is governed by ames or by agas understood. | his victory in Spain, B.C. 45, though this Octavianus had triumphed for three succes- title does not appear to have been assumed sive days in Sextilis (August) of the pre- by Augustus till B.C. 2. Cp. Suet. Oct. 7 vious year, the 1st for Dalmatia and Pan- and 58. Princeps (Senatus)-"Prince of nonia; the 2d for Actium; and the 3d for the Senate." This, like pater, was a purely Egypt under Cleopatra. honorary title, conferring neither power nor privilege, but bestowed on the senator whose name stood first on the censor's roll, and given to Octavianus, B.C. 28. It is probable that this Ode was composed in the same year, as it must have been written subsequent to the triumphs referred to in line 49, and before xviii. Kal. Feb. B.C. 27, or he would, no doubt, have been addressed by the superior title of Augustus, which was then conferred.

50. Pater-Romulus was styled pater (or parens) urbis as being its founder, and Camillus for having delivered it from the Gauls under Brennus, B.C. 390, was hailed by the soldiers and others as Romulus ac parens patriae conditorque alter urbis, (Livy, v. 49); but for Cicero was reserved the honour of first receiving the title of pater (or parens) patriae "father of his fatherland," by a formal vote of the Senate, B.C. 63, after suppressing the Catilinarian conspiracy. 51. Medos-See line 22. Equitare-"to Octavianus was for a time ambitious of ride up and down." The chief force of the being, like Camillus, called Romulus, and Parthians was composed of cavalry. Inultos is, according to Servius, for this reason, de--"unpunished." The captives and standscribed by Virg. Geo. iii. 27, as Quirinus, ards taken from Crassus had still to be reand he may for a similar cause be here recovered. This was done by Augustus, styled Pater, as his grand-uncle and adop- B.C. 20, in exchange for the son of Phraates. tive father, Julius Cæsar, had been after See Notes, Ode i. 26, 5.

ODE III.-Dicolos distrophos: Metre-The Second Asclepiadean, of which the first verse is a Glyconian, and the second a Lesser Asclepiadean; thus

SUBJECT.-An address to the ship in which Virgil sailed to Athens. After wishing it a prosperous voyage, the author declaims against the impious temerity of man. The date is uncertain, but cannot have been later than B.C. 19, the year in which the poet died at Brundusium, on his return from Greece.

1-7. In construction, begin with precor, and supply ut before regat and reddas, the former after precor, and the latter as the correlative of sic, which is here used for ita. The repetition of sic in line 2 is expressive of earnestness. Translate, thus

the inhabitants of Cnidus. Cyprus and Cythera were the chief seats of her worship. Potens, like Torvia, governs the genitive. Cp. Carm. Sec. 1; Ode i. 30, 1; and iii. 26, 9. 2. Fratres Helenae-Castor and Pollux, the Gemini, called also DiosI pray that the goddess who rules over curi, and Tyndaridae, were invoked by Cyprus may so direct thee; that the brilliant constellations, brothers of Helen, and mariners in time of danger as aguyovaúra, that the father of the winds, all others being and their presence identified with those elecconfined except Iapyx, may so direct thee, tric lights which are still called by Italian O ship, who owest Virgil intrusted to thy sailors St Elmo's fire," Elmo being procare, that thou mayest deliver him safe to bably a corruption of Helena. 3. Ventorum the Athenian shores." 1. Those who expater-olus, king of the Folian (Lipari) · plain sic as here introducing a conditional Islands, on the N.E. of Sicily, in Virg. Æn. prayer that the gods would direct the ship i. 52, &c., is king of the winds, while in in future, so as or provided it afforded a Hom. Odyss. x. 21, &c., he is merely safe passage to Virgil, apparently forget rauías aviuwv under Zeus. 4. Obstrictisthat this did not depend on the ship, but, This may allude either to Homer's leathern in the poet's estimation, on olus, the bag or to Virgil's cave in the passages reBrothers of Helen," and the Cyprian ferred to. Aliis ceteris (ventis). Iapyga queen. Besides, line 4 excludes the idea Iapyx (ventus), properly Caurus or Corus, of futurity, by referring solely to the pre-in Greek 'Agyions, is the N.W. wind, or sent voyage. Diva-Venus or Aphrodite, from her fabled origin and supposed influence over the sea, is styled Marina in Ode iii. 26, 5, and worshipped under the titles of πόντια, λιμένια, and εὔπλοια by

rather the N.W. b. W., blowing from Iapygia (Apulia) in the S.E. of Italy, and consequently the most favourable for a voyage from Brundusuim to Athens. Observe the connection in the signification

5.

of credere, debere, and reddere. 6. Some make finibus, in the dat., depend on debes, some on creditum, and others on reddas. The last seems the most natural construction. 7. Reddere, which properly denotes to restore, also frequently signifies to deliver.

