of graves; though an unfailing emblem of grief, their perpetual verdure and freshness relieve the church-yard of its gloom and desolation. The famous Yew at Arkenwyke House, in England, is said to be upwards of a thousand years old. There are great numbers of these trees in England which have attained an immense size and age, and they are preserved with great care and veneration. The wood is very durable, and being large and very fine grained, it is sought after for various purposes. The ancient Britons valued it above all others for making bows and arrows, says Mr. Downing. Among the most extensive class of evergreens on our continent, is the pine;-this country seems in truth its proper home;-there are some ten species. Its value can scarcely be reckoned, so great and various are the uses to which it is adapted. Though apparently a very common tree, two common to be thought ornamental, yet many of the poets have made it a fit shrine before which to manifest the sign of their prophecy. Virgil, Spencer, Leigh Hunt, and our own Bryant, have seen in the beauty of this tree, matter upon which to expend some of their sweetest thoughts. The Weeping Willow, that Dips Its pendant boughs, stooping as if to drink,” And many a long depending shoot Seeking to strike its root Straight like a plummet grew towards the ground. Others of gentler growth unmoved were hung Nor weeds, nor briars deformed the natural floor; And through the leafy cope which bowered it all Came gleams of chequered light. So like a temple did it seem, that there A pious heart's first impulse would be prayer." The same tribes, which are the slender and humble plants of northern regions, become lofty trees within the Tropics. The Bamboo rising to the height of sixty feet. The finest of our trees must give way before the splendor of their Tropical brethren. The flowers of the Erethrind or Coraltree are of the deepest and most brilliant crimson, and appear in profusion upon some of the loftiest trees in the forest. The Carpopogous is also one of these rich flowering species. From these the Mimosa bears away the palm with its rugged trunk, airy foliage, and golden flowers, which cast a charm over even the sterile wastes of burning Africa. All persons who have visited Equinoxial Ameris another beautiful tree, but it can only be employ-ica have found it impossible to convey any adequate ed in certain places to enhance particularly its re-idea of the impression produced upon the mind by al effect. The soft veil of its streaming foliage, the forests, consisting of lofty trees thickly planted by the hand of Nature, the trunks of which are not covered with moss and lichen like ours, but with "Trailing low its boughs to hide The gleaming marble," seems properly to belong to those sacred precincts creeping plants ascending from the ground to the "Where lies the turf in many a mouldering heap." The expressive grace and softness of this tree seems consecrated to a sentiment of grief; but in grounds where there are pools of water, or natural brooks, its effect standing by itself is very soothing. The uses of the wood are numerous, baskets, ropes, and various domestic utensils are manufactured from it, showing clearly that there is nothing in the exhaustless store-house of Nature which does not supply a means and medium by which the living race of men are benefited. Trees in Tropical regions present endless varieties, which yield powerful aromatics. The Vanilla, the Nutmeg, the Clove, and the Camphor, are in cluded in this category. The Banian, which Southey in his curse of Kehama thus describes, is also a native of these regions : ""Twas a fair scene wherein they stood, That venerable tree. For all the lawn irregularly spread Fifty straight columns propp'd its lofty head; very summit, binding the whole together in a closely united mass of vegetation and adorning it with brilliant flowers. The Date-palm, with its columna stem and crown of leaves, is a singularly graceful object in the deserts of the Old World: "Those groups of lonely Date trees bending In South America the real Palm appears in great magnificence, fascinating and imposing to the eye of the traveller as he beholds it on the granite rocks at the cataracts of Atures, on the Orinoco, the light green of the leaves waving in the breeze, strikingly contrasting with the darker surrounding vegetation. On the plains which are subject to floods, the European is sometimes startled by seeing the tops of the trees lighted with fires. They are kindled by the Guanacas, a people who have remained for ages in these marshy districts secured from the floods by living in the palms, where, with mats coated with clay, they construct hearths for the fires which are essential for their comfort. The Date, the Cocoanut tree, and the Palm, are of by of the difference between taste and memory. vast importance to mankind for the nourishing food The oil of the Olive is an article of immense traffic they supply. The produce of the Banana, or Plan- in Italy, where it was first used. tain, another inhabitant of tropical climes is still more enormous; a plant which requires but little cultivation, and is to immense numbers of the human race what rice is to the Hindoo and wheat to the European. From an abundant and too much neglected field, we glean these few facts, leaving perhaps behind others which might throw a brighter hue of illustration over the bold, lofty, free, yet simple aspect of forest life. Grouped around us in majestic combinations trees stand the most expressive ornaments of the perfection of nature-a perfection which Climate only suffices very partially to explain the phenomenon of vegetable distribution. The plants of New Holland are, with very few excep- humanity can never reach. Uncontaminated by tions, different