taking full of danger and of hazard," lit. "full of dangerous play." Opus is applied by some to the civil war itself. The metaphor is borrowed from the Roman games of chance. 8. Cineri-The dative put by a Grecism for the ablative. 9. Paulium, &c.-theatris-"let the Muse of stern tragedy be absent for a while from our theatres," i.e., suspend for a season thy labours in the field of tragic composition. Cp. Sat. i. 10, 42, and Virg. Ecl. 8, 10. The muse of tragedy is Melpomene. Cp. Notes, Ode i. 24, 3. 12. Cecropio Attico, and alluding to Cecrops as the founder of Athens, and to Thespis as the father of Greek tragedy. 13. Insigne, &c. - reis- "distinguished source of aid to the sorrowful accused," as an advocate. 14. Consulenti-curiae-"to a deliberating senate," as a statesman. Cp. Livy, xxi. 16; Virg. Æn. xi. 335; and Sall. Cat. 52. Some supply te after consulenti, and translate "to the senate asking thy advice;" but it was the duty of the consul, or presiding magistrate, to ask the opinions of the individual senators (consulere senatum). 16. Dalmatico-triumpho-Pollio triumph race, in the vicinity of Epidamnus, after having taken Salonæ, the capital of Dalmatia. 10 Ubi publicas res ordinaris--"when thou hast completed thy history of our pub-ed, B.C. 39, over the Parthini, an Illyrian lic affairs." The phrase may also be rendered, "when thou hast settled our public affairs," i.e., when, in the order of thy narrative, thou hast brought the history of our country down to the present period of tran quillity and repose. With ordinaris compare ἀνατάξασθαι, Luke i. 1. 11. Grande, &c.-cothurno-"thou wilt resume thy great work (viz., the composition of tragedies,) with the Cecropian buskin," or it may mean, "thy great contribution to Athenian tragedy." The cothurnus (xologvos) of a tragic actor was a boot with a cork sole several inches thick, and intended to give him a stately and dignified aspect on the stage. It is often put figuratively for tragedy, as soccus for comedy. See Ars Poet., 89. The following cut exhibits the costume of a tragic actor, with his long robes slightly curtailed for the purpose of shewing ti.e cothurnus. The soccus, a loose slipper, worn by women and actors on the comic stage, is represented beneath. 17. Jam nunc minaci, &c.-The poet fancies himself listening to Pollio, and hurried by his animated and graphic periods into the midst of combats. For cornu and lituus, see Notes, i. 1, 23. 19. Fulgor, &c.-vultus-"the flashing of alarm over the countenances (lit. frightens arms frightens the flying steeds and spreads the countenances) of their riders." In this passage there is probably an allusion to the battle of Pharsalia, where Pompey's cavalry fled when they heard Cæsar's memorable orders, "feri faciem." 21. Audire, &c,-sordidos-"already methinks (videor mihi) I hear the shout of mighty leaders, stained with no inglorious dust." 23. Et cuncta, &c.- Catonis-"and see the whole world subdued, except the unyielding soul of Cato," who is usually styled Cato Uticensis, from having killed himself at Utica, B.C. 46, rather than yield to Cæsar. See Notes, Ode i. 12, 35. Cuncta (loca) terrarum cunctas terras. 25. Juno was one of the tutelary deities of Africa, and offended with the Romans as the descendants of Æneas. Cp. Ode iii. 3, 32, and Virg. Æn. i. 15. Deorum quisquis"whosoever of the gods," i.e., "all the gods who." Amicior Afris-"more friendly to the inhabitants of Africa" than to the Romans. 26. Inulta cesserat (=excesserat) impotens tellure "had helplessly left the land unavenged," namely after the Jugurthine war. Cp. Virg. Æn. ii. 351. Some consider impotens impotens irae--"unable to control their anger," as in Ode iii. 30, 3. 27. Victorum, &c.-Jugurthae-"in their turn offered the grandsons of the conquerors as a sacrifice to the manes of Jugurtha,' at Thapsus, where, on the side of Pompey alone, ten thousand are said to have perished. Re here implies retaliation, and is long in the contracted perfects, reperit, repulit, and retulit. Jugurtha is thought to be here referred to in compliment to the Jugurtha of Sallust, which had then recently appeared. 