the consequent overcrowding of distant ports. 4th. The war of the rebellion, which raised up an insidious foe, and for five years rendered the building and sailing of American ships a worse than profitless pursuit, and which finally imposed a burden of taxes on all the material that enters into the construction of vessels, and so enhanced the price of labor and of seamen's wages, as to make com petition with our great rival most unequal. When it is borne in mind that the shipping interest was the only important interest at the North that suffered by the war, and that other great interests have been benefited rather than injured by the enactment of import and internal revenue laws, it seems strange that Congress has done little or nothing to mitigate the burden on our external commerce; failing utterly to relieve it from the operation of laws that bear unjustly on the mercantile class, and, hence, injuriously on the community at large. Under four distinct heads we have now stated what seem to be secondary causes of the decline of our national commerce. The disturbed condition of our currency might have been named after the fourth of the series, because it is the direct consequence of our civil |