from the rest of the world; in some the pollutions of ages and generations of men, an instances in travelling across a ridge of mountains, absolute unchanging unity of nature rebukes siwithout any change of latitude, the vegetation may lently the cold, turbid vortex in which the meagre be found essentially different. Starting in an east-realities of life rise and fall to sink at last forever. erly direction through the northern parts of the Old When the mind is in a measure prepared to reWorld, we gradually lose the Oak, the Wild ceive these impressions, the many phases of suggesNut and the Apple-trees so common in Europe. tive life act morally upon men: a hoard of gentle Upon crossing the Ural Mountains, they cease and home-feelings, of holy recollections which, buto be met with beyond the banks of the Tubol. ried though they be under a surface of care, are The most remarkable case of this kind is the Cedar soothingly drawn forth by the congenial influences of Lebanon, which has never been found indigenous around. A self-taught mechanic, who was struck in any locality but that of Lebanon. Very few of with the effect of nature upon the convicts in Austhe ancient stock of these trees now exist. There tralia, says, "Inanimate nature is lovely in these are twenty-eight, however, which Lamartine visit-wildernesses; the cheerful, unprejudiced eye may ed, and he describes them as the remains of the often observe strange assimulations going forward identical forest which flourished in the time of in the human character to the faultless still life Solomon. around, which God has retained under his more immediate control." The European Olive may be classed among these genera, for there is nothing to disfavor the presumption that it is a native of Syria, although introduced into Europe at an early date. It was held in great estimation among the ancients. David seems to have conceived the tree a blessing, when he says, "Thy children, like the olive branches round about thy table: Lo! thus shall man be blessed that feareth the Lord." The Greeks valued the Olive as highly as the Israelites; and the great duration of the tree, is apparent from the history of one in the Acropolis at Athens. It is not at all improbable that those eight, venerable trees that yet survive upon the mount of Olives were in existence, as tradition asserts, in the time of our Saviour. The beautiful plain of Athens, as seen towards the south-west, appears entirely covered with these trees. Both in sacred and profane history the Olive is surrounded with a thousand associations. It was an Olive tree that first lifted its head above the parting waters, when the world was drowned, and with its leaf the winged messenger bore the glad tidings of the receding flood. We read of its oil, too, in the time of Jacob. A wreath of Olive leaves was the reward among the Greeks of him who excelled in the games during the festivals, and its leaf has been an emblem of peace among all nations. A man who is fond of salad forgets these numerous traditions in the enjoyment of the fresh, fragrant oil, which he pours over his meal; his memory forsakes him in the taste for such dainties : no bad abstract by-the TO CUPID. Tell me little reckless Boy, How comes it that altho' you're blind, ANSWER. Thou art mistaken Lady fair, I go no youthful bliss to mar, Hear, Lady hear, and doubt it not, At Hymen's shrine you'll see that I, erally had very imperfect information resHISTORY OF VIRGINIA-APPENDIX. pecting the Indian war. The inhabitants of that district, whence the Southern division of But the Indian war that we have been con- the army had been taken, being solicitous templating, was not realized. A number of concerning their friends and acquaintances Indian tribes did combine for this purpose, who were in the service, many of whom sufand their warriors were assembled in great fered in battle, did by writing and otherwise force. But the campaign being carried into maintain a correspondence with persons in the enemy's country, they were defeated in the army, by which means they became better battle and disappointed in their expectations. acquainted with the origin, progress and conThis campaign has not been appreciated in sequences of this campaign, than any other proportion to its importance. It has been portion of the country. But as new scenes viewed as an insulated matter, designed solely during the revolution were continually rising for the protection of the frontier settlements. to view, the Indian affairs were soon overBut its projectors had ulterior objects in view. looked and forgotten. To form a just estiThe preparations made and great array of mate of the importance of this campaign, it troops provided for this occasion, were in- would be necessary to consider the charactended to subdue the Indian tribes and deter ter of the Indians, their propensity to war, them from interfering in the approaching con- the great combined strength that they postest with Great Britain and this was com- sessed in the year 1774, the indications which pletely effected. For several years peace they had manifested of hostile intentions, the and quietness prevailed on the western fron- efforts used by British traders to urge them tier. During this period the first shock of on to war, the defenceless state of the fronthe revolution had passed away; order and tier, the distracted condition of the provinces government were re-established; armies were in apprehension of war with great Britain; raised and battles fought, in many of which all these things being duly considered must the success of American arms gave proof unquestionably lead to the conclusion, that that the British lion was not invincible. Du- the battle of Point Pleasant, taken in conring this period Virginia had full opportunity