29. Pinguior-made richer than it was before." Cp. Virg. Geo. i. 491. 30. Impia proelia-"our unnatural conflicts," i.e., our civil wars. 31. Auditumque, &c.— ruinae -"and of the downfall of Italy, heard even by the Parthians." See Notes, Ode i. 2, 51, and i 36, 4. 33. Observe the climax: gurges-pool, Alumina-rivers, mare-sea, ora-shore. 34. Dauniae-caedes-"Daunian slaughters," ," and hence "Roman blood." Dauniae =Apulae or Apulicae, and here avvendoxixas, for Romanae. See Notes, Odei. 22, 14. 35. Decoloravere-De frequently reverses, here it increases the signification of the primitive, as in Ode i. 3, 13; 9, 11; il 7, 24; iii. 3, 55, &c. 37, Sed &c.-naeniae-"but do not, wayward muse, abandon sportive themes, and resume the task of the Cæan dirge." Ceae naeniae refers to Simonides, the famous bard of Ceos, who was distinguished as a writer of mournful elegy. red to Venus." Dione was the mother of 39. Dionaeo sub antro-"in a grotto sacVenus, whence the epithet Dionaeus applied to the latter goddess and what concerned her. 40. Leviore plectro-" of a lighter strain." See Notes, Ode i. 26, 11, and i. 1, 34. ODE II.-Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Lesser Sapphic, of which the three first verses are Lesser Sapphic, and the fourth an Adonian; thus Written probably in B.C. 24, soon after the restoration of Phraates to the throne of Parthia, and addressed to C. Sallustius Crispus, the grand-nephew and heir of the historian, and the individual who became the principal adviser of Augustus after the fall of Mæcenas. SUBJECT-A panegyric on Sallustius and the moderate enjoyment of riches. This may be taken as a douceur for Sat. i. 2, 48, which was written several years before. 1. Nullus argento color-"silver has no brilliancy." Avaris is by some taken as an adj. with terris, and by others absolutely, i.e., "by the covetous"-ab avaris. The latter destroys the allusion to Sallust's copper mines in the Alpes Centronicae, probably the Little St Bernard. 2. Inimice, &c.-usu-"thou foe to wealth, unless it shine by moderate use." Lamnae (for laminae) properly denotes plates of gold or silver, i.e., coined money, or wealth in general. See Notes, Ode i. 36, 8. 3. Crispe Sallusti-This inversion of the name, as in Ode ii. 11, 2, is common in Tacitus. 5 Extento-aevo-"to distant ages. Proculeius-C. Proculeius Varro Muræna, a Roman knight, and the intimate friend of Augustus. He is here praised for having shared his estate with his two brothers, Cæpio and Murena, who had lost all their property for siding with Pompey in the civil wars. 6. Notus, &c.-paterni-" well known for his paternal affection towards his brothers." Notus animi is a poetic expression for notus propter animum. 7. Penna metuente solvi-"on a pinion (lit. afraid) unable to be relaxed," as in case of Icarus. Cp. πεφυλαγμένη λύε σθαι. 10. Remotis (ab ea) Gadibus-"to distant Cadiz," i.e., distant from Africa rather than from Rome. 11. Uterque, &c.—(tibi) uni—"both the Carthaginians (i.e., the inhabitants of Old and New Carthage, or of Africa and Spain,) were subject to thee alone." 13. Crescit, &c.—hydrops-"the direful dropsy increases by self-indulgence." Cp. Ovid, Fast. i. 215. Hydrops is derived from dwp and 4, from the pallid watery appearance which it gives to the countenance. The context affords a beautiful simile between avarice and dropsy, though it is founded upon a misconception as to the nature of the disease. The poet concludes that virtue and self-control alone are able to make a man happy. 15. Aquosus-languor-"the watery torpor," for languida aqua-"the torpid wa ter.' 17. Cyri solio-" to the throne of Cyrus," See Notes, ie., to the throne of Parthia Ode i. 2, 22. Phraaten-Phraates IV., expelled B.C. 30, and restored by the king of the Scythians in 28. See Notes, Ode i 26, 5. 18. Dissidens plebi- dissenting from the crowd." The um at the end of the verse is elided before the vowel at the commencement of the next, as in Ode ii. 3, 27, and 16, 34. Populumque, &c.