ROMAN SHIP.

8. With animae dimidium, pov TAS uxus, compare partem animae, Ode ii. 17, 5, the λλos auros of Aristotle, and the alter idem and alter ego of Cicero as the definition of a friend, with the Greek proverb φιλιά ἐστὶ μία ψυχὴ ἐν δυοῖν σώμασι.

9. Illi, &c.—erat-"that man had (lit. there was to that man) oak and triple brass around his breast," or, as we might say, "that man had a heart of oak or iron." 12. Africum (ventum)-See Notes, Ode i 1, 15.

13. Aquilonibus=cum aquilonibus in prose "with the north-eastern blasts." Aquilo or Boreas is properly the N.E. b. N.

Athesis (Adige) and the Padus (Po), in the time of Augustus was generally applied, as it is here, to the sea separating Sicily and the S. of Italy from Epirus and Greece. This gulf was commonly styled mare superum (the upper), and the sea to the W. of Italy mare inferum (the lower).

16. Before tollere, supply seu or sive, which is often omitted in the first clause, as tri in Greek. Ponere (for componere) freta"to calm its friths," where, of course, the billows are highest. Cp. Virg. Æn. i 66. 17. Gradum-" step, approach, and hence form."

For siccis

18. Siccis" dry, tearless." some recommend rectis, some fixis, and others invictis, as weeping is the expression of grief rather than of fear. That siccis, however, is the classical, if not more appropriate epithet, may be seen from Propert iii. 7, 55; Ovid, Met. xi. 539; Fast. iii. 596; Cæs. Bel. Gal. i. 39; Quint. Curt. v. 5; and Esch. Sept. c. Theb. 696, Engoïs à¤λVETOIS ὄμμασι.

20. Infames, dvowrúpovs — "ill-famed," notorious for shipwrecks. Acroceraunia, orum, and acroceraunium, i, n., (from axgov, Linguetta, a bold promontory between the the summit, and xɛgavvós, thunder,) Cape Adriatic and Ionian Seas, and forming the northern extremity of the Khimara mountains (Cerauni or Acrocerauni montes,

which extend southward for several miles
along the N. W. coast of Epirus, and were
much dreaded for their rocks by the ancient
mariners, who were unacquainted with the
compass, and therefore "hugged the shore."
Off this coast Octavianus narrowly escaped
shipwreck, when returning from Actium
B.C. 31, which may probably account for
is used by Ovid in the sense of perilous.
the present allusion. Aeroceraunius, a, um,

21. Deus Jupiter. Cp. Ovid, Met. i. 21.

14. Hyadas-The Hyades (from Uy, to rain,) seven stars in the head of Taurus, 22. Prudens, contr. for providens—“wise," sisters of the Pleiades, and here styled lit., "foreseeing." Dissociabili — “unsocitristes, "dismal, rainy, or weeping," from able," or, "intended to keep them apart. their rising and setting being frequently A heathen poet can scarcely be blamed for accompanied with heavy rains. Cp. Ovid, unjustly applying this epithet to "the highFast. v. 165, and Virg. Æn. iii. 576. Noti-way of nations," at a time when the marNotus or auster, is the S. wind, which was boisterous, and usually followed by rain. Cp. Epode 10, 19. Notus is from vorís, "moisture," or "humidity." Euronotus or albus notus is the S.E. b. S. Cp. Ode i. 7, 15. 15. Arbiter major (est)-"there is a more complete master." Cp. Ode iii. 3, 5. Hadriae --Hadria (or Adria) masc. in Greek &’Adgías (xóλros), poet. for mare Hadriaticum (or Adriaticum), the Gulf of Venice or the Hadriatic, so called from Hadria (or Adria), fem. a town between the mouths of the

8

iner's compass was unknown, and the science of navigation but very imperfectly understood. Dissociabilis is here used actively like genitabilis in Lucret. i 11, and penetrabile in Ovid, Met. xiii. 857, and Æn. x. 48. In Tacitus, Agr. iii. it is found passively in the sense of "incompatible, dissociabili, Bentley reads dissociabilis, re"unable to be reconciled or united." ferring to terras-"lands not meant to be united."

For

anticipation, the reason being implied in 23. Impiae-" ungodly," is a prolepsis or

the succeeding verb transiliunt-" bound contemptuously over."

25. Audax omnia perpeti

incumbere governs the accusative, or more frequently the accusative with ad or in. 32. Semotique, &c.—gradum-"the formerly slow, inevitable doom of distant , a Grecism for audax ad omnia per-death hastened its step." Prius modities petienda "boldly daring to endure all con- both tarda and semoti. sequences."

26. Vetitum nefas-" forbidden wickedness." Duhamel supplies et between vetitum and nefas, and Didot interprets nefas as "O impious." Vetitum, however is not tautological with nefas, wickedness being all the more agreeable that it is forbidden.