nection with the treaty which immediately to employ the whole of her resources in the followed, constituted the first act in the great war of Independence. Two causes may be drama of the revolution; that it had an imassigned why the advantages of this campaign portant bearing on all subsequent acts of that were not duly appreciated. First it was fol- tragedy; that it materially and immediately lowed by events of great magnitude in quick influenced the destinies of our country and succession. Each more recent event by at- more remotely the destinies of many other tracting public attention to itself in a great countries, perhaps of the whole world. For degree obscured and cast into the shade about this time there had gone forth a spirit events which had preceded. The second of enquiry whose object was to ascertain the cause may be found in the scene of action. rights of man, the source of legitimate govThe affairs of the campaign were transacted ernment, to diffuse political information and in the Indian country, far from the white set- to put down all tyranny, oppression and mistlements, and the battle was fought in the rule. This spirit also emanated to other depths of the wilderness, where there were countries, and although encumbered with exnone to witness it save those engaged. Post- travagance and folly, which have doubtless offices and post-riders were then unknown. marred its progress in some degree, it has There was but one newspaper then in Virgin- nevertheless done much to correct abuses in ia. This was a small sheet published weekly by government and ameliorate the condition of Purdie and Dixon, at Williamsburg, then the man. This spirit it is believed is still opecapital of the State, and near her eastern bor-rating throughout the world and it is hoped. der. It was chiefly occupied at this time by will continue its operations until all rulers the disputes between the colonies and the shall be actuated by justice and benevolence parent country, and had but a very limited and all subjects by a dutiful subordination, circulation, from all which we may conclude, thus harmoniously co-operating in effecting that the people of the commonwealth gen-la political reformation throughout the world. VOL. XIV-3 It is much to be regretted that a complete the campaign was first projected. But by history of this campaign has never been given the crooked policy of the perfidious governor to the public. Several writers have noticed the troops under his immediate command it incidentally or given a meagre outline, but were kept aloof, so that no union or co-openo one, it is believed, has entered into those ration could take place. The soldiers of the circumstantial details which alone give in- northern division, there is no doubt, would terest to such a work. And now, after so have been willing to share with the southern great a lapse of years, it would be impossible division any danger or difficulty, had they to collect materials for this purpose. Never- been permitted. It is also to be regretted theless, after some examination of the subject, that nothing has been done to perpetuate the writer of these notes is induced to believe the memory of the victory at Point Pleasant; that by industry much information might yet nothing to honor the names of those who be gleaned from various sources, enough it is bled in its achievement. Here Virginia lost thought to form a volume more satisfactory some of her noblest sons. They had united than anything heretofore published. Will not in the same cause, fell on the same field and some capable hand undertake the task? Sel- were interred in the same grave. But no sedom has the pen of the historian been employ- pulchral monument marks the place; no ed on an enterprise productive of so many im- stone tells where they lie; not even a mound portant and beneficial results, accomplished of earth has arisen to distinguish this sacred in so short a time by so small a military force. spot from others around. Here they have A thousand and seventy soldiers, under Gen-lain in silence and neglect for seventy years, eral Andrew Lewis, [12th of September, in a land which their valor had won, unsung 1774,] left their rendezvous at Camp Union by the poet, uneulogised by the historian, unin Greenbriar, and having marched more than honored by their country. Tell it not in Gath, a hundred and fifty miles through a pathless publish it not in the streets of Ascalon. Let forest and mountainous wilderness, on the not the culpable neglect be known abroad. 10th of October, encountered and defeated Will not some patriot, zealous for the honor at Point Pleasant the most formidable Indian of Virginia, bring this subject at an early day confederacy ever leagued against western before her legislature? Let him give a faithVirginia. The dead being buried and pro- ful narrative of facts respecting these defenvision made for the comfort of the wounded, ders of their country. The simple story will General Lewis crossed the Ohio river and be impressive; then eloquence will not be penetrated the country nearly to the enemy's wanting. Every member of that honorable towns. The defeat was so complete, that body will be ready to exclaim, "give honor to without hazarding another battle, the Indians whom honor is due." Let a monument be sued for peace. A treaty of peace having erected of durable materials, under the eye been ratified, the General led his troops back of a skilful architect; let it be characterized to Point Pleasant. At that place he left a by republican simplicity and economy; let it garrison and then, with the remainder of the bear appropriate inscriptions of the time, octroops, returned to Camp Union, having in casion and names of the prominent actors, about two months marched through an ene- especially of