—vocibus—“and (lit. unteaches the populace to use) teaches the populace to disuse false names for things." during laurel," ie., a laurel that will remain | i.e., without an envious look. Cp. obliquo, his own. Cp. Virg. Æn. iii. 85. 23. Oculo irretorto-"with a steady gaze," Epist. i. 14, 37. 24. Acervos (auri)-Cp. Sat. i. 1. 44. ODE III.-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thus It is uncertain when this ode was written, and whether the Dellius to whom it is addressed is the one who was succesively the follower of Dolabella, Cassius, Antony, and Octavianus, and who, in allusion to his fickleness, was humorously styled by Messala Corvinus, "desultor bellorum civilium." SUBJECT The duty of equanimity and the moderate enjoyment of life enforced, by the certainty of death. 2. Non secus (ac), &c.-Delli-"as well as one restrained from immoderate joy in prosperity, O Dellius! (lit. being about to die,) since thou art destined to die." 5. Seu-"whether," depends upon moriture. 6. In remoto gramine-"in a secluded meadow." Dies Festos-Days among the Romans were distinguished into three general divisions-the Dies Festi, Dies Profesti, and Dies Intercisi. The Dies Festi, "Holy days," were consecrated to religious purposes; the Dies Profesti were given to the common business of life; and the Dies Intercisi were half-holidays, divided between sacred and ordinary occupations. The Dies Fasti, on the other hand, were those on which it was lawful (fas) for the Prætor to sit in judgment. All other days were called Dies Nefasti, or "Non-court days." The two latter are thus described in Ŏvid, Fast. i. 47: Ille Nefastus erit per quem Tria Verba silentur; Fastus erit per quem lege licebit agi. 7. Bearis, for beaveris"thou mayest have enjoyed." 8. Interiore nota Falerni-"with old Falernian," the older species being, of course, further in the cellar than the new, which had been put in later. Nota has reference to the titulus on the amphora, indicating the age and species of the wine, and may here be translated "sort," or more literally, "stamp." See Notes Ode i. 37, 6. 9. For quo-"to what purpose," some read quid "why," others qua-"where," putting a comma after Falerni, and omitting the point of interrogation. 10. Consociare amant (41λouri, solent) "love (or are wont) to unite in forming." Cp. Ode iii. 16, 9, and Sat. i. 4, 87. 11. Quid, &c.-rivo?-"why does the running water strive to ripple in the winding stream?" Surely, implies the poet, it is meant that we should enjoy ourselves on its shady bank. Trepidare has the same meaning in Epist i. 10, 24. 13 Nimium brevis-rosae-"of the too short-lived rose." 14. Ferre jube-"give orders to bring." 15. Res- "circumstances." Aetas "youth." Sororum - The Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. 17. Coëmptis-"bought up on all sides." Domo villaque-"thy house in town, and thy country seat," convenient y situated on the Tiber. 18. Flavus-Tiberus-See Notes, Ode i. 2, 13. 19. Exstructis in altum-"piled up on high." 21. Divesne, &c.-Orci-"it matters not whether thou dwellest beneath the light ot heaven, rich, and descended from old Inachus, or poor, and of the lowest birth, (eris) thou wilt become the victim of unrelenting Orcus." The expression prisco natus ab Inacho is equivalent to antiquissima stirpe ortus, Inachus having been, according to the common account, the most ancient king of Argos. 25. Omnes eodem cogimur-"we are all driven to the same place," i.e., to the domains of Orcus, by Mercury, tuxaywyós. Omnium, &c.-cymbae-"the lots of all are shaken in the urn, destined sooner or later to come forth, and place us in the bark (of Charon) for an eternal exile." The urn here alluded to is that held by Necessity in the lower world. Cp. Ovid, Met. x. 32. 27. The um of aeternum is elided, as in Ode ii. 2, 18. 28. Cymbae-The dative by a Grecism, for in cymba. The following is a representation of a cymba, or small boat. ODE IV.-Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Lesser Sapphic, of which the three first verses are Lesser Sapphic, and the fourth an Adonian; thus Written B.C. 25.