34. Expertus (est.) Vacuum-"void." Daedalus-Cp. Virg. Æn. vi. 14, and Ovid, Met. viii. 183. His son Icarus, soaring too high, fell and was drowned in the sea to the S. W. of Asia Minor, which was styled after him the Icarian Sea. Daedalus, a, um, is "skilful or skilfully wrought."

27. Observe the repetition of audax. Iapeti genus - Prometheus, genus being equivalent to filius, as yvos. The name of Prometheus (go, μñris) denotes jore--"the perseverance of Hercules." thought, that of his careless brother Epimetheus, afterthought.

36. Perrupit-The termination is lengthAcheronta-Acheened, being a caesura. ron, one of the rivers of the infernal regions, is here put for Orcus itself. Herculeus labor

28. Fraude mala, nanỹ réx›ñ—"with mischievous deceit." Dolus malus is "a fraud with bad intent," when opposed to dolus bonus, "a fraud with good intent, a pious fraud."

29. Post ignem, &c.-subductum = postquam ignis, &c.-subductus (est)-"after fire (lit., being withdrawn from its ethereal house) had been stolen from the sun," namely, by Prometheus in a hollow cane (ferula, νάρθηξ).

30. Maries, plios-" consumption," lit.,

"leanness."

31. Terris incubuit-"brooded over the earth," after being released from the fatal box of Pandora, wife of Epimetheus. When the idea of motion predominates,

Cr.

Bín 'Hoaxλsín, Odyss. xi. 600. The last

and most difficult of the twelve labours im

posed upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was dragging Cerberus from the lower world, when the hero likewise delivered Theseus and Ascălăphus from their torments.

37. Nil-ardui-"nothing too high." Ardui is poetic for arduum, which is also found in some manuscripts, and is governed by nil, in imitation of a noun of quantity.

38. Stultitia-"in our folly," the ablative of cause. It is folly to attempt utter impossibilities.

40. Ponere is used, both in prose and poetry, for deponere.

The last three lines seem to refer to the giants, who, with Prometheus, Dædalus, and Hercules, are to be taken merely as examples of human recklessness and presumption.

ODE IV.-Dicolos distrophos: Metre The Fourth Archilochian, of which the first verse is a Greater Archilochian, and the second an Iambic Trimeter Catalectic; thus-1. =

2.

1120

〉|-〉 〉 |

or

ར-།

Addressed to his old friend and fellow-soldier L. Sestius, who was consul suffectus of Augustus, B.C. 23: and written probably in B.C. 22.

SUBJECT.-An advice to enjoy pleasure, recommended by the return of spring, the certainty of death, and the shortness of life. Cp. Ode iv. 7 and 12; and Virg. Geo. ii. 317, &c. The advice would be sound, if there were no hereafter. See 1 Cor. xv. 32.

blow about the beginning of Feb., and perhaps derives its name from faveo, as being favourable to vegetation.

1. Solvitur "is relaxing." Grata vice"by the pleasing change.' Vice with the gen. also sometimes signifies "in exchange for, in place of" Cp. in vicem with gen., "instead of;" ad vicem with gen., "instead of or like," and the adv. invicem, by turns." Veris-Among the Romans, spring began on the 7th of Feb. (vii. Id. Feb.) See Varro, de Re Rust. i. 28. Favoni-In Virgil, Horace, and Tibullus, the genitive of nouns in ius ends in i, not in ii. Favonius =Zephyrus, "the W. wind," began to chinae, unxavaí-"engines." These con

2. Trahunt deducunt-"draw down," or, "launch," opposed to subducunt—“haul ashore." Except in emergencies, there was little navigation among the Romans from the ides of November to the ides of March, stood on shore supported by props. Maduring which time their ships generally

9

ODE V.-Tricolos tetrastrophos: Metre--The Fourth Asclepiadean, of which the first two lines are Lesser Asclepiadean; the third a Pherecratean; and the fourth a Gly conian; thus

Addressed to Pyrrha, according to Walck., in 34, and to Kirchn., in 29 B.C.

SUBJECT.-After upbraiding the fickleness of his former mistress, he compares her present lover to a mariner over whom a storm is impending, and himself to a mariner who has testified his gratitude to Neptune for having escaped shipwreck.

ODE VI.-Dicolos tetrastrophos: Metre-The Third Asclepiadean, of which the three first verses are Lesser Asclepiadean, and the fourth a Glyconian; thus

Addressed to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a most distinguished general, and afterwards the son-in law of Augustus, and written probably in 36 B.C., after the defeat of Sex. Pompey by sea, or in B.C. 30, after the battle of Actium.

SUBJECT. The poet ingeniously pays a most flattering compliment to Varius, Agrippa, and Augustus, while he modestly professes his own incapacity for the task of writing an epic poem. Odes ii. 12, and iv. 15 are likewise specimens of paralepsis, or omission.