those who bled in battle; let it my's country, in going and returning, a dis- be placed on that beautiful promontory, whose tance of more than four hundred miles, de- base is marked by the Ohio and Kanawha and feated the enemy and accomplished all the whose bosom contains the remains of those objects of the campaign. The whole suc- whom this monument is intended to honor. cess of the campaign is here attributed to the Here it will stand conspicuous, seen from troops under General Lewis. Others were afar by all who navigate these great waters, indeed employed. The northern division, reviving in some, half-forgotten recollections, fifteen or eighteen hundred strong, under in others exciting curious enquiries respectthe immediate command of Lord Dunmore, ing the early discoveries, early adventurers, were expected to unite and co-operate with early settlements and early wars of this westthe southern. This had been stipulated when ern country. This structure, designed to honor the memory of the dead, will reflect honor also on its authors, on the State, and [* This desideratum will probably be supplied by Lyman C. Draper, Esq. in his forthcoming "Lives of the Pioneers' with him than the good of the province over which he had been placed. Soon after this war commenced with great Britain. [1777.] General Burgoyne, by the way of lake Champlain, invaded the northern provinces. While on every citizen. On its face will be read in | been known to them as a friend, it is not ages to come inscribed the names of the probable that he would have ventured alone Lewises, Andrew and Charles, of Fleming through their country twice in one day so and Field, of Buford, Morrow, Wood, Wil- many miles. This same Girty had been one son, McClanahan, Allen, Dillon, Moffett, of the governor's guides from Ohio river to Walker, Cundiff, Murray, Ward, Goldsby and Pickaway plains, where he now encamped. others. If the governor entertained traitorous designs Lord Dunmore has been strongly suspected he had great opportunity during this time to of traitorous designs during this campaign. represent the certainty of war, the weakness Disputes had for several years existed be- of the provinces, the power of Great Britain, tween Great Britain and the colonies of North the probability that the Indians would be emAmerica. And now war was confidently ployed as auxiliaries and the rewards that expected. Even during this campaign the would await those that favored the royal govport of Boston was blockaded by a British ernment. Let the governor's designs be squadron. Massachusetts and Virginia were what they might during the campaign, cermost forward in their opposition. The gov-tain it is that not many months elapsed beernor had his appointment from the king of fore he discovered to the world that his own Great Britain, and held his office at pleasure, personal and pecuniary interest weighed more and it was presumable that should war take place, he would favor the interest of his sovereign. Several things occurred during the campaign which gave strength to the suspicions that were entertained. The plan at first communicated to Col. Lewis was that he approaching the frontier of New York he isshould conduct his troops to Point Pleasant sued a proclamation inviting all Indians to and there await his Excellency's arrival with join his standard. Many in the north did so, the northern division. Instead of this the and it was expected that those north-west of southern division was left in a state of uncer- Virginia would follow their example. To tainty on the very borders of the enemy's prevent this, congress ordered a military force country for several weeks, having heard noth- to proceed to Point Pleasant. This force ing from his lordship all this time, exposed was raised chiefly in the counties of Augusta, to the combinations and machinations of Botetourt and Greenbriar, and was comother neighboring tribes. Had the northern manded by Colonel Dickinson. He was ordivision united with the southern, as his lord-dered to remain encamped there until the ship had at first promised, there would have arrival of General Hand, a continental officer been no battle. The Indians would have who was to direct their future movements. been compelled to sue for peace. And now This army was designed as a feint to prevent after the battle, General Lewis received or- the Indian tribes from attaching themselves ders to march into the interior of the Indian to General Burgoyne. Whilst Dickinson's country, during which march he was often troops lay here, two chiefs, Cornstalk and surrounded by great numbers of Indians and Red-Hawk, with another Indian of the same was twice in one day ordered to halt ten or nation, arrived at the fort. Their designs apfifteen miles from the governor's camp. Gen-peared to be pacific. Captain Arbuckle, the eral Lewis had too much firmness and good commander of the fort, thought it prudent to sense to obey the order. He knew that if detain them as hostages for the good behavior attacked at that distance from the Redstone of their nation, assuring them that no further troops he could receive no support from them. violence should be offered them, provided the He chose rather to disobey his superior in treaty of 1774 should still continue to be obcommand than risk the fate of his army. It is served by their nation. A few days after, worthy of remark too that the messenger was Elenipsico, a son of Cornstalk, arrived. He the notorious Simon Girty, whose character was also detained as a hostage. On the day was not then fully developed, but who soon following, two of Dickinson's troops, named afterwards was well known as a leader in the Hamilton and Gilmore, from what is now interest of the Indians, and had he not then Rockbridge county, crossed the Kanawha for |