-See line 23. The real name of the person to whom it is addressed is unknown. Xanthias suggests Flavius as its equivalent in Latin, and is the usual appellation for the Fool in Greek comedy. Phocēus is rather from Phocis in Greece, than from phoca. SUBJECT-Xanthias is rallied on being in love with his servant-maid. 2. Phoceu Regular vocative of Phoceus. Prius olim-"formerly," or "before this." 3. Serva Briseïs- Briseis, though a slave." Hippodamia, the daughter of Brises or Briseus, of Lyrnessus, captured by Achilles, and seized by Agamemnon. Hom. Il. ii. 690, and ix. 342. 6. Tecmessae, to be pronounced Te-cmessae. See Notes, Ode i. 10, 1. Tecmessa, the daughter of Teleutas, a Phrygian prince, was taken captive by the Greeks, and given to Ajax, son of Telamon, by whom she became the mother of Eurysaces, who reigned in Salamis after his paternal grandfather. 7. Atrides-Agamemron. Ardere is followed sometimes by the abl. and sometimes by the acc. 8. Virgine rapta-Cassandra, violated by the Oïlean Ajax in the temple of Minerva. 9. Barbarae turmae-The Trojans and their allies. 10. Thessalo victore-Achilles, or Neoptolemus. Ademptus Hector-"the death of Hector," lit. "Hector taken away." 11. Leviora tolli-faciliora deleri. 13. Nescias, an is=fortasse. Beati-parentes-"noble parents." 14. Flavae "yellow-haired." -"may be an honour to." Decorent 15. Regium, &c.—iniquos-"no doubt, too, her royal birth grieves over unpropitious household gods," who had thus allowed her to be deprived of her former dignity. Certe is opposed to nescias an. 17. Illam tibi-dilectam (esse)" that the illustrious one beloved by thee is." 20. Pudenda-"that one need be ashamed of." 21. Teretes suras-"tapering ankles." The tunic came down a little below the knees in front, and to the middle of the legs behind. That worn by slaves, however, was still shorter, and displayed the entire leg. It resembled the Highland kilt. 22. Integer. -"free from passion," or, "honestly." Fuge suspicari, (eum), &c.— lustrum-"avoid being jealous of one whose age is hastening to close its eighth lustrum." As a lustrum was a period of five years, the poet must now have been in his fortieth year. The phrase claudere, or condere, lustrum, properly refers to the sacrifice called Suovetaurilia, which closed the census that was taken every five years. ODE V.-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Alcaic or Horatian, of which the two first verses are Greater Alcaic, the third an Archilochian, and the fourth a Lesser Alcaic; thug Addressed to the lover of Lalage, and by some regarded as a Soliloquy. See Ode i. 19. SUBJECT-She is too young to marry yet. ing autumn tinge for 1. Jugum "the marriage yoke." 2. Munia comparis-"the duties of a with a purple hue." partner." 4. In venerem-"to enjoyment." 5. Circa-est animus tuae-juvencae-"the affection of thy (lit. heifer) mate is around, i.e., is engrossed by." Cp. Ode iii. 11, 9. Such metaphors are utterly repugnant to modern taste, though, judging from their frequency, they do not seem to have been displeasing to the ancients. 10. Immitis uvae-"for the unripe grape upa "unripe, unmarriageable." This mixture of metaphors is unusual with Horace. Jam, &c.—colore-" soon will chang 13. Ferox aetas flinching) time." thee the livid clusters Cp. Ovid, Met. iii. 482. "stubborn (or un 14. Dempserit-After the prime of life, time is represented as taking away the years which it gave before. Cp. Ars Poet. 175. 17. (Tantum) quantum non—non-ve"more than-or than," lit., "as much as not-or." Fugax-"coy," or "fickle." 18. Albo, &c.-mari-"shining as brightly with her fair shoulder, as the unclouded moon upon the midnight sea." 22. Connect mire with falleret, rather than with sagaces - "sharp-sighted," i.e., fancying themselves such. 23. Obscurum-"slight," or "almost imperceptible." Solitis-It was not unusual | among the Romans, as it was customary among the Greeks, for boys to let their hair grow till they assumed the toga virilis, (Juvenal, Sat. xv. 136.) ODE VI.-Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Lesser Sapphic, of which the three first verses are Lesser Sapphic, and the fourth an Adonian; thus 1-3.4. or or or —~ |——|—~~|~~|- Addressed to Septimius who is described by the scholiast Acron as a Roman knight, and a friend and fellow-soldier of Horace. In Epist. i. 9, he is recommended by the poet to Tiburnus and is by some identified with Titius, Epist. i. 3, 9. SUBJECT-The poet's desire to spend the remainder of his days with his friend, at Tibur, the poet's favourite retreat, or at Tarentum, where Septimius is supposed to have resided. 1. Gades aditure mecum-"who art ready to go with me to Gades," i.e., such is my confidence in the sincerity of thy friendship. 2. Et Cantabrum, &c.—nostra "and against the Cantabrian, untaught as yet to endure our yoke." The Cantabri were a warlike nation in the north of Hispania Tarraconensis, extending over what is at present Biscay and part of Asturias. Their resistance to the Roman arms was long and stubborn, and hence the language of Horace in relation to them, Ode iii. 8, 22, Cantaber sera domitus catena. The Romans first made war upon them B.C. 29. They were subjugated by Augustus in 25, and again in 24, but had to be reconquered by M. Agrippa in 19. Cp. also Ode ii. 11, 1; iv. 14, 41; and Epist. i. 12, 26. 3. Barbaras Syrtes-"the barbarous Syrtes," alluding to the two well known gulfs on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, the Syrtis Major, or Gulf of Sidra, and the Syrtis Minor, or Gulf of Cabes. Barbarus refers to the rude and uncivilized tribes in the vicinity. Maura by synedoche for Africa. Aestuat-Cp. Sallust, Jug. 78. 5 Tibur,Argeo(=Argivo) positum colonoCatillus or Tiburtus. See Notes, Ode i. 7, 13. 7. Sit modus (mihi) &c.- — militiaeque· "that it be my boundary, (or the limit of my wandering,) wearied as I am with sea, and roads, and warfare," i.e., with warfare by sea and land. This ode seems to have been written at Tibur, and probably soon after he got possession of his villa in that neighbourhood. The genitives maris, viarum, and militiae, are put by a Grecism for ablatives after lasso. 9. Unde a Tibure. Parcae-iniquae "the rigorous fates." Prohibent (me)"exclude me." 10. Dulce pellitis ovibus-" pleasing to the sheep covered with skins." The sheep that fed along the banks of the Galesus (Galaso), and the valley of Aulon, in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, had a wool so fine that they were covered with skins to protect their fleeces from injury. The same expedient was resorted to in the case of the Attic sheep. 11. Regnata "reigned over." Regnare is frequently used transitively by the poets as here, and in Ode iii. 29, 27; but is not found in prose authors previous to Tacitus, Hist. i. 16. Laconi-Phalantho-Alluding to the story of Phalanthus and the Partheniæ, who came as a colony from Sparta to Tarentum about 700 B.C. 13. Mihi-ridet-"possesses charms for me." Et in ridet is lengthened, in consequence of the caesura, as in Ode iii. 5, 17, and 14, 26. Praeter omnes (angulos terrarum)-"beyond all others." 14. Ubi, &c.-Venafro-"where the honey yields not to that of Hymettus, and the olive vies with the produce of the verdant Venafrum." Hymetto (melli Hymettio)-Hymettus was a mountain in Attica, famed for its honey, which is still in high repute among the modern Greeks. It has two summits, one anciently called Hymettus, now Telovuni; the other Anydros, (or the dry Hymettus,) now Mavrovuni. 15. With decedunt, compare decede, Epist. ii. 2, 213. Viridique Venafro et olivis viridis Venafri - Venafrum was the last city of Campania to the north, and near the river Vulturnus. It was celebrated for its olives and oil. The modern name is Venafro. 17. Tepidasque-brumas-"and mild winters." 18. Aulon was a ridge and valley in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, and styled "friendly to fruitful Bacchus," from the abundance and fertility of its vines. The modern name is Terra di Melone. The term aulon itself is of Greek origin (avλàv), and denotes any narrow valley or pass. 19. Baccho is here for uvae, as Hymettus and Venafrum in the previous stanza, for their produce. Minimum invidet-"does |